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The Final Exam: Psych > FINALS!! > Flashcards

FINALS!! Flashcards

1
Q

Who is Karen Horney?

A

Neo- Freudian

Woman have power envy and not penis envy

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2
Q

Who is Carl Jung?

A

Contemporary of Freud’s

We have collective unconscious of shared memories or archetypes

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3
Q

Who is Alfred Adler?

A

compensation

feelings of inferiority and how we struggle to compensate

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4
Q

Who is Abraham Maslow?

A

hierchary of needs

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5
Q

Who is Carl Rogers?

A

Humanist
Client centered therapy
Unconditional positive regard

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6
Q

What is the first force in psychology?

A

Psychodynamic theory

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7
Q

Second force of psychology?

A

Behavioral Theory

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8
Q

Third force of Psychology

A

Humanistic Theory

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9
Q

How did Maslow characterize the nature of human beings?

A

Humans are inherently good

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10
Q

Is Maslow’s theory holistic or reductionistic?

A

Holistic

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11
Q

Do parent’s need to shape their children in order to ensure they grow into healthy beings?

A

No give them resources and they will choose well

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12
Q

Maslows hierchary of needs

A 
Survival
Safety
Love/Belonging 
Self- Esteem
Aesthetic Needs
Self-Actualization
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13
Q

Which needs are rooted based on biological inner needs?

A

All of them

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14
Q

Who wrote the book “Client Centered Therapy”?

A

Carl Rogers

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15
Q

What school of thought is Carl Rogers associated?

A

Humanism

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16
Q

What is the actualizing tendency?

A

Natural inner force that guides us to becoming all that we can be

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17
Q

What causes us to deviate from following the direction provided by actualizing tendency?

A

Our need for love and approval causes to do what we need to do to get it

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18
Q

What is conditional positive regard?

A

love given only when certain needs are met

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19
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

love given because you are simply worth loving

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20
Q

Positive regard that is best if we want people to develop as best they can?

A

Unconditional positive regard

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21
Q

Who is Gordon Allport?

A

Trait theorist

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22
Q

What is the big five theory?

A

Trait theory

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23
Q

What are the five factors that define personality according to the big five theory?

A 
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
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24
Q

What is the TAT test of personality?

A

Theamatic Apprehension Test

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25
Q

Who is Albert Bandura?

A

Social Psychologist; Bobo doll

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26
Q

According to Bandura what is a self-efficacy expectation?

A

Whether or not we think we can do something

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27
Q

According to Bandura what is an outcome expectation?

A

Sense of what will happen if we do something

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28
Q

Who is Hippocrates?

A

Greek Physician

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29
Q

According to Hippocrates what causes us to do what we do?

A

Balance or imbalance of bodily fluids

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30
Q

What are humors according to Hippocrates?

A

Bodily Fluids

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31
Q

What are the 4 humours?

A

Yellow Bile
Black Bile
Blood
Phelgm

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32
Q

What are the differences between projective tests and objective tests?

A

Projective- ambiguous question/task

Objective- specific question/answer

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33
Q

What is MMPI?

A

objective test of personality provides us a profile

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34
Q

What kind of test it the Rorschach Ink blot test?

A

Projective test

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35
Q

selective attention

A

focused attention

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36
Q

divided attention

A

moving focused attention from one task to another

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37
Q

Levels of processing theory

A

The more we do with what we are trying to memorize the better we learn it

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38
Q

3 Stages of memory in Atkinson-shriffin model

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Long-term
  3. Short-term
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39
Q

sensory memory characteristics

A

lasts .25 of a second, large and in the sense organs

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40
Q

short term memory characteristics

A

30 seconds
Confuse things that sound alike
7+-2 bits of information

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41
Q

long term memory characteristics

A

Permanent
Large
We confuse things with similar meaning

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42
Q

working memory

A

space dedicated processing information

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43
Q

difference between explicit and implicit memory

A

explicit is intentionally learned

implicit is accidentally learned

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44
Q

procedural memory

A

memory for how to do something

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45
Q

priming

A

Activation of information that people already have stored to help them remember info better and faster

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46
Q

Declarative memory

A

aka explicit memory

  1. semantic memory
  2. episodic memory
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47
Q

semantic memory

A

verbal memory

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48
Q

episodic memory

A

memory for events

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49
Q

How do schema’s influence the memorization new materials?

A

it is easier to remember things that fit our schema

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50
Q

Part of brain that processes episodic memory?

A

Frontal lobe

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51
Q

Part of the brain that processes emotional memory?

A

amygdala

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52
Q

Part of the brain that processes explicit memory?

A

temporal lobes

hippocampus

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53
Q

Part of the brain that processes implicit memory?

A

cerebellum

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54
Q

serial position effect

A

primacy- we remember the first things
(middle is mostly forgotten)
recency- we remember the most recent things or the last things

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55
Q

autobiographical memory

A

memory of self

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56
Q

repressed memories

A

form of motivated forgetting
result of ego defense
unconcious

(Freud)

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57
Q

proactive interference

A

old memories block recall of new memories

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58
Q

retroactive interference

A

new memories block the recall of old memories

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59
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of old memories

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60
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories

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61
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

a set of symptoms that regularly co-occur

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62
Q

What is the DSM-4?

A

a manual that classifies mental disorders in USA

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63
Q

Who publishes the diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders?

A

American Psychiatric Association

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64
Q

Psychological disorder characterized by long-term low grade anxiety?

A

generalized anxiety disorder

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65
Q

Psychological disorder that mimics heart attack?

A

panic attack disorder

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66
Q

Men or female more likely to experience anxiety attacks?

A

Female

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67
Q

Can SSRI’s treat panic attacks as well as depression?

A

yes

panic attacks, depression & ocd

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68
Q

What phobia that is more debilitating social or specific?

A

social phobia

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69
Q

Age of onset for phobias?

A

Early childhood

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70
Q

Obsessions

A

intrusives thoughts we must think

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71
Q

Compulsions

A

Intrusive behavior we must perform

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72
Q

Part of brain overactive in OCD?

A

the basil ganglion

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73
Q

Serotonin levels elevated or depressed in people with OCD?

A

levels are depressed

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74
Q

Disorder experienced by extreme stressors physical/sexual assault?

A

PTSD

Post traumatic stress disorder

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75
Q

What is a manic state?

A

Highly elevated expansive state

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76
Q

Difference between unipolar and bipolar?

A

unipolar- just depressive

bipolar- depressive/ manic

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77
Q

Difference between major depressive and dysythmic disorder?

A

major- can be suicidal and do things to mess up their life

dysythmic- always down; very melancholy but not suicidal

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78
Q

Serotonin increased or decreased by SSRI’s?

A

increased

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79
Q

learned helplessness

A

state of inaction caused by lack of connection between what we do and what happens

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80
Q

rumination

A

repeated thinking about something

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81
Q

attribution theory

A

people are motivated to identify the reason of the behavior by an external locus of control

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82
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

loss of memory due to stress

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83
Q

dissociative fugue

A

amnesia and loss of autobiographical memory and travel

84
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

multiple personality disorder

85
Q

How common is physical/sexual abuse in childhood with DID?

A

quite common

86
Q

Type of treatment invariable required for schizophrenia?

A

antipsychotic meds

87
Q

positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

delusions
hallucinations

(things that are added)

88
Q

negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

no hygiene
no longer planning
no activities

(things that are subtracted)

89
Q

Difference between a hallucination and a delusion?

A

Hallucinations are hearing, smelling, seeing things that are not present

Delusions are misinterpretations of the world

90
Q

alogia

A

absence of language

91
Q

avolition

A

doesn’t make choices

92
Q

Does schizophrenia have a genetic basis?

A

Yes, concordance

93
Q

How do ventricles in brain of schizophrenia differ from non schizophrenic people?

A

schizophrenics have larger ventricles in brain

94
Q

anxiolytic

A

drug to treat anxiety

95
Q

neuroleptic

A

drug to treat psychosis

ex. thorezine

96
Q

What is ECT used for?

A

depression

97
Q

What is a prefrontal lobotomy used for?

A

Control behavior; Depression

98
Q

What is client centered therapy?

A

What Carl Rogers said is giving the patient unconditional positive regard

99
Q

What theory applies to lower animals as well as humans?

A

Behavioral theory

100
Q

Learning process where neutral stimulus becomes a meaningful stimulus

A

Classical conditioning

101
Q

Learning where consequences of behavior change the probability of it’s occurrence

A

Operant conditioning

102
Q

What type of learning does not occur in lower animals?

A

Observational learning

103
Q

Other names for Classical Conditioning

A
  1. Type 1 Learning
  2. Respondent Learning
  3. Reflex Learning
  4. Pavlovian conditioning
104
Q

What is priming

A

implicit memory ,activation of information people already have

105
Q

What is procedural memory

A

Implicit memory , memory for skills

106
Q

What is implicit memory

A

Non-declarative memory affected by prior experience without conscious effort

107
Q

What is proactive inference memory

A

When information learned earlier disrupts information learned later

108
Q

What is retroactive interference in memory

A

Information learned later disrupts information learned earlier ….think retro (reverse )

109
Q

According to Lashley, how are memories stored

A

“Diffusely”

110
Q

What is a serial position effect in studies of memory

A

Tendency to recall items In a list @ the beginning and end , rather then the middle

111
Q

Primacy effect

A

Better recall for items at the beginning of a list

112
Q

Recency effect

A

Better recall for items at the end of a list

113
Q

When Freud develop his theory ?

A

1880-1920’s

114
Q

What is the relationship between content and process

A

All unconscious process drives conscious content

115
Q

What is EROS

A

Is the instinct associated with the SEX instinct , life instinct

116
Q

What energy does Eros generate ?

A

Libidinal energy

117
Q

What part of personality do we find Eros

A

In the “ID”

118
Q

What is Thanatos

A

The death instinct.

Drive for destruction, violence and aggression

119
Q

What energy does Thanatos generate ?

A

Thanatic energy ( he never name the energy so Dr.byde calls it thanatic )

120
Q

What part of personality do we find Thanatos ?

A

The “ID”

121
Q

Which instinct appeared first in Freud’s theory

A

Eros appeared first ,Thanatos 2nd

122
Q

Which instinct plays a more important role in Freud’s theory ?

A

The Eros “the sexual instinct”

123
Q

What is cathexis

A

Energy assignment

Mental/emotional energy into a person object or idea

124
Q

What is catharsis

A

Energy release of emotions

125
Q

What are the 3 levels of consciousness according to Freud

A

The conscious mind
pre-conscious
Unconscious

126
Q

The most interesting level according to Freud ?

A

The unconscious

127
Q

What would cause material that was once at the conscious level to beiges to unconscious level ?

A

When material seems to be too threatening to ones self ,

Mind pushes it “out of mind “

128
Q

What is the manifest content of a dream ?

A

The ACTUAL images , thoughts , and content

129
Q

What is the latent content of a dream ?

A

Wish fulfillment / the underlying meaning

130
Q

What are the three structural elements of the personality according to Freud ?

A

ID
EGO
SUPER EGO

131
Q

What are the characteristics of the ID ?

A

Completely Unconscious,drives sexual activity ,the “it”, most primitive part , pleasure principle

132
Q

What are the characteristics of the EGO

A

2nd structural element , conscious , reality principle ,rational , executive element

133
Q

Characteristics of the Super-ego

A

Moral component,
over time becomes our conscious,
external
the above “I”

134
Q

What is ego ideal

A

The ideal of perfection, the ego tries to EMULATE superEgo

135
Q

What is the relationship between ego and superego

A

Perpetual conflict …

Perpetual =Never ending

136
Q

What are ego defenses

A 
Defense mechanisms (7 of them)
Strategies for reducing with anxiety
137
Q

What do ego defenses do

A

2 things
Distort reality
Reduce anxiety

138
Q

What is repression

A

The material that causes anxiety is pushed into the unconscious mind , and no longer in our awareness

139
Q

Rationalization ?

A

An argument or reason for the display of the threatening material

140
Q

What is displacement

A

How we divert our behavior

Reducing level of anxiety

141
Q

Theoretical perspective associated with classical and operant conditioning

A

Behaviorism

142
Q

What people are associated with classical conditioning?

A
  1. Ivan Pavlov
  2. John B Watson
  3. Rosalie Rayner
143
Q

What people associated with operant conditioning?

A
  1. B.F Skinner

2. E.L Thorndike

144
Q

How does observational learning differ from operant conditioning?

A

It takes less time by eliminating trial and error

145
Q

What person is observational learning associated with?

A

Albert Bandura

146
Q

Experiment associated with observational learning?

A

Bobo doll aggressive model experiment by Albert Bandura

147
Q

What is the unconditioned stimulus in pavlovs experiment?

A

Meat powder

148
Q

What is the conditioned stimulus in pavlovs experiment?

A

The bell

149
Q

Difference between conditioned reflex and unconditioned reflex?

A

Conditioned reflex is learned and unconditioned reflex is a natural response

150
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Conditioned response re-occurs after time delay

151
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

Similar stimulus elicits same response

152
Q

Primary generalization

A

Physical characteristics are similar

153
Q

Secondary generalization

A

In the same general category

154
Q

Law of Effect

A

E.L Thorndikes law that behaviors with positive outcomes are strengthened and behaviors with negative outcomes are weakened

155
Q

What person is associated with Law of Effect?

A

E.L Thorndike

156
Q

What theory is associated with low of effect?

A

Operant conditioning

157
Q

Positive reinforcer

A

Increases behavior in response to something that is good

158
Q

Negative reinforcer

A

Increases behavior by removal of something unpleasant

159
Q

FR

A

Fixed Ratio

160
Q

VR

A

Variable Ratio

161
Q

FI

A

Fixed interval

162
Q

VI

A

Variable interval

163
Q

What is focused on in ratio schedules of reinforcement?

A

Number of behaviors performed before reward

164
Q

What do we focus on in interval schedules?

A

Amount of time passed before reward

165
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

Stimulus that signals behavior

166
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A

Reinforces after set number of behaviors

167
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

Reinforces after an unpredictable average number if times

168
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

Reinforces after a fixed amount of time

169
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

Reinforces after varying amount of time

170
Q

Reinforcement that shape behavior the fastest

A

Continuous reinforcement

171
Q

Schedule of reinforcement most resistant to extinction?

A

Variable ratio schedule

172
Q

Latent learning

A

Unreinforced learning not immediately reflected in behavior

173
Q

Part of brain activated when memorizing material at a shallow level?

A

Amygdala

174
Q

Gradient stimulus generalization

A

Graph showing the more similar the stimuli the stronger the response

175
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

One that does not take learning to make it pleasurable

176
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

The positive value of the reinforcer is learned.

Stickers and stars

177
Q

Can positive reinforcers be used to shape negative behavior?

A

Yes; by rewarding negative behavior

Ex. Giving your daughter money when she gets an F on her report card

178
Q

Extinction in operant conditioning?

A

When behavior is no longer reinforced

179
Q

Echoic memory

A

Sound/auditory memory that is retained for several seconds

180
Q

Iconic memory

A

Visual memory retained for only 1/4 of a sec

181
Q

What gets confused in short term memory?

A

Things with similar sound

182
Q

What gets confused in long term memory?

A

Things with similar meaning

183
Q

Semantic memory

A

General knowledge about the world

184
Q

Episodic memory

A

What, where & when of life’s happenings

185
Q

Declarative memory

A

Aka explicit memory

Conscious information of facts and events that can be communicated

186
Q

Characteristic of ID

A

Pleasure principle; unconscious sexual drive

187
Q

Characteristics of Ego

A

Reality principle; bringing pleasure within norms of society

188
Q

Characteristic of superego

A

Harsh internal judge of our behavior; morals

189
Q

Part of personality that governs conscience

A

Superego

190
Q

Ego ideal

A

Inner image of oneself as one wants to become

191
Q

Relationship between ego and superego

A

Balances selfishness(ego) and selflessness (superego)

192
Q

What is the master defense mechanism?

A

Repression

193
Q

Rationalization

A

Ego replaces a less acceptable reason for a more acceptable one

194
Q

Projection

A

Accusing other people of having your personal shortcomings or problems

195
Q

Reaction formation

A

Unacceptable motive into the complete opposite

196
Q

Displacement

A

Shifting feelings from unacceptable object to a more acceptable one

197
Q

Sublimination

A

Replaces unacceptable impulses with acceptable ones.

Aggressive person becomes a boxer

198
Q

Psychosexual development

A

Location of sexual pleasure at different stages.

199
Q

5 stages of psychosexual development

A 
1- oral 
2- anal
3- phallic
4- latency 
5- genital
200
Q

Fixation

A

Psychosexual stage colors most of their adult personality

201
Q

Oedipus complex

A

Boys desire to replace father and enjoy affections of his mother

202
Q

Four classes of drugs used to treat depression

A
  1. Tricyclics
  2. Tetracyclics
  3. MAO inhibitors
  4. SSRI’s
203
Q

Cognitive therapy

A

Treatment that points to thoughts and emphasizes changing thought to changes feelings/behavior

204
Q

Resistance

A

Unconscious defense in therapy that interferes with treatment

205
Q

Transference

A

Clients relationship with therapist that reproduces important relationships in life

206
Q

Free association

A

Talking freely saying whatever comes to mind during therapy

The Final Exam: Psych (2 decks)

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