Finals - MCQ

Question 1

What is the primary method used in abductive reasoning?
a) Inferring a general rule from specific cases
b) Inferring the most compelling explanation from several possibilities
c) Progressing from specific cases to general conclusions
d) Asserting that outcomes are determined by genetic factors

Answer 1

Inferring the most compelling explanation from several possibilities

Question 2

Which type of reasoning involves progressing from general ideas to specific conclusions?
a) Inductive reasoning
b) Deductive reasoning
c) Abductive reasoning
d) Biological determinism

Answer 2

b) Deductive reasoning

Question 3

3. According to determinism, what factors ultimately determine a patient's condition of Type 2
   diabetes?
   a) Genetic predisposition and lifestyle factors
   b) Personal choices and agency
   c) Environmental influences and personal experiences
   d) Educational and environmental factors

Answer 3

a) Genetic predisposition and lifestyle factors

Question 4

4. Which reasoning method involves making a general conclusion based on specific observations?
   a) Deductive reasoning
   b) Inductive reasoning
   c) Abductive reasoning
   d) Biological determinism

Answer 4

b) Inductive reasoning

Question 5

What does biological determinism in intelligence suggest?
a) Intelligence is mainly influenced by educational and environmental factors
b) Intelligence is predominantly inherited and determined by genetic makeup
c) Intelligence results from a combination of genetics and personal choices
d) Intelligence is primarily shaped by life experiences

Answer 5

b) Intelligence is predominantly inherited and determined by genetic makeup

Question 6

What is the dependent variable in the hypothesis: "If a patient takes higher doses of a certain
medication, their blood pressure will decrease"?
a) The patient's blood pressure
b) The dosage of the medication
c) The type of medication
d) The patient's overall health

Answer 6

The patient's blood pressure`

Question 7

Which hypothesis suggests that sunlight exposure influences vitamin D production in
individuals?

a) Increased exposure to sunlight (independent variable) leads to higher levels of vitamin D in the body
(dependent variable).
b) Regular physical exercise improves cardiovascular health.
c) Consumption of high-sugar diets correlates with an increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.
d) Administration of a specific vaccine results in reduced incidence of a particular infectious disease.

Answer 7

a) Increased exposure to sunlight (independent variable) leads to higher levels of vitamin D in the body
(dependent variable).

Question 8

In the hypothesis "Regular physical exercise improves cardiovascular health," what is the
independent variable?
a) Cardiovascular health
b) Regular physical exercise
c) Dietary habits
d) Vitamin D levels

Answer 8

b) Regular physical exercise

Question 9

What does the hypothesis "Consumption of high-sugar diets correlates with increased risk of
developing Type 2 diabetes" propose?
a) Sugar intake influences the likelihood of developing Type 2 diabetes.
b) Exercise affects cardiovascular health.
c) Sunlight exposure influences vitamin D levels.
d) Medication dosage affects blood pressure.

Answer 9

a) Sugar intake influences the likelihood of developing Type 2 diabetes.

Question 10

Which hypothesis suggests that vaccinating individuals leads to a decrease in the occurrence of
the targeted infectious disease?
a) Increased exposure to sunlight leads to higher levels of vitamin D in the body.
b) Regular physical exercise improves cardiovascular health.
c) Consumption of high-sugar diets correlates with increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.
d) Administration of a specific vaccine results in reduced incidence of a particular infectious disease.

Answer 10

dministration of a specific vaccine results in reduced incidence of a particular infectious disease.

Question 11

Which component of research design in medicine involves specifying the variables that are
manipulated or categorized to observe their effect?
a) Study Population
b) Independent Variables
c) Data Collection Methods
d) Statistical Analysis

Answer 11

b) Independent Variables

Question 12

In the complex hypothesis "In pediatric patients with asthma, the interaction between
environmental allergen exposure, parental smoking habits, adherence to prescribed medications,
and genetic susceptibility contributes to the frequency and severity of asthma exacerbations,
mediated by inflammatory biomarkers," what is the dependent variable?
a) Environmental allergen exposure
b) Parental smoking habits
c) Frequency and severity of asthma exacerbations

d) Inflammatory biomarkers

Answer 12

Frequency and severity of asthma exacerbations

Question 13

Which hypothesis proposes that socioeconomic factors, healthcare access, comorbidities, and
treatment adherence collectively influence the risk of hospital readmissions in heart failure
patients, moderated by geographical proximity to healthcare facilities?
a) In patients with Type 2 diabetes, the interaction between genetic predisposition, insulin resistance, and
dietary habits significantly influences glycemic control.
b) Among elderly patients undergoing hip replacement surgery, the combination of pre-operative physical
fitness, post-operative pain management strategies, and psychological resilience affects recovery
outcomes.
c) In pediatric patients with asthma, the interaction between environmental allergen exposure, parental
smoking habits, adherence to prescribed medications, and genetic susceptibility contributes to asthma
exacerbations.
d) Among patients with chronic heart failure, the interplay between socioeconomic status, access to
healthcare facilities, comorbid conditions, and adherence to prescribed therapies impacts hospital
readmission rates.

Answer 13

Among patients with chronic heart failure, the interplay between socioeconomic status, access to
healthcare facilities, comorbid conditions, and adherence to prescribed therapies impacts hospital
readmission rates.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a factor that is necessary and sufficient?
a) Having a driver's license to drive legally
b) Rain for wet streets
c) Oxygen for combustion
d) Wearing glasses to be an engineer

Answer 14

c) Oxygen for combustion

Question 15

What does it mean if a factor is sufficient but not necessary?
a) The factor is required for the effect to occur, but it alone is not enough to cause the effect.
b) The factor must be present for the effect to occur, and its presence alone guarantees the effect.
c) The factor can cause the effect on its own, but the effect can occur without it as well.
d) The factor is not required for the effect to occur, and its presence does not guarantee the occurrence of
the effect.

Answer 15

he factor can cause the effect on its own, but the effect can occur without it as well.

Question 16

Which example illustrates a factor that is sufficient but not necessary?
a) Oxygen for combustion
b) Having a driver's license to drive legally
c) Rain for wet streets
d) Genetic mutations (such as BRCA1) to cause breast cancer

Answer 16

rain for wet streets

Question 17

17. What is an example of a factor that is neither sufficient nor necessary?
    a) The presence of a specific bacterium (Helicobacter pylori) for peptic ulcers
    b) Smoking tobacco to develop lung cancer
    c) Wearing glasses to be an engineer
    d) High cholesterol levels to have heart disease

Answer 17

c) Wearing glasses to be an engineer

Question 18

Which type of causality involves multiple factors contributing to a single effect?

a) Binary causality
b) Many-to-one causality
c) Transitive causality
d) Cyclic causality

Answer 18

Many-to-one causality

Question 19

Which type of causality involves a direct and straightforward relationship between a cause and
its effect?
a) Binary causality
b) Many-to-one causality
c) Transitive causality
d) Cyclic causality

Answer 19

a) Binary causality

Question 20

20. Among these, which sampling is based on equal probability?
    a) Simple random sampling
    b) Stratified random sampling
    c) Systematic sampling
    d) Probability sampling

Answer 20

a) Simple random sampling

Question 21

Which example represents transitive causality?
a) Sleep deprivation leads to increased stress levels, which in turn disrupts sleep patterns.
b) Various factors such as genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, and lifestyle choices
contribute to the development of Type 2 diabetes.
c) Chronic inflammation leads to tissue damage, which subsequently increases the risk of developing
cardiovascular disease.
d) The administration of a specific antibiotic leads to the elimination of a bacterial infection.

Answer 21

Chronic inflammation leads to tissue damage, which subsequently increases the risk of developing
cardiovascular disease.

Question 22

Which example illustrates cyclic causality?
a) Sleep deprivation can lead to increased stress levels, which in turn disrupts sleep patterns, further
exacerbating sleep deprivation.
b) The administration of a specific antibiotic leads to the elimination of a bacterial infection.
c) Chronic inflammation leads to tissue damage, which subsequently increases the risk of developing
cardiovascular disease.
d) Various factors such as genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, and lifestyle choices
contribute to the development of Type 2 diabetes.

Answer 22

Sleep deprivation can lead to increased stress levels, which in turn disrupts sleep patterns, further
exacerbating sleep deprivation.

Question 23

What is drug antagonism?
a) When two drugs enhance each other's effects
b) When one drug reduces or blocks the effect of another drug
c) When two drugs have no effect on each other
d) When one drug causes an allergic reaction to another drug

Answer 23

b) When one drug reduces or blocks the effect of another drug

Question 24

Which scenario illustrates drug antagonism?
a) Drug A increases the effectiveness of Drug B in reducing blood pressure.
b) Drug X is an anticoagulant, and Drug Y promotes blood coagulation.
c) Drug C has no interaction with Drug D.
d) Drug E and Drug F both have a sedative effect when taken together.

Answer 24

Drug X is an anticoagulant, and Drug Y promotes blood coagulation.

Question 25

Which of Koch's postulates requires the microorganism to be isolated from the diseased
organism and grown in pure culture?
a) The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease.
b) The isolated microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
c) The microorganism must be re-isolated from the experimentally infected host.
d) The microorganism must be isolated from the diseased organism and grown in pure culture.

Answer 25

The microorganism must be isolated from the diseased organism and grown in pure culture.

Question 26

Which postulate involves inoculating a healthy organism with the isolated microorganism and
observing for disease symptoms?
a) The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease.
b) The isolated microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
c) The microorganism must be re-isolated from the experimentally infected host.
d) The microorganism must be isolated from the diseased organism and grown in pure culture.

Answer 26

The isolated microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.

Question 27

What is the purpose of re-isolating the microorganism from the experimentally infected host?
a) To confirm that the microorganism is present in healthy individuals.
b) To demonstrate that the microorganism can grow in a laboratory setting.
c) To show that the microorganism causes the same disease symptoms in a healthy host.
d) To verify that it is the same microorganism as the original causative agent.

Answer 27

To verify that it is the same microorganism as the original causative agent.

Question 28

Which of the following statements best describes the application of Koch's postulates in modern
science?
a) Koch's postulates are no longer used in modern science.
b) Koch's postulates are strictly applied to all diseases.
c) Koch's postulates are influential but challenging to apply in certain contexts.
d) Koch's postulates are only used for bacterial infections.

Answer 28

c) Koch's postulates are influential but challenging to apply in certain contexts.

Question 29

What historical significance do Koch's postulates hold?
a) They were developed to identify viral causes of diseases.
b) They were used to establish the germ theory of disease.
c) They were instrumental in identifying the microbial causes of diseases such as tuberculosis and
cholera.
d) They were designed to disprove the role of microorganisms in disease.

Answer 29

c) They were instrumental in identifying the microbial causes of diseases such as tuberculosis and
cholera.

Question 30

10. Which category of causes originates from outside the body and includes factors such as
    infectious agents and chemical pollutants?
    a) Biological Causes
    b) Psychogenic Reasons
    c) Internal (Endogenous) Causes
    d) External (Exogenous) Causes

Answer 30

d) External (Exogenous) Causes

Question 31

Which category of causes involves factors related to psychological or emotional states that
influence disease development?
a) External (Exogenous) Causes
b) Biological Causes
c) Psychogenic Reasons

d) Polyetiological Causes

Answer 31

Psychogenic Reasons

Question 32

12. Which of the following is an example of an internal (endogenous) cause of disease?
    a) Viral infection
    b) Trauma
    c) Genetic mutations
    d) Exposure to toxins

Answer 32

Genetic mutations