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Intro to Linguistics > Finals > Flashcards

Finals Flashcards

1
Q

What is language

A

-language is a system humans use for complex communication

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2
Q

what is a langue

A 
a language's rules
abstract 
internal arrangement of rules understood by a social group
internal 
unconscious
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3
Q

what is parole

A

a language’s rules in action

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4
Q

Saussurre created

A

structuralism

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5
Q

structuralism

A

seeks to find the underlying cognitive system of language which no speakers knows completely, as each knows different parts

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6
Q

Saussurre’s innovations

A
  • study of spoken language
  • synchronic vs diachronic
  • still eurocentric
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7
Q

synchronic

A

studying at one point in time

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8
Q

diachronic

A

studying changes over time

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9
Q

innovations of the Prague linguistic circle

A
  • phonology distinct from phonetics
  • explored the relationship of functional units of language
  • literary and eurocentric bias
  • still viewed languages as better or worse
  • were teachers
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10
Q

members of the Prague linguistic circle

A
  • Roman Jakobson
  • Vile(accent mark)n Mathesius
  • Nikolai Trubetzkovy
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11
Q

members of the american anthropologists

A
  • Franz Boas
  • Edward Sapir
  • Leonard Bloomfield
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12
Q

innovations of the american antrhopologists

A

-viewed languages descriptively
-all languages worthy of study
-seen as a part of a larger culture
-did not judge speech communities
-

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13
Q

innovations of Chomsky

A
  • overturned structuralism
  • universal grammar
  • generative grammar
  • hierarchy
  • resplit language from culture
  • viewed analytically and theoretically
  • grammar takes primacy
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14
Q

universal grammar

A

-all humans have basic skill for learning language

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15
Q

generative grammar

A

syntax adheres to certain principles and parameters

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16
Q

hierarchy

A

a logical structure across different language classes as a hierarchy of classes of formal classes

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17
Q

phonetics

A

the study of human sounds themselves ex. voiceless bilabial sop /p/

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18
Q

phonology

A

how sounds have value and context in a language system ex. the liquid consonant in Japanese /r/ which can be realized as lateral or rhotic

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19
Q

syntax

A

the study of sentence structures and structure building processes ex. the analysis of a sentence’s structural ambiguity

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20
Q

morphology

A

the study of words, their formation, and how they interact ex. the breakdown of a compound to analyze lexical ambiguity

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21
Q

consonant

A

a sound produced by the obstruction of the vocal tract ex. /s/

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22
Q

vowel

A

a sound produced with an unobstructed vocal tract ex. /o/

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23
Q

inflection

A

the addition to a morpheme to add grammatical information ex. adding -ed to jump in English to change the tense

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24
Q

derivation

A

morphemes are added to create new lexical items ex. adding un- to happy in English to create unhappy

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25
Q

phonemes

A

distinct sounds (in the phonological sense) in a language system that may or may not be made up of multiple phones as they are purely phonological, ex. /d/ in English

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26
Q

allophone

A

two or more distinct phonetic phones treated as a single phonological phoneme ex. /d/ in English which includes the allophones /d/ and /r/ (curved)

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27
Q

morpheme

A

the smallest unit of meaning in a language ex. the morpheme /cat/ in English

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28
Q

allomorphs

A

are variants of a morpheme which do not change meaning ex. /hat/ and /hats/ in English

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29
Q

content morphemes

A

have a specific meaning such as /mad/ in English

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30
Q

functional morphemes

A

serve a grammatical purpose such as -ed in English indicating the past tense or -s indicating the plural

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31
Q

free morphemes

A

morphemes which can stand on their own or can show up with other lexemes ex. /city/ in English

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32
Q

bound morphemes

A

are always part of a larger word ex. -/s/ in English as a suffix in English indicating the plural

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33
Q

lexical ambiguity

A

the ability of a lexical item to have multiple meanings ex. pack in English which has multiple meanings

34
Q

structural ambiguity

A

the ability of words based on structure to be ambiguous ex. Roger loves small horse and small dogs can be read as roger loving small horses and small dogs or small horses and dogs in English

35
Q

What does it mean to analyze language without judgment?

A

avoid all personal biases and be objective when studying a language

  • clinically and critically analyze
  • can’t judge speech community
  • look at it in as much of a vacuum as possible, free of personal feelings or opinions for best and most accurate analysis of a language
36
Q

universal grammar (expand)

A
  • by chomsky
  • all normal humans have some kind of innate linguistic capacity, which is specifically referring to the ability of all normal humans to acquire grammar
  • thus hard wired mental faculty in the brain which is must be genetically determined
  • treated as a natural skill of all normal humans like sight
  • implies a universal grammar which provides a simple framework and set of limitations for all human languages
37
Q

recursion

A
  • the embedding of a structure (sentence) within a structure of the same type ad infinitum
  • the grammar of a language must generate infinitely many sentences by providing an explicit generative grammar via rules for “generating” an infinite number of grammatical sentences
    ex. Mark is happy, Mark, from down the street, is happy, Mark, from down the street, is happy you came etc.
38
Q

Chomsky’s competence

A
  • internal mental state constituting grammar
  • idealized capacity located internally
  • idealized “knowing” what to do
  • relative intimacy, variability, potential transient nature
  • more personal approach to understanding a language’s rule system
  • unconscious understanding of language
39
Q

onset

A

the consonant sound or sounds at the beginning of a syllable, occurring before the nucleus (label each part as consonant or vowel)

40
Q

rhyme

A

the nucleus and coda

41
Q

nucleus

A

the vowel in the middle of a syllable (label each part as consonant or vowel)

42
Q

feet

A

comprise one or more syllables
the rhythmic structure of the word and are the units that allow us to describe stress patterns.
strong or weak

43
Q

coda

A

the consonant sounds of a syllable that follow the nucleus (label each part as consonant or vowel)

44
Q

key qualities which oppose prescriptivism to descripitvism

A
  • it is not unconscious

- it is a style, not grammar

45
Q

use of non-standard dialect is

A

a social signal

46
Q

prestige has nothing to do

A

with its linguistic properties example /r/ insertion

47
Q

underlying form

A
  • has complimentary, systemic “elsewhere distribution”
  • to find, create create competing theories on surface form and use the rule that allows “no change” in the broadest range of contexts
48
Q

compound ex

A

kill switch

49
Q

affixation ex

A

pre-

50
Q

zero derivation ex

A

walk (as a noun and verb)

51
Q

blending ex

A

spork

52
Q

clipping ex

A

fan from fanatic

53
Q

back formation ex

A

edit from editor, burgle from burglar

54
Q

stress shift

A

insult N (SW) insult V (WS)

55
Q

pragmatics

A

meanings that accompany language but don’t affect the truth conditions of what is said

  • conventional meaning
  • extralinguistic knowledge
56
Q

semantics

A

literal meanings of words based on truth conditions

-

57
Q

truth conditional / truth

A

sentence can be built from the meanings of its parts and the way they combine
does the sentence express a true proposition or a false one

58
Q

felicity

A

tests if the sentence is appropriate and truthful in context
-Is the sentence appropriate in context?

59
Q

grammaticality

A

tests if the sentence violates the structure of the language
-does the sentence violate the structures of a language?

60
Q

mass nouns

A

refer to substances or uncountable masses, can be preceded by “a” or “an”, need a unit for counting (four pieces of furniture), can be bare nouns (I like coffee)

61
Q

count nouns

A

countable items

62
Q

three important elements of tense and aspect

A

topic time -time in which you are talking about an event
utterance time-
event time -run time of an event

63
Q

perfective

A

event time inside of topic time

ending in -ing

64
Q

imperfective

A

not ending in -ing

event time outside of time topic time

65
Q

atelic

A

no known end point

can use for (time length)

66
Q

telic

A

known end point

can be used with in phrases (within a specific length of time)

67
Q

cumulative

A

x=x= more x (sand)

68
Q

quantized

A

part of x does not = x (cartridge)

69
Q

ambiguous

A

could be either (paint)

70
Q

entailment

A

one proposition’s truth means that another proposition must be true

71
Q

presupposition

A

one proposition’s truth depends on the the truth of another proposition

72
Q

leading question

A

answering it implies that the asker’s presupposition is true

73
Q

implicature

A

a proposition’s truth is suggested or implied by the truth of another proposition, different than entailment because it is not necessarily true

74
Q

cooperative principle

A

both or all speakers in a conversation are expected to follow gricean maxims

75
Q

gricean maxims

A

quantity- be as informative as necessary and no more
quality- tell only what you know to be true
manner- be clear, concise, and unambiguous

76
Q

faculty of language

A

the broad and narrow system that humans use to speak

innate cognitive devices

77
Q

goal of ape language experiments

A

are apes capable of acquiring language and understanding the structure rather than just memorizing it

78
Q

counter example to sapir-whorf

A
  • whorf thought they had no words for time and therefore no concept of it
  • do have words for time just think of it differently
79
Q

human language unique due to

A
  • displacement
  • productive and creative
  • arbitrary
  • infinite meanings
  • recursivity
80
Q

parts of syntax

A 
-P=phrase
N-= Noun
D-=determiner
V-=verb
A-=Adjective
Adv-=Adverb
Aux= Auxiliary Verb
Comp-Conjunction

Intro to Linguistics (1 decks)

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