Finals - Lesson 1 Flashcards
List all “Non-Blood” specimens
- Urine
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- Amniotic fluid
- Synovial fluid
- Serous fluid
- Sputum
- Oropharyngeal swab and Nasopharyngeal swab
- Semen
- Saliva
- Bone marrow aspirate
- Breath samples
- Tissue specimens
- Feces/Stool
What are the roles of Phlebotomist in non-blood specimens
- Specimen collection
- Gives instruction
- Labeling or transporting the specimens [collected by the physician] to the laboratory
- Processing
How do Phlebotomist play a role in Specimen collection
By performing a Throat swab test
What constitutes as a “Non-Blood” Specimens
Liquid or semiliquid substances produced by the body
Where can you find Liquids or Semiliquid substances
Found within various organs and body spaces
Other than the Phlebotomist who can collect specimens
Some specimens can be collected by the patients
What are an example of Role of a phlebotomist in giving instructions
o Urine collection
o Stool/Feces collection
What do you verify when labeling specimen
Verify proper labeling before accepting a specimen for transport
What includes in Specimen Labeling
- Name, date and time of collection
- Type and/or source of the specimen
Where do you paste the Label
Pasted on the container and not on the lid
Why paste the label on the container and not the lid
Lids are removed during testing
What should you observe while handling specimen
Standard precautions
What is the role of the Phlebotomist in Processing
Accessioning and preparing the specimen for testing
What is the most analyzed “Non-blood” body fluid
Urine specimens
How does Urine specimen aid in analysis
(1) Monitoring wellness of the patient
(2) Diagnosis and treatment of UTI
(3) Detection and monitoring the progress of treatment in metabolic disease such as diabetes
(4) Determining effectiveness or complications of therapy
Why is Urine specimen that most frequent analyzed non-blood specimen
Readily available, easy to collect and inexpensive to test
Urine specimen Accuracy result depends on what factors
o Collection method
o Container used
o Specimen transportation and handling
o Timeliness of testing
Urine specimen should be transported with what
Urine should be transported with ice
Urine should be experimented upon within what hour
Urine should be examined immediately or within 2 hours; if not, it should be preserved
What should you do if you are unable to examine urine specimen within 2 hours
It should be Preserved
Who handles urine collection when inpatient
Urine collection is part of the responsibilities of the nursing department
Who handles urine collection when outpatient
The technician handles urine collection for the outpatient department
What is the most commonly requested urine test
Routine Urinalysis (UA)
What is Routine Urinalysis
Screens for urinary and systemic disorders
Routine Urinalysis can be ordered during what
Can be ordered during Hospitalization
Routine Urinalysis is part of what procedure
Part of a physical examination procedure
Routine analysis includes what
I. Physical analysis/macroscopic [gross] observation
II. Chemical analysis
III. Microscopic analysis of the urine specimen
What are the components that is under Physical analyis/macroscopic observation of Routine Urinalysis
o Color
o Clarity
o Specific Gravity (SG)
o Odor
o Volume
o Osmolality
What is the Normal color for Routine Urinalysis when it comes to observation
Yellow
What is the Normal Clarity for Routine Urinalysis
Clear
What is the Abnormal Clarity for Routine Urinalysis
Turbid
What does Specific Gravity tell you
Will tell if the specimen is normal, diluted or concentrated
What are the different methods to tell Specific Gravity
Urinometry and Refractometry methods as well as Reagent strips
What are the two ways to indicate urine concentration in Routine Urinalysis
Osmolality and Specific Gravity
How do you detect the presence of microorganisms in the urine
By using a Plastic reagent strip (dipstick) to detect presence of microorganisms in the urine
This is the time requirement for reading results in Routine urinalysis; Chemical analysis
Special Timing
What does a Plastic reagent strip (Dipstick) contain
Contains pads impregnated with test reagents
What are the analytes that is being tested in Routine Urinalysis
- Bacteria
- Bilirubin
- Blood glucose
- Ketones
- Leukocytes (to detect presence of WBCs)
- Nitrite (test for bacteria)
- Protein
- Urobilinogen
What does chemical analysis measure when it comes to Routine Urinalysis
Measures pH and specific gravity
How do Results in Routine analysis reported as when it comes to Chemical Analysis
▪ Negative, trace, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+
▪ pH: 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, etc.
▪ SG: 1.0, 2.0, etc.
What does Microscopic analysis of the urine specimen detects
Detects for Cells, crystals, and microorganisms
What is the usual mL of urine to be centrifuged
10-15 mL
What happens to the supernatant after centrifuged of Routine Urinalysis
Supernatant is Discarded
What do you place and cover when it comes to Microscopic analysis of the urine specimen
A drop of sediment is placed on a glass slide, covered with coverslip
How do you examine Microscopic analysis of the urine specimen
Examined under the Microscope (From LPO-HPO)
Other than Pregnant women, HCG can also appear in the urine of patients with what
Patients with certain type of cancer as well to people with trophoblastic diseases
What is the recommended and ideal way of collection for urine collection
Midstream collection
What are the different type of Urine specimen
- Random urine specimen
- First Morning/8-Hour Specimen
- Fasting (fasting second morning)
- Timed
Why is Midstream collection recommended
It is recommended and ideal way to ensure that there is no contamination of Urine specimen
What are the possible contamination Midstream collection prevents
Contamination caused by genital secretions, pubic hair, or bacteria surrounding the urinary opening
What should be the containers condition for urine collection
Clear, Dry, Chemically clean and With Tight-Lid
What tube should be used for bilirubin in Urine collection
Amber tube
What should be the condition of the Culture & Sensitivity container
Sterile
Up to what hour should the specimen be at room temperature and protected from lights
2 Hours
What does Urine culture and sensitivity confirm
To confirm urinary tract infection (UTI)
This analysis helps to confirm urinary tract infection (UTI)
Urine culture and sensitivity
For how long can Urine culture and sensitivity be incubated
For 18 to 24 hours
How do Urine culture and sensitivity measure urine
Measured urine on a special nutrient medium
At what temperature Urine culture and sensitivity be incubated
35 - 37 °C
What is the significant bacterial count for Urine culture and Sensitivity
Bacterial Count more than 100,000 cfu/mL
What happens if a microorganism is identified
A sensitivity or antibiotic susceptibility test is performed
A sensitivity or antibiotic susceptibility test is use to determine what
To determine which antibiotics will be affective against microorganism
What is the significant if the zone of inhibition is large in Sensitivity or Antibiotic Susceptibility test
The larger the zone of inibition, the better or more affective the antibiotic is
This urine test detects cancer, cytomegalovirus and other viral and inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract
Urine cytology studies
What does urine cytology studies detect
Detects Cancer, Cytomegalovirus, and other viral and inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract
What body system does Urine Cytology Studies detect for possible viral and inflammatory diseases as well a cancer
The Urinary Tract
What happens to the smear that contains cells from the Urinary Tract
Stained using the Papanicolaou (PAP) method
What method is used for staining of smear that contains UT cells for Urine Cytology studies
Papanicolaou (PAP) method
What does Urine Cytology Studies identifies
Identifies the presence of abnormal cells under a microscope
What is the requirement for accurate results for Urine cytology studies
Fresh clean-catch specimen
When should Urine Cytology Studies specimen be examined
Examine as soon after collection as possible
How should Urine Cytology Studies specimen be preserved
Preserve in Equal volume of 50% alcohol
What should be the alcohol percentage for Urine Cytology Studies specimen preservation
50%
What does Urine Drug screening Monitor
To monitor Therapeutic drug use
What does Urine Drug screening confirm
Confirm a diagnosis of drug overdose
What does Urine drug screening detect
Detect illegal use of substances
What are the illegal uses of drug does Urine Drug Screening Detects
▪ Recreational drugs
▪ Anabolic steroid to enhance performance (used by athletes to boost stamina)
▪ Unwarranted prescription drugs
What do Urine Drug Screening do before submitting specimen for testing
Random sample is placed in a chemically clean container with lid and submitted for testing
What does Urine Drug Screening requires
Requires custody and control forms
What does Urine sample collection for Drug testing Ensure
Ensuring that specimen are not altered, substituted, or diluted
What does diluting urine specimen do in Drug testing
Diluted urine specimen gives a false negative results
What is a waterless urinal
A sink that is separated from the toilet area
What should you do to check for the freshness of urine sample for drug testing
Check temperature to make sure that urine is freshly collected
How do you check if urine sample is too dilute
Test Creatinine or Specific gravity
Diluted urine specimen has a decreased what
Creatinine
What does Glucose in urine indicate
▪ Diabetes mellitus
▪ Renal Disease
Why does Glucose in the urine indicate for possible Renal Disease
Occurs when the renal tubules cannot absorb glucose
What is the possible disorder if you have Ketone in Urine
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
How are ketones created
Ketones are created when the body breaks down fat for energy
Why does the body break down fat for energy
▪ Diet is deficient in carbohydrates
▪ Body does not metabolize glucose properly
▪ The body compensates by metabolizing increasing amount of fats
Where do Human Chorionic Gonadotropin produced
Within the Developing Placenta in serum and Urine
How do you interpret test results for Urine glucose and ketone
Compares color change in the test strip to a color chart to interpret test results
What does Urine Pregnancy Testing detect
Detect Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
How do Human Chorionic Gonadotropin are produced
Produced by cells within the developing placenta in serum and urine 8-10 days after conception
After how long do the placenta and urine produce Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
8 - 10 days
