finals ppp Flashcards
Method of organizing, summarizing. and presenting data in the form which will make them easier to analyze and interpret.
In this branch of statistics, the goal is to describe the data.
Descriptive Statistics
Data organized into groups like categories or classification
Grouped Data
A set or array of things or observation that has not undergone any classification.
Ungrouped Data
This correlation includes and regression analysis
Inferential Statistics
Mean
x)-
Median
(x( ~
Mode
(x)
To find the mean of the ungrouped data, use the formula
mean
summation of all data
number of cases/data
Types of Mode
No mode - no mode
- Unimodal - 1 mode
- Bimodal- 2 modes
- Trimodal - 3 modes
- Multimodal 4 or more modes
Mean formula
Where f
frenquency
= midpoint of the class interval
= total number of
observations
x .n
The formula for finding the median of grouped data:
LBMd
Lower class Boundary and containing the median class
<cf
less than cummulative preceding the median class
fMd
frequency of the class interval and containg the median class
i
class interval
Total number of frequencies
n
Mode formula
Mo
Mode
f mo =
Frequency of the modal class
LB mo =
Lower class boundary containing the modal class
f_{1} =
Frequency of the class boundary before the modal class
f2
Frequency of the class boundary after the modal class
Class size
i
The interval between the highest and the lowest score. The range is a measure of variability or scatteredness of the observations among themselves and does not give an idea about the spread of the observations around some central value
range
The average of the absolute deviation of the individual score from the mean of the entire set of data.
Mean Absolute Deviation
The square distance from the mean
Variance
The positive square root of the variance.
Standard. Variance
The formula for finding the range is
Lv-Hv
is a way to explain data variability. It lets one get a sense of how “spread around” the values in a data collection. The larger the MAD, the greater the variability of the data.
Median Absolute Deviation
Mean Absolute Deviation formula
Measures the average
py. degree to which each point deffers from the mean
Variance
Helps us understand how spread out the data set
Std. Dev
High SD numbers are far from the mean
Heterogenous
Low SD - data are close to the average
Homogenous
UBHC
Upper boundary limit of the highest- class interval
LBLC
Lower boundary limit of the lowest class interval
• Compute Simple interest;
• Determine the Future Value or Maturity Value
• Solve for the term of the loan given the wanted interest amount, rate and principal amount;
• Find the interest rate needed for the desired amount of principal, interest and term of loan.
Simple Interest
the capital or sum of money borrowed or invested.
Principal
the payment for the use of borrowed money or the amount earned on money invested.
Interest
This is the fractional part of the principal that is paid on the loan or investment, which is usually expressed as percent.
Rate of interest
The number of years for which the money is borrowed or invested.
Time or Term
The sum composed of the principal and the interest accumulated over a certain period of time.
Future Value or Maturity Value
only common for extremely short-term loans. For longer term loans, it is common for interest to be paid on a daily, monthly, quarterly, or annual basis. In that case, interest would be earned regularly
One-time simple interest
are essentially a loan made to the bond issuer (a company or government) by you, the bond holder. In return for the loan, the issuer agrees to pay interest, often annually. Bonds have a maturity date, at which time the issuer pays back the original bond value.
bonds
Very few banks today pay interest based on the simple interest formula. Instead, they pay interest by using a principle called
compounding
The difference between simple and compound interest is this: Simple interest grows slowly, compounding speeds up the process.
is when your principle and any earned interest both earn interest
Compound Interest
is interest on the principle amount.
Simple Interest
n = 1
annual
n = 2
semi annual
n = 4
quarterly
n = 12
monthly
n = 52
weekly
n = 365
daily
usually identified as the single most important skill to be possessed by a college graduate, irrespective of one’s major.
,Critical reasoning ability
is a declarative sentence that has truth value.
Statement or proposition
that, when we hear or read the sentence, it makes sense to ask whether the sentence is true or false.
truth value
Let p be any statement.
The negation of p, denoted
~p
is another statement that is logically opposite to p.
This means that -p will always be opposite in truth value to p.
negotations
is a device that allows us to analyze and compare compound logic statements.
truth table
Let p, q be any statements. Their conjunction is the compound statement having the form
“p and q.” This is denoted p q
In order for a conjunction to be true, both terms
must be true
conjunctions
Let p, q be any statements. Their disjunction is the compound statement having the form
“p or q.” This is denoted p V q
In order for a disjunction to be true, at least one of the two terms must be true.
A disjunction is false only in the case where both terms
are false.
disjunction
Let P and Q be statements. The statements “ if P then Q” is called an implication or condition.
The implication “if P then Q” is written Pa Q
P is called the hypothesis, Q is called the conclusion
Truth Table of Implication
implication
Let P and Q be statements. The statement “P if and only if Q” is called the bi-implication or biconditional of P and Q
The biconditional “P if and only if Q” is written PQ
“P if and only if Q”
is a proposition that is true under all circumstances.
tautology
is a proposition that is always false
contradiction
it is proposition form that is neither tautology nor contradiction.
Contingency
is a sentence that combines multiple simple propositions using cormectives like “and”, “or”, “if and only if”, or “although”. Compound propositions are also luowen as molecular propositions.
Compound Proposition
senterice is a statement that provides information or expresses a fact. it is the most common type of senterice used to convey a point, and it always ends with a period (“.”). Declarative sentences can either be true or false depending on the information they convey.
Declarative Sentence
