Finals CUTIE Flashcards
GOAL OF PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY
- to make the unconscious conscious
- help their clients become aware of thoughts, feelings, and other mental activities
phenomenon—looking inside oneself and noticing something that had previously gone unseen
Insight
fundamental idea of Freud, most important and enduring contributions to clinical psychology
existence of the unconscious
mental processes that are outside the awareness of the individual and that have important, powerful influences on conscious experiences”
Unconscious
rather than understanding a client’s unconscious in an empirical, factual way, psychodynamic psychotherapists understand it through inference, deduction, and conjecture.
Inferential
technique in which psychodynamic psychotherapists simply ask
clients to say whatever comes to mind without censoring themselves at all. (involves no stimulus)
Free Association
Carl Jung, After hearing each word, the client is to respond with the first word that comes to mind. (involves stimulus)
Word association
Psychodynamic psychotherapists who witness a client’s slips of the tongue during a session or who hear clients’ stories of such events may be able to glimpse the clients’ underlying intentions. (most examples are verbal)
Freudian slips
(the raw thoughts and feelings of the unconscious)
Latent content
(the actual plot of the dream as we remember it)
Manifest content
uses symbols to express wishes, which can result in unconscious wishes appearing in a very distorted or disguised form.
Dream work
Sigmund Freud (1900) famously called dreams the “________” to unconscious material.
royal road
When clients sense that certain unconscious thoughts and feelings are being laid bare too extensively or too quickly, they feel anxious. That anxiety motivates them to create distractions or obstacles that impede the exploration of those thoughts and feelings.
Resistance
part of the mind that generates all the pleasure-seeking, selfish, indulgent, animalistic impulses.
Id
part of the mind that establishes rules, restrictions, and prohibitions.
Superego
a mediator, a compromise maker between the id and the superego.
Ego
a collection of techniques on which ego can rely.
Defense Mechanism
repress conscious awareness of the impulse and id/superego conflict around it. “Sweep them under the rug”
Repression
a similar defense mechanism to repression, but it usually refers to events that happen to us rather than impulses that come from within us.
Denial
ego can project the id impulse onto other people around us.
Projection
the ego can form a reaction against the id impulse—essentially, do the exact opposite. “Do something selfless to overcompensate to the original id impulse”
Reaction Formation
displace the id impulse toward a safer target. Rather than aiming the id’s desired action at whom or what it wants, we redirect the impulse toward another person or object to minimize the repercussion. “Kicking the dog”- reroute destructive urges
Displacement
redirect it in such a way that the resulting behavior actually benefits others. “Allows id to do what it wants”
Sublimation
Alternate term for id
it
Alternate term for superego
over-me
Alternate term for ego
me
“generally regarded as the most important focus”- most powerful tool
Transference
refers to clients’ tendency to form relationships with therapists in which they unconsciously and unrealistically expect the therapist to behave like important people from the clients’ pasts.
Transference
help clients become aware of their own transference tendencies and the ways these unrealistic perceptions of others affect their relationships and their lives.
Psychodynamic Psychologist
psychotherapists typically reveal very little about themselves to their clients through either verbal or nonverbal communication
Blank Screen Role
therapists can transfer onto clients. reaction to the client that is unconsciously distorted by the therapist’s own personal experiences
Countertransference
that as children move through the developmental stages, they may become emotionally “stuck” at any one of them to some extent and may continue to struggle with issues related to that stage for many years.
Fixation
(first year) child experiences all pleasurable sensations through the mouth, and feeding (breast or bottle) is the focal issue. Primary issue: dependency- overly trusting, naive. Mismanagement: smoking, overeating, nail biting.
Oral Stage
(1.5- 3years). Toilet training is a primary task of this stage, but it is not the only way children are learning to control themselves. Primary issue: control- OCD, meticulous. Mismanagement: sloppy, messy, haphazard.
Anal Stage
(3-6years) Children at this age wish to have a special, close relationship with parents. Primary issue: self-worth- arrogant, egotistical. Mismanagement- low self worth, insecure, self-doubting.
Phallic Stage
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
- Oral Stage
- Anal Stage
- Phallic Stage
- Latency Stage
- Genital Stage
Erik Erikson- revised Freud’s psychosexual stages to 8 stages
Ego Psychology
Hans Kohut- others emphasizes parental roles in the child’s development of self
Self-psychology
Melanie Klein- deemphasized internal conflict (id vs. superego) and instead emphasized relationships between internalized “objects”
Object relation
therapy lasting fewer than 24 sessions, which amounts to about 6 months of once-a-week sessions.
brief psychodynamic psychotherapy
- Harry Stack Sullivan (1980)
originally created to treat depression, but it has since been used to treat numerous other disorders.
Interpersonal Therapy
- Fundamental assumption: depression happens in the context of interpersonal relationships, so improving the client’s relationships with others will facilitate improvement in the client’s depressive symptoms.
Interpersonal Therapy
Found specific Interpersonal problems:
- Role transition
- Role disputes
- Interpersonal deficits
- Grief
3 Stages of Interpersonal Therapy
- First Stage
- Intermediate Session
- Final Stage
- categorizing the client’s problems into one of the four categories (role transition, role disputes, interpersonal deficits, and grief)
First Stage of Interpersonal Therapy
emphasize improving the client’s problems as identified in the first stage.
Intermediate Sessions of Interpersonal Therapy
review of the client’s accomplishments, recognition of the client’s capacity to succeed
Final Stage of Interpersonal Therapy
specifically designed for clients with bipolar disorder. (recent variation of ITP). Clients in ____ are encouraged to make and follow detailed daily schedules
Interpersonal and Social rhythm therapy
modern application of the classic and often-referenced concept of the “corrective emotional experience”. The therapist’s primary task is to identify the “script” that the client appears to be unknowingly following.
Time-limited dynamic psychotherapy (TLDP)
by-product of previous relationships (often with parents), in which the client learned
what to expect from others.
Script
visual diagram; is a working model of the client’s primary
Issues.
Cyclical maladaptive pattern
Four categories of cyclical maladaptive pattern
- Acts of self- (how a person actually behaves in public;
- expectations about others’ reactions
- acts of others toward the self
- acts of the self toward the self
influence of researchers’ own biases and preferences on the outcome of their empirical studies.
Allegiance effects
Along with Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers pioneered the humanistic movement in psychology and its clinical application
humanistic therapy.
presume that if the person’s environment fosters it, _____ proceeds without interference.
Self-actualization
the warmth, love, and acceptance of those around us.
Positive regard
experience of receiving positive regard from others;
Prizing
The primary goal of humanistic psychotherapy is to foster
self-actualization
communicates that we are prized “only if” we meet certain conditions.
Conditional positive regard
“We’ll love you only if you get good grades,”
Conditions of worth
the selves they actually are
Real selves
the selves they could be if they fulfilled their own potential
Ideal self
describe this discrepancy, and they view it as the root of psychopathology
Incongruence
a match between the real self and the ideal self
Congruence
ELEMENTS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY
- Empathy
- Unconditional positive regard
- Genuineness
therapist is able to sense the client’s emotions and understand in a compassionate way
- Empathy
full acceptance of another person “no matter what.”
- Unconditional positive regard
Empathy and UPR are worthless if they aren’t honest
- Genuineness
also called THERAPIST CONGRUENCE, because there is a match between the therapist’s real and ideal selves—is the opposite of playing a role or putting up a front.
- Genuineness
takes place when a therapist responds to a client by rephrasing or
restating the client’s statements in a way that highlights the client’s feelings or emotions
Reflection
ALTERNATIVES TO HUMANISM
- Existential Psychology
- Gestalt Therapy
It centers on the premise that each person is essentially alone in the world and that realization of this fact can overwhelm us with anxiety.
- Existential Psychology
therapists encourage clients to reach their full potential, often through the use of role-play techniques. “Emphasizes the present”
- Gestalt therapy
developed by William Miller, centers on addressing clients’ ambivalence or uncertainty about making major changes to their way of life.
Motivational interviewing (MI)
Central principles of psychotherapy
- Expressing empathy
- Developing the discrepancy
- Avoiding argumentation
- Rolling with resistance
- Identifying “sustain talk” and “change talk”
- Supporting self-efficacy
taking the clients’ points of view and honoring their feelings
- Expressing empathy
therapists highlight how a client’s behavior is inconsistent with his or her goals or values.
- Developing the discrepancy
do not directly confront clients, even if clients are engaging in self-destructive behaviors.
- Avoiding argumentation
therapists accept and reflect it rather than battle against it.
- Rolling with resistance
sustain talk:client statements in favor of continuing the problem behavior; change talk: clients make in favor of changing the problem behavior
- Identifying “sustain talk” and “change talk”
make efforts to communicate to clients that they have the power to improve themselves.
- Supporting self-efficacy
is a broad-based approach that emphasizes human strengths rather than pathology, and cultivation of happiness in addition to reduction of symptoms in psychotherapy.
Positive psychology
Therapies that derive from positive psychology go by a variety of names
positive interventions or strength-based counseling
Parks and Layous (2016) describe seven basic categories of positive psychology techniques:
- Savoring
- Empathy
- Kindness
- Strength-based activities
- Meaning
- Optimism
- Gratitude
clients intentionally focus on and extend, without distraction, moments of joy and happiness
- Savoring
clients purposefully focus on reasons to be thankful
- Gratitude
clients deliberately do nice things for others
- Kindness
clients intentionally build a sense of understanding
- Empathy
clients purposefully cultivate positive expectations about the future
- Optimism
clients deliberately use (or write about) their personal strengths in meaningful or novel ways
- Strength-based activities
clients intentionally remind themselves of their own value and set goals to live a life
- Meaning
emphasizes the expression, acknowledgment, and healing power of emotions in the present moment, as well as emotions that may have been “bottled up” for a long time.
Emotionally Focused Therapy
the clinical application of behavioral principles, which have theoretical and experimental roots extending back hundreds of years.
Behavior therapy
fervently argued that the lessons learned from Pavlov’s dogs applied to human behavior as well.
John Watson
that all organisms pay attention to the consequences
(or effects) of their actions.
Law of effect (Edward Lee Thorndike)
GOAL OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY
- observable behavior change.
- Stands in stark contrast to the goals of the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches.
- way, they can be supported, refuted, modified, and retested.
Testable hypotheses
as a baseline measure at the outset of therapy, at various points during the therapy to evaluate changes from session to session, and at the end of therapy as a final assessment of change.
Empirical Data
Application of the Steps of the Scientific Method by Behavioral Therapists
- Observing a phenomenon
- Developing hypotheses to explain the phenomenon
- Testing the Hypotheses through experimentation
- Observing the outcome of the tests
- Revising the hypotheses
Assessing client behavior via observation, interview, or testing// Defining a target behavior// Establishing a baseline level of target behavior
- Observing a phenomenon
Functionally analyzing target behavior to determine the factors that cause or influence it// Establishing specific behavioral goals for treatment// Planning interventions to alter behavior in preferred manner.
- Developing hypotheses to explain the phenomenon
Implementing interventions as planned
- Testing the Hypotheses through experimentation
Comparing data collected during or after treatment to baseline data
- Observing the outcome of the tests
Modifying treatment plan as suggested by observed outcomes// Restarting scientific process with revised hypotheses
- Revising the hypotheses
2 Types of conditioning
- Classical Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning
the type exemplified by Pavlov’s dog studies. (passive style of learning)
Classical Conditioning
organism “operates” on the environment, notices the consequences of the behavior, and incorporates those consequences into decisions regarding future behavior (active style of learning)
Operant Conditioning
conditioned response is evoked by stimuli that are similar to, but not an exact match for, the conditioned stimulus.
Generalization
conditioned response is not
evoked by such a stimulus
Discrimination
by “if . . . , then . . .” statements, including those labeled as abnormal.
Contingencies
Techniques based on Classical Conditioning
Exposure Therapy
would involve visualizing dogs and dog-related items,
- Imaginal exposure
would directly see, hear, and touch dogs
- In vivo exposure
the client will be exposed to fear-inducing stimuli: gradually increasing
- Graded exposure
which they list about 10 stimuli that might induce fear.
- Anxiety hierarchy
Exposure that happens all at once
- Flooding or implosion
received substantial empirical support for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, making it the clear treatment of choice for the disorder
- Exposure and response prevention
simply breaking the association between the feared object and the aversive feeling, systematic desensitization involves re-pairing (or counterconditioning) the feared object with a new response that is
incompatible with anxiety.
Systematic desensitization
behavior therapist teaches the client progressive relaxation techniques in which various muscles are systematically tensed and relaxed
- Relaxation training
that targets clients’ social anxieties. It is best suited for people whose timid, apprehensive, or ineffectual social behavior has a negative impact on their lives.
- Assertiveness training
All behavior occurs because of its consequences, and if those consequences change, the behavior will change correspondingly
Contingency Management
any consequence that makes a behavior more likely to recur in the future.
Reinforcement
as any consequence that makes a behavior less likely to recur in the future
Punishment
means “getting something good” (such as food)
positive reinforcement
means “losing something bad” (such as pain).
negative reinforcement
means “getting something bad,”
Positive punishment
means “losing something good.”
negative punishment
an unwanted behavior (say, drinking alcohol) brings about an aversive stimulus (nausea or electric shock;
Aversion Therapy
removal of an expected reinforcement that results in a decrease in the frequency of a behavior
Extinction
Immediately after the reinforcement was removed, Wendy’s crying and screaming increased—she did it more often and more intensely. Only after her parents “stood their ground” by continuing to withhold the reinforcement did Wendy’s crying and screaming dwindle.
Extinction burst
setting in which clients earn tokens for participating in predetermined target behaviors
Token economy
which involves reinforcing successive approximations of the target behavior.
Shaping
form of behavior therapy, initially designed to treat depression, that has received significant attention and empirical support in recent years.
Behavioral Activation
modeling and social learning. the client observes a demonstration of the desired behavior and is given chances to imitate it.
Observational learning
the client simply mimics the modeled behavior.
Imitation
which the client observes not only the modeled behavior but also the model receiving consequences for that modeled behavior.
Vicarious learning
