Finals Exam Flashcards
fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen’s entitlement
due process laws
a court’s decision on a legal question that guides future cases with a similar question
precedent
a court that reviews decisions made in lower district courts
appeal courts
A list of rights that police in the US must read to suspects in custody before questioning them
Miranda Rights
A constitutional law stating that evidence collected by violation of the defendant’s constitutional rights is inadmissible for criminal prosecution in court
Exclusionary Rule
Background: Student’s were not allowed to publish a newspaper with material the principal deemed inappropriate. Precedent: School’s may restrict publication if the paper has been established as public forums
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier
Background: a boy was suspended and not allowed to give a speech at the school for making a speech with language that the school considered inappropriate Precedent: It is not a violation of a student’s 1st Amendment right when school officials discipline students for making a lewd and vulgar speech at a school assembly
Bethel v. Fraser
Background: a minor was searched because of suspicions she had cigarettes. Officials found marijuana- she was charged with possession of marijuana. Precedent: A student’s 4th Amendment right is not violated when school officials search without a warrant if there is reasonable suspicion
NJ v. TLO
Background: Students were suspended for wearing black armbands at school as a silent protest against the Vietnam War. Precedent: School officials cannot censor student speech unless it specifically disrupts the school environment
Tinker v. Des Moines
Background: Police searched a woman’s house without a warrant and found illegal documents. Precedent: All evidence obtained through illegal searches and seizures does not count in court
Mapp v Ohio
clause in the 1st Amendment that states the government may not establish an official region
Establishment Clause
Current number of Supreme Court Justices (allowed)
9
“Separate but Equal” doctrine Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of Jim Crow Laws
Plessy v. Ferguson
1954 case that overturned Separate but Equal standard of discrimination in education
Brown v. Board of Education
Background: a boy was sentenced to death for a murder he committed at age 17. Precedent: Those sentenced to death that are minors are a violation of the 8th Amendment
Roper v. Simmons
a 15-year-old at that time, was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death. Precedent: The sentencing of a defendant younger than 16 is a violation of the 8th Amendment - Freedom from cruel and unusual punishments, and excessive fines and bail
Thompson v. Oklahoma
If you are born or naturalized in the U.S. then you are a citizen of the U.S
Parts of 14th Amendment
You cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, creed
15th Amendment
The right of citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex
19th Amendment
Abolition of poll taxes
24th Amendment
Citizens who are 18 or older, shall not be denied the right to vote
26th Amendment
Method used to deny African Americans to vote by testing a person’s ability to read and write-very unfairly
Literacy Tests
A set of policies and practices within a government or organization seeking to include a particular group based on their gender, race, sexuality, in which they are underrepresented
Affirmative Action
University’s admissions criteria, which used race as a definite and exclusive basis for an admission decision violated the Equal Protection Clause
Bakke v. University
Allowed people to vote if their father or grandfather had voted before Reconstruction
Grandfather Clause
White supremacy organization that intimidated blacks out of their newly found liberties
Klu Klux Klan
Effort to reintegrate Southern states and 4 million newly-freed people into the U.S.
Reconstruction Era
Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites
Jim Crow Laws
A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote
Poll tax
Which are the Reconstruction Amendments?
14th, 15th, 19th, 24th, 26th
system where landlords allow a tenant to use the land in exchange for a share of the crop
Sharecropping
Segregation resulting from economic and social conditions or personal choice
De facto segregation
Segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decision by public agencies
De jure segregation
Written by Upton Sinclair, encasing the horrors of the food production industry
The Jungle
Fire in NY factory that killed 150 people because the building was locked. Led to many reforms in work safety.
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
1938 Act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor
The Fair Labor Standards
Why did Wilson end up supporting women’s suffrage?
Because he recognized the crucial role women played in war efforts, proving they deserved the “privilege and right” of suffrage
a woman’s strategy was to directly lobby Congress for constitutional amendment; Who’s strategy?
Alice Paul’s strategy
Strategy was focused on State-by-State campaigns
Carrie Chapman Catt’s strategy
Organized Union Farm Workers; help migratory farm workers gain better pay and working conditions
Cesar Chavez
Worked with Cesar Chavez to form the National Farm Workers Association
Dolores Huerta
Riots in NY by homosexuals marking the beginning of the gay rights movement
Stonewall Riots
States are not obligated to recognize any same-sex marriages that might not be legally sanctioned in other states
Defense of Marriage Act
No person in the US, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in or subjected to discrimination under and education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance
Title IX
Prevented military workers from being openly queer without threat of being discharged
Don’t Ask Don’t Tell
Used to describe one entity’s unconditional guarantee or commitment to back the interest and principal of another entity’s debt
Full Faith and Credit
Requires states to practice equal protection
Equal Protection Clause
Term meaning “The People” rooted in the post-revolution of the Latin rights movement
La Raza
Passed by Congress June 4, 1919 and ratifies on August 18, 1920
Year of women’s suffrage amendment
The 1973 Court decision holding that state ban on all abortion was unconstitutional
Roe v. Wade
Arguments for and against women’s suffrage
Some were against the women’s suffrage because they feared that they would lose power if they gained the right to vote
The study of how people choose to use scarce resources to satisfy their wants and needs
Economics
The condition resulting from the fact that there is not enough of everything to go around
Scarcity
Factors of Production
Labor, Land, Capital, Entrepreneurship
Actual product or material that can be obtained in the economy
Goods
Work performed by someone
Service
require (something) because it is essential or very important
Needs
have a desire to possess or do something
Wants
Owned by private sectors; Freedom; Supply and Demand
Market System
Co-Survival of Public and Private Sectors; Protection of Labor Rights
Mixed System
System determined by traditions, customs, belief, and inheritance
Traditional System
Owned by government; Price Control
Command System
One that must be given up in order to get something else; a trade-off
Opportunity Cost
The good or service that must be given up in order to buy another
Trade off
System in USA
Mixed System
6 Broad Social/Economic Goals
Economic efficiency, economic equity, economic freedom, economic growth, economic security, and economic stability
larger scale of economics; Ex- Interest rates and national productivity
Macroeconomics
Increase in prices of goods and services in economy; Worth of money decreases
Inflation
price of a weighted average market based on consumer goods and services
CPI
Number of unemployed people as a percentage of the labor force
Unemployment Rate
standard of measure of the value added created though the production of goods and services
GDP
Central banking system of the U.S.
Federal Reserve Board
(federal) tax imposed on the sale of specific goods or services
Excise Tax
high-income earners pay a higher amount of taxes compared to low-income earners. Ex- estate tax
Progressive Tax
Same percentage of tax no matter how much money you make. Ex- Social security, medicare tax
Flat Tax
Mandatory spending, discretionary spending, and interest on debt
Federal Expenditures
Deficit
Too small
Financial liabilities of the government sector
National Debt
(state) tax on sales or on the receipts from sales
Sales Tax
Property Tax
(local) tax on property
proportion of a loan that is charged as interest to the borrower
Interest rates
Items not included in the GDP
Sale of goods produced outside of domestic borders, sales of used goods, illegal sales of goods and services
Goods - fruits, Services - gardener, Structures - Market Structure
Examples of Goods, Services, and Structures
Recession
Decline in economic activity
Economic Indicators
CPI, GDP, Unemployment figures
