Finals for PSY 150 Flashcards
What is psychology?
The science of behavior and mental process
Positive Correlation
positive correlation: two things either go up or down
Ex: The more time you run the more calories you burn. (Positive correlation)
Negative Correlation
One factor goes up and the other comes down.
Ex: If the temperature decreases heating bills increase. (negative correlation)
Correlation does NOT cause causation. (T or F)
True
Approaching the situation in three different ways, not only one.
Biopsychosocial approach
Biological (genes, brain, sensation) ,
Psychologically (thoughts, emotions, moods), and
Socially (environment, social influence, education, relationships)
this person believes we inherit ideas and intelligence (nature/inherit)
Plato
this person believes we develop our ideas and intelligence through the environment
Aristotle
Who we are is based on genetics/biological.
Nature
how the environment shapes who we are
Nurture
The ______ itself carries electrical messages from one neuron to the next in order for your body to perform
Neuron
Components of the neuron and their function
- Dendrites: receives the messages
- Axon: takes message from dendrites and sends it to the next cell body.
- Myelin Sheath?: Helps neurons send message effectively
- Synaptic Gap: area from one neuron to the other
composed of the brain and spinal cord. The brain process information and the spinal cord take in the message.
The central nervous system-
Composed of autonomic and somatic. Automatic is involuntary movements/actions. For example, breathing or heartbeat, you do not think about it. On the other hand, somatic is the voluntary movements that you have to do with thinking, such as picking out an outfit.
Peripheral Nervous System-
touch perception
Parietal Lobes
language decision
Occipital Lobe
Associated with working memory, speech production, and movement.
Frontal Lobes
Language, learning, memory, and hearing.
Temporal Lobes
the idea that only those who have the traits for survival will continue to produce more babies. and who was it proposed by?
Natural selection and it was proposed by Charles Darwin
The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious track
Dual Processing
brains ability to only focus on one thing
Selective attention
failing to notice change in your environment because you’re not paying attention.
Change blindness
a 24-hour cycle in the physiological process of living beings.
Circadian rhythm
Stage one: Alpha and theta waves (can easily be waken up)
Stage two: Theta waves (relaxed, kind of easy to wake up but not as easy.
Stage three: Extremely slow brain waves, delta waves.
REM sleep: active period of sleep marked by intense brain activity.
Brain activity during various stages of sleep-
the more exposure to a drug the less affect it will have on your body.
Tolerance
is a craving, need, or desire.
Addiction
Prenatal Development
- Zygote- first step of prenatal development
- Embryo- inner cells
- Fetus- when the baby begins to look like a human
- Sensorimotor stage- birth to two years- learning through our senses/environment
- Preoperational stage- 2-7 years. Representing thing withdraws and images using initiate rather than logical reasoning. Ex: pretend play (peek-a-boo)
- Concrete operational: 7-11 year thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations.
- Formal Operational: abstract logical, potential for mature moral thinking.
Jean Piaget’s developmental theory and stages
parents controlling/harsh over child (dominant).
Authoritarian-
doesn’t enforce rules, lets child do whatever they want.
Permissive
most accepted form of parent, enforcing rules that children understand and accept.
Authoritative
mild distress when mother leaves, seeking contact when she returns.
Attachment theory: secure
not exploring, clinging to mother, loudly upset when mother leaves.
Attachment theory: Insecure (anxious style)
doesn’t care if mother leaves or stays
Attachment theory: Insecure (avoidant style)
eight stages, in which a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood.
Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory
A gender which an individual identifies as
Gender identity
how we express gender (ex: hair length, clothing, makeup)
Gender expression
societies expectations of behaviors associated with our gender (ex: certain work, housewife, provider of the family)
Gender roles
A gender in which an individual is attracted to.
Sexual orientation
organs/physical characteristics directly involved in reproduction. Ex: men’s testes, vagina, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina canal, XY XX chromosomes.
Primary sex characteristics:
visible characteristics that distinguish is associated with each gender. Ex: breast (females), facial hair,
Secondary sex characteristics
the experience through your senses of the outside world. (seeing)
Sensation
how you decide to interpret those sensations. (meaning)
Perception
Lower sensitivity, lower reactivity. As you constantly experience something you become adaptive to it, used for survival. (Ex: faces, smells)
Sensory adaptation
- Cornea- helps focus the light
- Pupil-lets light in so you could see
- Iris-muscle that helps dilate the pupil
- Lens- helps project light into the retina
- Retina- consists of two receptors, the rods and the cones. The rods help us see black and white and help us see in the dark and peripheral view. The cones help us see sharp colorful details in bright light.
Structure of the eye
Ivan Povlov
father of classical conditioning
learning that two things are associated.
Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning stages
US-an object that produces a natural response
UR- a natural response
CS- Have to do something to the object to create a response (was once a conditioned stimulus)
CR- a response to the conditioned stimulus
voluntary actions/consequences
Ex: in his experiment the rat would push the lever in order to receive food (its rewards)
Operant conditioning
B.F. Skinner
father of operant conditioning
Positive punishment: adding something negative to decrease behavior
(Ex: putting soap in a child’s mouth when they say bad words)
-Negative punishment: Removing something desirable to decrease behavior
(Ex: Taking away your child’s Xbox because their grades in school are going down).
-Positive reinforcement: adding something desirable to increase behavior
(Ex: Giving your child more TV time if that means they’re grades will continue to look fleeky)
-Negative reinforcement: removing something negative to increase behavior
(Ex: taking away someone’s chores so they could increase to do well in school).
Types of punishment and reinforcement
this study is an example of _______ ________. The child is conditioned to get scared of the white rat because the kid associated the rat with a weird/scary behavior.
Little Albert- classical conditioning
conducted the little Albert experiment (established the school of behaviorism)
John Watson
1.Fixed ratio:
Meaning: reinforcement depends of a definite number of responses.
Outcome: Activity slows after reinforcement and then picks up
2.Variable Ratio:
Meaning: Number of responses needed for reinforcement varies.
Outcome: greatest activity of all schedules results.
3.Fixed Interval:
Meaning: Reinforcement depends on a fixed time.
Outcome: Activity increases as deadlines near.
4.Variable Interval:
Meaning: Time between reinforcement varies.
Outcome: Steady activity result
Schedules of reinforcement-
Bobo Doll Experiment- kids watched how adults treat the clown and the kids imitated the adult’s behavior as soon as they left the room. Those who did not see how adults treated the dolls did not violently attack. Is an example of what and who conducted it?
Observational learning - conducted by Albert Bandura
Who conducted the Bobo Doll experiment?
Albert Bandura
Sensory memory, Short-term memory, Working memory, Long-term memory are all examples of….??
Atkinson and Shiffrin Memory Model
The process needs to be learned enough that it can be automatic, requiring little conscious thought as to how to do it.
Automatic processing
A type of memory that does not require conscious thought.
Implicit Memory
the learning or storing that requires attention and effort. (ex: studying) (ex: chunking, mnemonics, making information meaningful)
Effortful processing
A type of memory that requieres you to recall (ex: remembering the time of an appointment or recollecting an event from years ago.)
Explicit Memory
The stronger the emotion connected to the memory, the stronger the memory (T or F)
True
an action that never happened.
False memories
the way you ask a certain question can alternate someone’s memory or some individuals think that the stories that others told them actually happened to them.)
Framing
can recall past but cannot form new memories
Anterograde
cannot recall past but can form new memories. (most common type of amnesia.)
Retrogade
Explicit Memory → Effortful Processing
Implicit Memory → Autonomic Processing
Two track mind
a mental grouping that groups similar objects and people.
Concepts
the first thing that comes to image when you hear the concept (ex: a dog, the first thing that comes up is bully)
Prototype
going around obstacles to get to your end point
Problem Solving
Choosing between alternatives
Decision-Making Strategies
When we have made a decision we will stick to it no matter what
Belief Perseverance
The way we present an issue can sway out decisions and judgments
Framing
Language Development
Babbling (4-12 months)
First Words (12 months)
Telegraphic Speech (2-3 years)
Grammar (by 4 years)
Speech production
Broca
Broca’s Aphasia
NOT able to produce language
ability to comprehend speech
Wernicke
NOT able to comprehend language
Wernicke Aphasia
ability to learn
Aptitude
a standardized test that is designed to measure an individual’s level of knowledge in a particular area. (measures what you have learned)
Achievement
knowledge that comes from prior learning and past experiences. (ex: reading comprehension and vocabulary exams.)
Crystallized Intelligence:
involves being able to think and reason abstractly and solve problems. (Ex: solving puzzles)
Fluid Intelligence
The distribution of intelligence test scores in the general population forms a bell-shaped pattern. This pattern is called a normal curve. (See standardization of tests)
google it & print
- Psychological
- Safety
- Love
- Esteem
- Self-actualization
- Self-transcendence
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Theory that says the body is motivated to reduce drive
Drive-Reduction Theory
Stimulus triggers physiological and/or behavioral reactions, which leads to emotion (one thing leads to another and so on.)
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
React to stimulus and experience associated emotion simultaneously (there are two boxes on each side)
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
The experience of emotion is a result of two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive label. (Arousal and cognitive label make up an emotion.)
Schacter and Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
focused on how to get rid of the emotion. (ex: seek professional counseling, family member, significant other.)
Emotion-focused coping
focused on getting rid of the problem. (ex: someone is in debt their going to plan out how to get rid of it.)
Problem-focused coping
feeling like you have control of the situation. (ex: im going to get an A on this test because I put in the work and I studied.)
Internal Locus of Control
perceive stress in a situation that you do NOT have control of, in the hands of others or pure luck. (ex: No matter how hard I study im not going to do good on this test because the professor made it hard.)
External Locus of Control
What we actually do (conscious)
Ego
how we should behave (preconscious)
Superego
how we want to behave (unconscious)
ID
unconscious process in which it reduces and redirects anxiety by distorting reality. It does this to protect our body.
Defense Mechanisms
focuses on “healthy people” and strives for self-determination and self-realization.
Humanistic Theory
Big Five Personality
- Consciousness
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
- Openness
- Extraversion
states each individual is making his or her own choices and to the extent they interact with the rest of the group, as individuals.
Individualism
it views the group as the primary entity, with the individuals lost along the way.
Collectivism
“how do we explain other people’s behavior” is it dispositional attribution (in the genes) or is it situational attribution (the environment.)
Attribution Theory
tendency for people to place an undue emphasis on internal characteristics (personality) to explain someone else’s behavior in a given situation rather than considering the situation’s external factors
Fundamental Attribution Error
the experiment in which they told a guy to shock the other person whenever they got the answer wrong. This experiment was conducted by _____ and what he was trying to see if people would follow people with authority.
Obedience and Milgram Experiment
Milgram
students were given randomly the role of either a guard or the prisoner. After the second day they really got into their roles and one of the prisoners demanded to get let out of the experiment, he couldn’t stand it anymore. He even claimed to the other prisoners he was going to come back and break them out.
Stanford Prison Experiment and Philip Zombardo
Adjusting our behavior or thinking towards some group standard
Conformity
when someone is in a group they’re going to put less work/effort because they know someone else will step up.
Social Loafing
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity and arousal. (doing things you might NOT usually do because you feel anonymous. They do not feel responsible.)
Deindividuation
generalized impression based on a social group (ex: all Mexicans are rapists, Donald Trump.)
Stereotype
when more people share responsibility for helping, someone is less likely to help. (ex: if someone in the street falls, someone is less likely to help because they think someone else would help the person who fell in the street.)
Bystander Effect
A significant dysfunction in an individual’s cognitions, emotions, or behaviors
What is a Psychological Disorder?
Role of dysfunction in psychological disorders
Disorders are diagnosed when there is dysfunction. (A dysfunction helps diagnose a disorder).
The biopsychosocial approach to psychological disorders
- Biological influences: evolution, individual genes, brain structure, and chemistry
- Psychological influences: stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions, and memories
- Social: Roles, expectations, definitions of normality and disorder
Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence. Traits include: repeated intrusive recall of those memories, nightmares and other re-experiencing, insomnia or sleep problems.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions, hallucinations, diminished and unusual emotions, including flat affect, and catatonia.
Schizophrenia Traits
Repetitive behaviors and individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety, not realistic and/or excessive.
OCD Traits
Traits: Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities, significant increase or decrease in appetite or weight, insomnia, sleeping too much, or disrupted sleep.
Depression Traits- Depressed mood most of the day, and/or markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities.
must have an episode of mania. (Mania-refers to a period of hyper-elevated mood that is euphoric, easily irritated.) this condition is when a person is too happy
Bipolar 1
must have depression and hypomania. (Hypomania-mood usually isn’t severe enough to cause problems with the person working or socializing with others).
Bipolar 2
Therapy that tries to resolve the unconscious conflicts and desires brings them to awareness. (ID, Ego, Superego). If they are not resolved it can lead to mental illness. Freud proposed it. This therapy interprets the conclusion for the client.
Psychoanalysis
This therapy is when someone is hooked to a machine and it induces seizures. It works well with severe depression. It is only used when the patient is not responding to medication.
Electroconvulsive Therapy-
A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients’ growth.
Client-Centered Therapy
therapy that assumes our thoughts shapes our emotions. Its’ focus is to help people change their negative thinking.
Cognitive Therapy
works on changing thinking and behavior that are part of mental health disorder.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Refers to the relationship between a healthcare professional and a client (or patient). It is the means by which a therapist and a client hope to engage with each other, and effect beneficial change in the client.
Therapeutic Alliance
the study of drug effects on behavior, mood, and the mind. (working on the brain, body, charging neurotransmitters to alleviate the symptoms)
Psychopharmacology
The distribution of intelligence test scores in the general population forms a bell-shaped pattern. This pattern is called a normal curve. (See standardization of tests)
:P
it is the ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimuli have ended.
Sensory memory-
temporary recall of the information, which is being processed at any point in time. (ex: a phone number, someone’s name you barely met at a party, etc.)
Short-term memory
memory used to store programs or data currently in use. (ex: steps you need to follow in order to solve a math problem.)
Working memory
information can remain in _______ indefinitely. (ex: where you work, who your family members are, etc.)
Long-term memory
Who created the first intelligence test and it measured mental ability.
Binet
