FINALS!! Flashcards
Who is Karen Horney?
Neo- Freudian
Woman have power envy and not penis envy
Who is Carl Jung?
Contemporary of Freud’s
We have collective unconscious of shared memories or archetypes
Who is Alfred Adler?
compensation
feelings of inferiority and how we struggle to compensate
Who is Abraham Maslow?
hierchary of needs
Who is Carl Rogers?
Humanist
Client centered therapy
Unconditional positive regard
What is the first force in psychology?
Psychodynamic theory
Second force of psychology?
Behavioral Theory
Third force of Psychology
Humanistic Theory
How did Maslow characterize the nature of human beings?
Humans are inherently good
Is Maslow’s theory holistic or reductionistic?
Holistic
Do parent’s need to shape their children in order to ensure they grow into healthy beings?
No give them resources and they will choose well
Maslows hierchary of needs
Survival Safety Love/Belonging Self- Esteem Aesthetic Needs Self-Actualization
Which needs are rooted based on biological inner needs?
All of them
Who wrote the book “Client Centered Therapy”?
Carl Rogers
What school of thought is Carl Rogers associated?
Humanism
What is the actualizing tendency?
Natural inner force that guides us to becoming all that we can be
What causes us to deviate from following the direction provided by actualizing tendency?
Our need for love and approval causes to do what we need to do to get it
What is conditional positive regard?
love given only when certain needs are met
Unconditional positive regard
love given because you are simply worth loving
Positive regard that is best if we want people to develop as best they can?
Unconditional positive regard
Who is Gordon Allport?
Trait theorist
What is the big five theory?
Trait theory
What are the five factors that define personality according to the big five theory?
Openness Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
What is the TAT test of personality?
Theamatic Apprehension Test
Who is Albert Bandura?
Social Psychologist; Bobo doll
According to Bandura what is a self-efficacy expectation?
Whether or not we think we can do something
According to Bandura what is an outcome expectation?
Sense of what will happen if we do something
Who is Hippocrates?
Greek Physician
According to Hippocrates what causes us to do what we do?
Balance or imbalance of bodily fluids
What are humors according to Hippocrates?
Bodily Fluids
What are the 4 humours?
Yellow Bile
Black Bile
Blood
Phelgm
What are the differences between projective tests and objective tests?
Projective- ambiguous question/task
Objective- specific question/answer
What is MMPI?
objective test of personality provides us a profile
What kind of test it the Rorschach Ink blot test?
Projective test
selective attention
focused attention
divided attention
moving focused attention from one task to another
Levels of processing theory
The more we do with what we are trying to memorize the better we learn it
3 Stages of memory in Atkinson-shriffin model
- Sensory
- Long-term
- Short-term
sensory memory characteristics
lasts .25 of a second, large and in the sense organs
short term memory characteristics
30 seconds
Confuse things that sound alike
7+-2 bits of information
long term memory characteristics
Permanent
Large
We confuse things with similar meaning
working memory
space dedicated processing information
difference between explicit and implicit memory
explicit is intentionally learned
implicit is accidentally learned
procedural memory
memory for how to do something
priming
Activation of information that people already have stored to help them remember info better and faster
Declarative memory
aka explicit memory
- semantic memory
- episodic memory
semantic memory
verbal memory
episodic memory
memory for events
How do schema’s influence the memorization new materials?
it is easier to remember things that fit our schema
Part of brain that processes episodic memory?
Frontal lobe
Part of the brain that processes emotional memory?
amygdala
Part of the brain that processes explicit memory?
temporal lobes
hippocampus
Part of the brain that processes implicit memory?
cerebellum
serial position effect
primacy- we remember the first things
(middle is mostly forgotten)
recency- we remember the most recent things or the last things
autobiographical memory
memory of self
repressed memories
form of motivated forgetting
result of ego defense
unconcious
(Freud)
proactive interference
old memories block recall of new memories
retroactive interference
new memories block the recall of old memories
retrograde amnesia
loss of old memories
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories
What is a syndrome?
a set of symptoms that regularly co-occur
What is the DSM-4?
a manual that classifies mental disorders in USA
Who publishes the diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders?
American Psychiatric Association
Psychological disorder characterized by long-term low grade anxiety?
generalized anxiety disorder
Psychological disorder that mimics heart attack?
panic attack disorder
Men or female more likely to experience anxiety attacks?
Female
Can SSRI’s treat panic attacks as well as depression?
yes
panic attacks, depression & ocd
What phobia that is more debilitating social or specific?
social phobia
Age of onset for phobias?
Early childhood
Obsessions
intrusives thoughts we must think
Compulsions
Intrusive behavior we must perform
Part of brain overactive in OCD?
the basil ganglion
Serotonin levels elevated or depressed in people with OCD?
levels are depressed
Disorder experienced by extreme stressors physical/sexual assault?
PTSD
Post traumatic stress disorder
What is a manic state?
Highly elevated expansive state
Difference between unipolar and bipolar?
unipolar- just depressive
bipolar- depressive/ manic
Difference between major depressive and dysythmic disorder?
major- can be suicidal and do things to mess up their life
dysythmic- always down; very melancholy but not suicidal
Serotonin increased or decreased by SSRI’s?
increased
learned helplessness
state of inaction caused by lack of connection between what we do and what happens
rumination
repeated thinking about something
attribution theory
people are motivated to identify the reason of the behavior by an external locus of control
dissociative amnesia
loss of memory due to stress
dissociative fugue
amnesia and loss of autobiographical memory and travel
dissociative identity disorder
multiple personality disorder
How common is physical/sexual abuse in childhood with DID?
quite common
Type of treatment invariable required for schizophrenia?
antipsychotic meds
positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
delusions
hallucinations
(things that are added)
negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
no hygiene
no longer planning
no activities
(things that are subtracted)
Difference between a hallucination and a delusion?
Hallucinations are hearing, smelling, seeing things that are not present
Delusions are misinterpretations of the world
alogia
absence of language
avolition
doesn’t make choices
Does schizophrenia have a genetic basis?
Yes, concordance
How do ventricles in brain of schizophrenia differ from non schizophrenic people?
schizophrenics have larger ventricles in brain
anxiolytic
drug to treat anxiety
neuroleptic
drug to treat psychosis
ex. thorezine
What is ECT used for?
depression
What is a prefrontal lobotomy used for?
Control behavior; Depression
What is client centered therapy?
What Carl Rogers said is giving the patient unconditional positive regard
What theory applies to lower animals as well as humans?
Behavioral theory
Learning process where neutral stimulus becomes a meaningful stimulus
Classical conditioning
Learning where consequences of behavior change the probability of it’s occurrence
Operant conditioning
What type of learning does not occur in lower animals?
Observational learning
Other names for Classical Conditioning
- Type 1 Learning
- Respondent Learning
- Reflex Learning
- Pavlovian conditioning
What is priming
implicit memory ,activation of information people already have
What is procedural memory
Implicit memory , memory for skills
What is implicit memory
Non-declarative memory affected by prior experience without conscious effort
What is proactive inference memory
When information learned earlier disrupts information learned later
What is retroactive interference in memory
Information learned later disrupts information learned earlier ….think retro (reverse )
According to Lashley, how are memories stored
“Diffusely”
What is a serial position effect in studies of memory
Tendency to recall items In a list @ the beginning and end , rather then the middle
Primacy effect
Better recall for items at the beginning of a list
Recency effect
Better recall for items at the end of a list
When Freud develop his theory ?
1880-1920’s
What is the relationship between content and process
All unconscious process drives conscious content
What is EROS
Is the instinct associated with the SEX instinct , life instinct
What energy does Eros generate ?
Libidinal energy
What part of personality do we find Eros
In the “ID”
What is Thanatos
The death instinct.
Drive for destruction, violence and aggression
What energy does Thanatos generate ?
Thanatic energy ( he never name the energy so Dr.byde calls it thanatic )
What part of personality do we find Thanatos ?
The “ID”
Which instinct appeared first in Freud’s theory
Eros appeared first ,Thanatos 2nd
Which instinct plays a more important role in Freud’s theory ?
The Eros “the sexual instinct”
What is cathexis
Energy assignment
Mental/emotional energy into a person object or idea
What is catharsis
Energy release of emotions
What are the 3 levels of consciousness according to Freud
The conscious mind
pre-conscious
Unconscious
The most interesting level according to Freud ?
The unconscious
What would cause material that was once at the conscious level to beiges to unconscious level ?
When material seems to be too threatening to ones self ,
Mind pushes it “out of mind “
What is the manifest content of a dream ?
The ACTUAL images , thoughts , and content
What is the latent content of a dream ?
Wish fulfillment / the underlying meaning
What are the three structural elements of the personality according to Freud ?
ID
EGO
SUPER EGO
What are the characteristics of the ID ?
Completely Unconscious,drives sexual activity ,the “it”, most primitive part , pleasure principle
What are the characteristics of the EGO
2nd structural element , conscious , reality principle ,rational , executive element
Characteristics of the Super-ego
Moral component,
over time becomes our conscious,
external
the above “I”
What is ego ideal
The ideal of perfection, the ego tries to EMULATE superEgo
What is the relationship between ego and superego
Perpetual conflict …
Perpetual =Never ending
What are ego defenses
Defense mechanisms (7 of them) Strategies for reducing with anxiety
What do ego defenses do
2 things
Distort reality
Reduce anxiety
What is repression
The material that causes anxiety is pushed into the unconscious mind , and no longer in our awareness
Rationalization ?
An argument or reason for the display of the threatening material
What is displacement
How we divert our behavior
Reducing level of anxiety
Theoretical perspective associated with classical and operant conditioning
Behaviorism
What people are associated with classical conditioning?
- Ivan Pavlov
- John B Watson
- Rosalie Rayner
What people associated with operant conditioning?
- B.F Skinner
2. E.L Thorndike
How does observational learning differ from operant conditioning?
It takes less time by eliminating trial and error
What person is observational learning associated with?
Albert Bandura
Experiment associated with observational learning?
Bobo doll aggressive model experiment by Albert Bandura
What is the unconditioned stimulus in pavlovs experiment?
Meat powder
What is the conditioned stimulus in pavlovs experiment?
The bell
Difference between conditioned reflex and unconditioned reflex?
Conditioned reflex is learned and unconditioned reflex is a natural response
Spontaneous recovery
Conditioned response re-occurs after time delay
Stimulus generalization
Similar stimulus elicits same response
Primary generalization
Physical characteristics are similar
Secondary generalization
In the same general category
Law of Effect
E.L Thorndikes law that behaviors with positive outcomes are strengthened and behaviors with negative outcomes are weakened
What person is associated with Law of Effect?
E.L Thorndike
What theory is associated with low of effect?
Operant conditioning
Positive reinforcer
Increases behavior in response to something that is good
Negative reinforcer
Increases behavior by removal of something unpleasant
FR
Fixed Ratio
VR
Variable Ratio
FI
Fixed interval
VI
Variable interval
What is focused on in ratio schedules of reinforcement?
Number of behaviors performed before reward
What do we focus on in interval schedules?
Amount of time passed before reward
Discriminative stimulus
Stimulus that signals behavior
Fixed ratio schedule
Reinforces after set number of behaviors
Variable ratio schedule
Reinforces after an unpredictable average number if times
Fixed interval schedule
Reinforces after a fixed amount of time
Variable interval schedule
Reinforces after varying amount of time
Reinforcement that shape behavior the fastest
Continuous reinforcement
Schedule of reinforcement most resistant to extinction?
Variable ratio schedule
Latent learning
Unreinforced learning not immediately reflected in behavior
Part of brain activated when memorizing material at a shallow level?
Amygdala
Gradient stimulus generalization
Graph showing the more similar the stimuli the stronger the response
Primary reinforcer
One that does not take learning to make it pleasurable
Secondary reinforcer
The positive value of the reinforcer is learned.
Stickers and stars
Can positive reinforcers be used to shape negative behavior?
Yes; by rewarding negative behavior
Ex. Giving your daughter money when she gets an F on her report card
Extinction in operant conditioning?
When behavior is no longer reinforced
Echoic memory
Sound/auditory memory that is retained for several seconds
Iconic memory
Visual memory retained for only 1/4 of a sec
What gets confused in short term memory?
Things with similar sound
What gets confused in long term memory?
Things with similar meaning
Semantic memory
General knowledge about the world
Episodic memory
What, where & when of life’s happenings
Declarative memory
Aka explicit memory
Conscious information of facts and events that can be communicated
Characteristic of ID
Pleasure principle; unconscious sexual drive
Characteristics of Ego
Reality principle; bringing pleasure within norms of society
Characteristic of superego
Harsh internal judge of our behavior; morals
Part of personality that governs conscience
Superego
Ego ideal
Inner image of oneself as one wants to become
Relationship between ego and superego
Balances selfishness(ego) and selflessness (superego)
What is the master defense mechanism?
Repression
Rationalization
Ego replaces a less acceptable reason for a more acceptable one
Projection
Accusing other people of having your personal shortcomings or problems
Reaction formation
Unacceptable motive into the complete opposite
Displacement
Shifting feelings from unacceptable object to a more acceptable one
Sublimination
Replaces unacceptable impulses with acceptable ones.
Aggressive person becomes a boxer
Psychosexual development
Location of sexual pleasure at different stages.
5 stages of psychosexual development
1- oral 2- anal 3- phallic 4- latency 5- genital
Fixation
Psychosexual stage colors most of their adult personality
Oedipus complex
Boys desire to replace father and enjoy affections of his mother
Four classes of drugs used to treat depression
- Tricyclics
- Tetracyclics
- MAO inhibitors
- SSRI’s
Cognitive therapy
Treatment that points to thoughts and emphasizes changing thought to changes feelings/behavior
Resistance
Unconscious defense in therapy that interferes with treatment
Transference
Clients relationship with therapist that reproduces important relationships in life
Free association
Talking freely saying whatever comes to mind during therapy
