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PMLS - 2nd Sem > Finals - Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Finals - Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List all “Non-Blood” specimens

A
  1. Urine
  2. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  3. Amniotic fluid
  4. Synovial fluid
  5. Serous fluid
  6. Sputum
  7. Oropharyngeal swab and Nasopharyngeal swab
  8. Semen
  9. Saliva
  10. Bone marrow aspirate
  11. Breath samples
  12. Tissue specimens
  13. Feces/Stool
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2
Q

What are the roles of Phlebotomist in non-blood specimens

A
  • Specimen collection
  • Gives instruction
  • Labeling or transporting the specimens [collected by the physician] to the laboratory
  • Processing
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3
Q

How do Phlebotomist play a role in Specimen collection

A

By performing a Throat swab test

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4
Q

What constitutes as a “Non-Blood” Specimens

A

Liquid or semiliquid substances produced by the body

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5
Q

Where can you find Liquids or Semiliquid substances

A

Found within various organs and body spaces

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6
Q

Other than the Phlebotomist who can collect specimens

A

Some specimens can be collected by the patients

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7
Q

What are an example of Role of a phlebotomist in giving instructions

A

o Urine collection
o Stool/Feces collection

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8
Q

What do you verify when labeling specimen

A

Verify proper labeling before accepting a specimen for transport

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9
Q

What includes in Specimen Labeling

A
  • Name, date and time of collection
  • Type and/or source of the specimen
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10
Q

Where do you paste the Label

A

Pasted on the container and not on the lid

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11
Q

Why paste the label on the container and not the lid

A

Lids are removed during testing

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12
Q

What should you observe while handling specimen

A

Standard precautions

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13
Q

What is the role of the Phlebotomist in Processing

A

Accessioning and preparing the specimen for testing

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14
Q

What is the most analyzed “Non-blood” body fluid

A

Urine specimens

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15
Q

How does Urine specimen aid in analysis

A

(1) Monitoring wellness of the patient
(2) Diagnosis and treatment of UTI
(3) Detection and monitoring the progress of treatment in metabolic disease such as diabetes
(4) Determining effectiveness or complications of therapy

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16
Q

Why is Urine specimen that most frequent analyzed non-blood specimen

A

Readily available, easy to collect and inexpensive to test

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17
Q

Urine specimen Accuracy result depends on what factors

A

o Collection method
o Container used
o Specimen transportation and handling
o Timeliness of testing

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18
Q

Urine specimen should be transported with what

A

Urine should be transported with ice

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19
Q

Urine should be experimented upon within what hour

A

Urine should be examined immediately or within 2 hours; if not, it should be preserved

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20
Q

What should you do if you are unable to examine urine specimen within 2 hours

A

It should be Preserved

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21
Q

Who handles urine collection when inpatient

A

Urine collection is part of the responsibilities of the nursing department

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22
Q

Who handles urine collection when outpatient

A

The technician handles urine collection for the outpatient department

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23
Q

What is the most commonly requested urine test

A

Routine Urinalysis (UA)

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24
Q

What is Routine Urinalysis

A

Screens for urinary and systemic disorders

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25
Q

Routine Urinalysis can be ordered during what

A

Can be ordered during Hospitalization

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26
Q

Routine Urinalysis is part of what procedure

A

Part of a physical examination procedure

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27
Q

Routine analysis includes what

A

I. Physical analysis/macroscopic [gross] observation
II. Chemical analysis
III. Microscopic analysis of the urine specimen

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28
Q

What are the components that is under Physical analyis/macroscopic observation of Routine Urinalysis

A

o Color
o Clarity
o Specific Gravity (SG)
o Odor
o Volume
o Osmolality

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29
Q

What is the Normal color for Routine Urinalysis when it comes to observation

A

Yellow

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30
Q

What is the Normal Clarity for Routine Urinalysis

A

Clear

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31
Q

What is the Abnormal Clarity for Routine Urinalysis

A

Turbid

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32
Q

What does Specific Gravity tell you

A

Will tell if the specimen is normal, diluted or concentrated

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33
Q

What are the different methods to tell Specific Gravity

A

Urinometry and Refractometry methods as well as Reagent strips

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34
Q

What are the two ways to indicate urine concentration in Routine Urinalysis

A

Osmolality and Specific Gravity

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35
Q

How do you detect the presence of microorganisms in the urine

A

By using a Plastic reagent strip (dipstick) to detect presence of microorganisms in the urine

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36
Q

This is the time requirement for reading results in Routine urinalysis; Chemical analysis

A

Special Timing

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37
Q

What does a Plastic reagent strip (Dipstick) contain

A

Contains pads impregnated with test reagents

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38
Q

What are the analytes that is being tested in Routine Urinalysis

A
  • Bacteria
  • Bilirubin
  • Blood glucose
  • Ketones
  • Leukocytes (to detect presence of WBCs)
  • Nitrite (test for bacteria)
  • Protein
  • Urobilinogen
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39
Q

What does chemical analysis measure when it comes to Routine Urinalysis

A

Measures pH and specific gravity

40
Q

How do Results in Routine analysis reported as when it comes to Chemical Analysis

A

▪ Negative, trace, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+
▪ pH: 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, etc.
▪ SG: 1.0, 2.0, etc.

41
Q

What does Microscopic analysis of the urine specimen detects

A

Detects for Cells, crystals, and microorganisms

42
Q

What is the usual mL of urine to be centrifuged

A

10-15 mL

43
Q

What happens to the supernatant after centrifuged of Routine Urinalysis

A

Supernatant is Discarded

44
Q

What do you place and cover when it comes to Microscopic analysis of the urine specimen

A

A drop of sediment is placed on a glass slide, covered with coverslip

45
Q

How do you examine Microscopic analysis of the urine specimen

A

Examined under the Microscope (From LPO-HPO)

46
Q

Other than Pregnant women, HCG can also appear in the urine of patients with what

A

Patients with certain type of cancer as well to people with trophoblastic diseases

47
Q

What is the recommended and ideal way of collection for urine collection

A

Midstream collection

48
Q

What are the different type of Urine specimen

A
  1. Random urine specimen
  2. First Morning/8-Hour Specimen
  3. Fasting (fasting second morning)
  4. Timed
49
Q

Why is Midstream collection recommended

A

It is recommended and ideal way to ensure that there is no contamination of Urine specimen

50
Q

What are the possible contamination Midstream collection prevents

A

Contamination caused by genital secretions, pubic hair, or bacteria surrounding the urinary opening

51
Q

What should be the containers condition for urine collection

A

Clear, Dry, Chemically clean and With Tight-Lid

52
Q

What tube should be used for bilirubin in Urine collection

A

Amber tube

53
Q

What should be the condition of the Culture & Sensitivity container

A

Sterile

54
Q

Up to what hour should the specimen be at room temperature and protected from lights

A

2 Hours

55
Q

What does Urine culture and sensitivity confirm

A

To confirm urinary tract infection (UTI)

56
Q

This analysis helps to confirm urinary tract infection (UTI)

A

Urine culture and sensitivity

57
Q

For how long can Urine culture and sensitivity be incubated

A

For 18 to 24 hours

58
Q

How do Urine culture and sensitivity measure urine

A

Measured urine on a special nutrient medium

59
Q

At what temperature Urine culture and sensitivity be incubated

A

35 - 37 °C

60
Q

What is the significant bacterial count for Urine culture and Sensitivity

A

Bacterial Count more than 100,000 cfu/mL

61
Q

What happens if a microorganism is identified

A

A sensitivity or antibiotic susceptibility test is performed

62
Q

A sensitivity or antibiotic susceptibility test is use to determine what

A

To determine which antibiotics will be affective against microorganism

63
Q

What is the significant if the zone of inhibition is large in Sensitivity or Antibiotic Susceptibility test

A

The larger the zone of inibition, the better or more affective the antibiotic is

64
Q

This urine test detects cancer, cytomegalovirus and other viral and inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract

A

Urine cytology studies

65
Q

What does urine cytology studies detect

A

Detects Cancer, Cytomegalovirus, and other viral and inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract

66
Q

What body system does Urine Cytology Studies detect for possible viral and inflammatory diseases as well a cancer

A

The Urinary Tract

67
Q

What happens to the smear that contains cells from the Urinary Tract

A

Stained using the Papanicolaou (PAP) method

68
Q

What method is used for staining of smear that contains UT cells for Urine Cytology studies

A

Papanicolaou (PAP) method

69
Q

What does Urine Cytology Studies identifies

A

Identifies the presence of abnormal cells under a microscope

70
Q

What is the requirement for accurate results for Urine cytology studies

A

Fresh clean-catch specimen

71
Q

When should Urine Cytology Studies specimen be examined

A

Examine as soon after collection as possible

72
Q

How should Urine Cytology Studies specimen be preserved

A

Preserve in Equal volume of 50% alcohol

73
Q

What should be the alcohol percentage for Urine Cytology Studies specimen preservation

A

50%

74
Q

What does Urine Drug screening Monitor

A

To monitor Therapeutic drug use

75
Q

What does Urine Drug screening confirm

A

Confirm a diagnosis of drug overdose

76
Q

What does Urine drug screening detect

A

Detect illegal use of substances

77
Q

What are the illegal uses of drug does Urine Drug Screening Detects

A

▪ Recreational drugs
▪ Anabolic steroid to enhance performance (used by athletes to boost stamina)
▪ Unwarranted prescription drugs

78
Q

What do Urine Drug Screening do before submitting specimen for testing

A

Random sample is placed in a chemically clean container with lid and submitted for testing

79
Q

What does Urine Drug Screening requires

A

Requires custody and control forms

80
Q

What does Urine sample collection for Drug testing Ensure

A

Ensuring that specimen are not altered, substituted, or diluted

81
Q

What does diluting urine specimen do in Drug testing

A

Diluted urine specimen gives a false negative results

82
Q

What is a waterless urinal

A

A sink that is separated from the toilet area

83
Q

What should you do to check for the freshness of urine sample for drug testing

A

Check temperature to make sure that urine is freshly collected

84
Q

How do you check if urine sample is too dilute

A

Test Creatinine or Specific gravity

85
Q

Diluted urine specimen has a decreased what

A

Creatinine

86
Q

What does Glucose in urine indicate

A

▪ Diabetes mellitus
▪ Renal Disease

87
Q

Why does Glucose in the urine indicate for possible Renal Disease

A

Occurs when the renal tubules cannot absorb glucose

88
Q

What is the possible disorder if you have Ketone in Urine

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

89
Q

How are ketones created

A

Ketones are created when the body breaks down fat for energy

90
Q
A
91
Q

Why does the body break down fat for energy

A

▪ Diet is deficient in carbohydrates
▪ Body does not metabolize glucose properly
▪ The body compensates by metabolizing increasing amount of fats

92
Q

Where do Human Chorionic Gonadotropin produced

A

Within the Developing Placenta in serum and Urine

93
Q

How do you interpret test results for Urine glucose and ketone

A

Compares color change in the test strip to a color chart to interpret test results

94
Q

What does Urine Pregnancy Testing detect

A

Detect Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

95
Q

How do Human Chorionic Gonadotropin are produced

A

Produced by cells within the developing placenta in serum and urine 8-10 days after conception

96
Q

After how long do the placenta and urine produce Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

A

8 - 10 days

PMLS - 2nd Sem (1 decks)

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