finals crunch Flashcards
Things that stabilize the brain during accel/decel, and where the second one is:
Falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli.
Tentorium cerebelli lies between cerebellum and occipital lobes.
Common cause of epidural space:
Rupture of the middle meningeal artery
Define: aneurysm
Hemorrhage in subarachnoid space
Anterior circulation is served by what artery? Posterior circulation is served by what artery? Also, where do the circuits differentiate?
Anterior - internal carotid
Posterior - basilar/vertebral
Differentiate at aorta
Stroke of MCA:
Contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss in face and arm.
Right: hemineglect, anosognosia.
Left: aphasias.
Stroke of ACA:
Contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss in leg and foot.
In frontal lobe: personality change.
Stroke of PCA:
Occipital: hemianopsia, visual agnosia
Temporal: memory impairment.
What part of the brain is associated with prosopagnosia?
Stroke of PCA, damage to inferior temporal cortex.
Superficial veins drain where? Deep veins drain where?
Superficial - superior sagittal sinus and cavernous sinus
Deep - great vein of Galen
BOLD:
Blood-oxygen level-dependent signal. Use glucose but not O2.
RBC/WBC content of CSF:
No RBC, very few WBC.
Rate of CSF formation?
Rate of CSF absorption?
Formation: constant.
Absorption: responds a lot, fast, with changes in pressure.
What kind (-ergic) of ganglion for symp? parasymp? Distance from target?
Symp: adrenergic, far
Parasymp: cholinergic, close
Layers of enteric motor system:
Mucus Submucus/Meissner's plexus Circular muscle layer Myenteric/Auerbach's plexus Longitudinal muscle layer
What’s the one layer of the enter motor system I keep forgetting?
Myenteric/Auerbach’s plexus
What is the arcuate fasciculus?
A bridge between Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas.
Origins of ACh system:
Brain stem/basal forebrain.
Origins of dopamine system and 3 pathways:
Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.
Norepinephrine:
Locus coeruleus and lateral tegmental area.
Serotonin:
Raphe nuclei (rostral to forebrain, caudal to cerebellum/medulla/SC)
Goddamn cascades: Olfactory Phototransduction LTP LTD
Olf: G-protein, AC, cAMP, ions, depol.
Photo: Light, opsin, retinal, phosphodiesterase, cGMP.
LTP: CaMKII and PKC; PKA, gene regulation.
LTD: Glu, mGluR, PKC, Ca2+, eat AMPA
Layers of olf bulb:
Granule cell Mitral cell External plexiform Glomeruli Olf nerves Cribiform plate Olf epithelium
What cells are involved in olf fine-tuning?
Mitral pokes granule. Granule shushes other mitrals.
Central projections of the olf system:
Bulb
Pyriform cortex, olf tubercle, amygdala, entorhinal cortex
Orbitofrontal cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus
Layers of the retina:
Pigment epithelium Photoreceptor outer segments Outer nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Inner plexiform layer Ganglion cell layer Nerve fibre layer
Dark current:
cGMP keeps Na+ channels open for Glu. In light, cGMP->GMP.
Where does first binocular vision occur?
Striate cortex
Auditory pathway:
When is it ipsilateral?
Spiral ganglion Ventral cochlear nucleus Superior olive Inferior colliculus MGN Cortex Only ipsilateral at spiral.
Olives and sound localization:
Medial superior - temporal
Lateral superior - intensity
Perception of auditory space lives where?
Midbrain
Anterolateral (vs dorsal column-medial lemniscus):
Pain and temperature, dorsal, decussate early.
Dorsal column-medial lemniscus (vs anterolateral):
Mechanosensory, SC->medulla, decussate late.
Lateral ventral horn (vs medial):
Motor cortex axons.
Fine motor control.
Medial ventral horn (vs lateral):
Brainstem axons.
Posture, balance, orienting head/neck during visual shift.
Corticospinal tract - lateral pathway:
Motor cortex Internal capsule Midbrain Pons Pyramids -- Decussation -- Lateral SC
Hemiballismus is damage to what?
Subthalamic nucleus
What’s active during REM?
Anterior cingulate, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus, pontine tegmentum
What’s inactive during REM?
Posterior cingulate, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
How does muscle paralysis happen in REM?
GABA -> ACh -> Glu -> glycine -> shush motor neurons by hyperpol
Things needed for LTP: (6)
Prolonged high frequency stimulus.
Coincidence of pre/post-synaptic activity.
Strong specific activity or weak associative activity beside strong.
Short term NMDA, long term AMPA.
PKC/CaMKII cascade.
Protein synthesis for very long term.
Things needed for LTD:
Prolonged low frequency stimulation.
Slow Ca2+ rise.
Post-synaptic AP before pre.
Cerebellar vs hippocampal LTD:
Cerebellum has no NMDA. Cerebellum uses kinase, hippocampal uses phosphatase.
