finals crunch

Question 1

Things that stabilize the brain during accel/decel, and where the second one is:

Answer 1

Falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli.

Tentorium cerebelli lies between cerebellum and occipital lobes.

Question 2

Common cause of epidural space:

Answer 2

Rupture of the middle meningeal artery

Question 3

Define: aneurysm

Answer 3

Hemorrhage in subarachnoid space

Question 4

Anterior circulation is served by what artery? Posterior circulation is served by what artery? Also, where do the circuits differentiate?

Answer 4

Anterior - internal carotid
Posterior - basilar/vertebral
Differentiate at aorta

Question 5

Stroke of MCA:

Answer 5

Contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss in face and arm.
Right: hemineglect, anosognosia.
Left: aphasias.

Question 6

Stroke of ACA:

Answer 6

Contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss in leg and foot.
In frontal lobe: personality change.

Question 7

Stroke of PCA:

Answer 7

Occipital: hemianopsia, visual agnosia
Temporal: memory impairment.

Question 8

What part of the brain is associated with prosopagnosia?

Answer 8

Stroke of PCA, damage to inferior temporal cortex.

Question 9

Superficial veins drain where? Deep veins drain where?

Answer 9

Superficial - superior sagittal sinus and cavernous sinus

Deep - great vein of Galen

Question 10

BOLD:

Answer 10

Blood-oxygen level-dependent signal. Use glucose but not O2.

Question 11

RBC/WBC content of CSF:

Answer 11

No RBC, very few WBC.

Question 12

Rate of CSF formation?

Rate of CSF absorption?

Answer 12

Formation: constant.
Absorption: responds a lot, fast, with changes in pressure.

Question 13

What kind (-ergic) of ganglion for symp? parasymp? Distance from target?

Answer 13

Symp: adrenergic, far
Parasymp: cholinergic, close

Question 14

Layers of enteric motor system:

Answer 14

Mucus
Submucus/Meissner's plexus 
Circular muscle layer
Myenteric/Auerbach's plexus 
Longitudinal muscle layer

Question 15

What’s the one layer of the enter motor system I keep forgetting?

Answer 15

Myenteric/Auerbach’s plexus

Question 16

What is the arcuate fasciculus?

Answer 16

A bridge between Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas.

Question 17

Origins of ACh system:

Answer 17

Brain stem/basal forebrain.

Question 18

Origins of dopamine system and 3 pathways:

Answer 18

Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.

Question 19

Norepinephrine:

Answer 19

Locus coeruleus and lateral tegmental area.

Question 20

Serotonin:

Answer 20

Raphe nuclei (rostral to forebrain, caudal to cerebellum/medulla/SC)

Question 21

Goddamn cascades:
Olfactory
Phototransduction
LTP
LTD

Answer 21

Olf: G-protein, AC, cAMP, ions, depol.
Photo: Light, opsin, retinal, phosphodiesterase, cGMP.
LTP: CaMKII and PKC; PKA, gene regulation.
LTD: Glu, mGluR, PKC, Ca2+, eat AMPA

Question 22

Layers of olf bulb:

Answer 22

Granule cell
Mitral cell
External plexiform
Glomeruli
Olf nerves
Cribiform plate
Olf epithelium

Question 23

What cells are involved in olf fine-tuning?

Answer 23

Mitral pokes granule. Granule shushes other mitrals.

Question 24

Central projections of the olf system:

Answer 24

Bulb

Pyriform cortex, olf tubercle, amygdala, entorhinal cortex

Orbitofrontal cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus

Question 25

Layers of the retina:

Answer 25

``` Pigment epithelium Photoreceptor outer segments Outer nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Inner plexiform layer Ganglion cell layer Nerve fibre layer ```

Question 26

Dark current:

Answer 26

cGMP keeps Na+ channels open for Glu. In light, cGMP->GMP.

Question 27

Where does first binocular vision occur?

Answer 27

Striate cortex

Question 28

Auditory pathway: | When is it ipsilateral?

Answer 28

``` Spiral ganglion Ventral cochlear nucleus Superior olive Inferior colliculus MGN Cortex Only ipsilateral at spiral. ```

Question 29

Olives and sound localization:

Answer 29

Medial superior - temporal | Lateral superior - intensity

Question 30

Perception of auditory space lives where?

Answer 30

Midbrain

Question 31

Anterolateral (vs dorsal column-medial lemniscus):

Answer 31

Pain and temperature, dorsal, decussate early.

Question 32

Dorsal column-medial lemniscus (vs anterolateral):

Answer 32

Mechanosensory, SC->medulla, decussate late.

Question 33

Lateral ventral horn (vs medial):

Answer 33

Motor cortex axons. | Fine motor control.

Question 34

Medial ventral horn (vs lateral):

Answer 34

Brainstem axons. | Posture, balance, orienting head/neck during visual shift.

Question 35

Corticospinal tract - lateral pathway:

Answer 35

``` Motor cortex Internal capsule Midbrain Pons Pyramids -- Decussation -- Lateral SC ```

Question 36

Hemiballismus is damage to what?

Answer 36

Subthalamic nucleus

Question 37

What's active during REM?

Answer 37

Anterior cingulate, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus, pontine tegmentum

Question 38

What's inactive during REM?

Answer 38

Posterior cingulate, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 39

How does muscle paralysis happen in REM?

Answer 39

GABA -> ACh -> Glu -> glycine -> shush motor neurons by hyperpol

Question 40

Things needed for LTP: (6)

Answer 40

Prolonged high frequency stimulus. Coincidence of pre/post-synaptic activity. Strong specific activity or weak associative activity beside strong. Short term NMDA, long term AMPA. PKC/CaMKII cascade. Protein synthesis for very long term.

Question 41

Things needed for LTD:

Answer 41

Prolonged low frequency stimulation. Slow Ca2+ rise. Post-synaptic AP before pre.

Question 42

Cerebellar vs hippocampal LTD:

Answer 42

Cerebellum has no NMDA. Cerebellum uses kinase, hippocampal uses phosphatase.