Finals

Question 1

What is a contraindication to exercise?

Answer 1

A condition, symptom, or factor that serves as a reason to withhold treatment, procedure, or physical activity due to the potential harm it may cause.

Question 2

What are the two types of contraindications?

Answer 2

1. Relative (may need modifications)
2. absolute (activity should be avoided)

Question 3

What are some general considerations for exercise in individuals with physical impairments?

Answer 3

Balance, fatigue, time of workout, duration of session, temperature, spasms, and allergies

Question 4

List some important pre-screening questions to ask individuals before exercise.

Answer 4

● Level of impairment/mobility/function
● Secondary conditions
● Medications
● Environmental concerns
● Cognitive impairment
● Contraindications

Question 5

What are some common contraindications to be aware of?

Answer 5

● Contractures
● Autonomic dysreflexia (AD)
● Shunts
● Seizures
● Pressure sores
● Blood clots

Question 6

What are contractures, and what should be avoided during exercise?
Back:

Answer 6

Contractures are permanent tightening of muscle, tendon, or ligament, significantly reducing range of motion.

●Avoid: motions requiring full ROM, heavy resistance training, pressure on the affected joint

Question 7

What is autonomic dysreflexia? What should be avoided?

Answer 7

● Unique to spinal cord injury (SCI)
● Shock-like symptoms, increased blood pressure, decreased heart rate.
● Avoid: exercise in uncomfortable positions, pressure on catheter/collection bag, limbs tightly strapped to equipment.

Question 8

What are shunts, and what activities should be avoided?

Answer 8

a hollow tube used to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid from the brain.

●Avoid: high-impact sports, heavy activity near the shunt, activity with head below body.

Question 9

Where are pressure sores common, and what should be avoided?

Answer 9

Common on tailbone, shoulder blades, back of arms/legs.

● Avoid: any activity putting pressure on the area

Question 10

What precautions should be taken regarding seizures during exercise?

Answer 10

● Ensure safety protocol and proper equipment selection.

● Avoid: temperature fluctuations, light shows, exercises with a high risk of falling.

Question 11

What is important to know about blood clots as a contraindication?

Answer 11

Individuals with blood clots may need modifications or restrictions in their physical activity.

Question 12

What are the types of SCI, and what does it affect?

Answer 12

● Traumatic or non-traumatic
● Complete or incomplete
● Affects sensory and motor function below the level of injury.

Question 13

Define the terms: tetraplegia, paraplegia, and hemiplegia.

Answer 13

● Tetraplegia: SCI injury that affects all limbs, trunk, bladder, bowel, and sex organs. Potential for respiratory dysfunction.
● Paraplegia: SCI injury that affects trunk, lower limbs, bladder, bowel, and sex organs.
● Hemiplegia: SCI injury that affects one side of the spinal cord.

Question 14

What are important considerations for physical activity in individuals with SCI?

Answer 14

Adapt activities to the individual’s level of function, address secondary health concerns, and promote overall health and well-being.

Question 15

What are the three main types of stroke?

Answer 15

● Ischemic (caused by a blood clot)
● Hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding in the brain)
● Transient ischemic attack (TIA) or “mini-stroke”

Question 16

What are some signs of a stroke? What should you do if you see these signs?

Answer 16

Signs: Facial drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulty. (Note: This list is not exhaustive; consult medical resources for complete information.)

● Call 9-1-1 immediately!

Question 17

What are amputations, and what are common causes?

Answer 17

● Loss of an entire limb or limb segment.
● Can be congenital or acquired.
● Causes: cancer, vascular disease, trauma.

Question 18

What are prosthetic devices and important considerations for them?

Answer 18

● help to compensate for the loss of a limb.
● Must fit well to minimize secondary health conditions.
● New prosthetics for sport can absorb and release energy

Question 19

What are some physical activity considerations for individuals with amputations?

Answer 19

● Those with leg amputations may have lower aerobic functioning.
● Recommend swimming, cycling, rowing, or wheelchair sports.
● Train all possible muscles, including those around the amputation.

Question 20

What is cerebral palsy?

Answer 20

A chronic neurological disorder of movement and posture caused by a lesion in the immature brain (early pregnancy up to 3 years old), accompanied by associated dysfunctions.

Question 21

List some common symptoms associated with CP.

Answer 21

● Cognitive impairment
● Epilepsy
● Changes in sensation
● Speech impairment
● Visual impairment
● Hearing impairment
● Feeding/swallowing difficulties
● Bowel and bladder control issues

Question 22

What are some physical activity considerations for individuals with CP?

Answer 22

● Children and adolescents with CP are often less active than their peers without impairments.
● Cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength/endurance are often barriers to participation

Question 23

List some potential considerations for exercise programming in individuals with CP.

Answer 23

● Muscle weakness/limb dominance
● Lack of coordination between limbs
● Lack of consistent balance or control
● Limited range of motion
● Braces, splints, orthotics
● Assistive devices (wheelchairs, walkers, canes)
● Medications

Question 24

What is spina bifida, and what are some considerations for exercise?

Answer 24

● Congenital, non-traumatic spinal cord injury.
● Results from the neural tube failing to close during the first 4 weeks of fetal development.
● Considerations: possible shunts, orthotics (AFO or KAFO), awareness of potential complications

Question 25

What is poliomyelitis, and what are key points related to physical activity?

Answer 25

● Viral infection affecting motor cells in the spinal cord.
● Rare now due to vaccination.
● Recurrence of symptoms possible 35-40 years later (post-polio syndrome).
● Considerations: missed motor milestones, muscle and joint pain, fatigue, sensitivity to cold