Finals Flashcards
Define the Social Support Theory (SST), it’s key constructs and key assumptions.
Key Constructs
Four types of social support were defined by James House in 1981; the date the combined theory was articulated is unknown.
Emotional Support- Provision of empathy, love and understanding of trust and caring. Associated with the way we share our life experiences with those that we trust and care for. Ex. Listening and being a shoulder that someone can lean on.
Informational Support-The provision of advice, suggestions, providing education to our target populations that can help them address a given problem. eX. Tips, instructions, or solid recommendations. Teaching someone how to do something and reinforcing those skills.
Instrumental Support- Provide tangible aid, services, or accommodations that directly assist a person in need. This can be funds, transportation, child care, ect.
Appraisal Support-involves the provision of information that is useful for self-evaluation purposes–constructive feedback, affirmation, and social comparison. Creating support and discussion groups, journaling, logs of successes and failtures.
Key Assumptions
-Social relationships affect health by fostering a sense of meaning or coherence that facilitates health-promoting behaviors.
-Support in this theory is assumed to be given with the intention to be positive/helpful and health promoting.
This theory falls into the interpersonal model because it focuses on dynamics between people.
Social support involves three domains.
1. The extent to which individuals are attached to others.
2. The individual’s cognitive appraisal of the support.
3. The response of others in the provision of support.
Define the social cognitive theory.
SCT was developed by Bandura in 1984; its predecessor, Social Learning Theory, was developed by Bandura in 1977.
Theory Constructs- Social cognitive theory posits that individuals consciously operate within an environment. They then respond to that environment, and they then contribute to that environment. The term environment refers not only to the built environment, but also the social and cultural constructs.
Individual Characteristics:
Behavioral Capability- one’s level of knowledge and/or skill in relation to a behavior (How do they know how to do it).
Self-Efficacy-confidence in your ability to do something.
Self-Control-one’s belief in their control and their ability to actually learn their environment. Removing distractions and temptations that may stand in the way of learning.
Emotional Coping-This gets at one’s ability to deal with the emotions that are involved in undertaking a behavioral change and the emotions that can distract us from learning or behaving.
Outcome Expectations-one’s belief of what will happen if they engage in behabior change. It is an objective assessment of cause and effect. Can be based on past experience, or what science or data has told us. Or even anecedotes that we have based on a past interaction.
Outcome Expectancies-The value one places on the expected outcome.
Environmental Factors:
Reciprocal Determinism-gets tat the idea where a person makes a change based on their own personal factors or characteristics, and they also make that change based on environmental cues. They then receive a response or some feedback from the environment, or maybe even a lack of feedback. Whatever information is helping them make their next decision.
Vicarious Learning-also known as observed learning. This is one’s ability to learn by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of those behaviors. It’s a fairly indirect or informal style of learning.
Reinforcement-Positive or negative responses to one’s behavior.
Situation-One’s perception of their social and physical environment. This can be subjective based on someone’s perception of a situation.
Environment-objective assessment of the built, social, or cultural environment.
Key Assumptions
-Cyclical process where a person makes a behavioral change based on their individual characteristics, as well as environmental cues, and then receives a response; this pattern continues with continuous adjustments to behavior and the environment.
-Learning and/or behavior change can take place in overt/formal or subtle/informal ways.
Discuss Social Network Theory
Social Network Theory (SNT) Quick Reference Guide
-No known theory author, theoretical origins from sociologists in the 1950s
The social network theory focuses on how our relationships can be used and tapped into to promote health. The social network theory is the map, and the social support theory is the instruction manual.
This is an interpersonal theory. It posits that it’s not simply individuals that determine their behaviors, but instead, more powerfully, behaviors determined by relationships between and among individuals.
Key Constructs
Network Components:
Nodes (individuals)-
Ties (relationships)- The strength of ties between people based on other connections.
Network Structural Characteristics (to name a few):
Size- What is the total number of nodes or individuals in the network?
Density-The extent to which people in the network know each other and are directly linked by a social tie, really the proportion of connections or possible connections.
Connectivity-Extent to which connections are directly or indirectly linked.
Cohesion-Network’s ability to stay connected when facing the severance of ties.
Centralization-Extent to which network connectedness is dependent on a few constructs.
Concurrency-Extent to which multiple relationships overlap at the same time. Truly manifested when we look at infectious disease control like sexual health.
Homogeneity-Extent to which network members resemble each other (demographics, psychographics)
Boundedness-Extent to which links come from the same or different social contexts (i.e.: family colleagues, community organization)
Reciprocity-Extent to which relationships involve one-or-two-way interactions.
Geodesic Distance-Smallest number of connections separating a set of nodes.
Key Assumptions
-Individual characteristics matter less than relationships between and among individuals; nature of such relationships influences beliefs and corresponding behavior.
-Diagrammatic depiction of relationships and social groups for a particular context (e.g., family network, friend network, professional network).
What are some typical social network theory applications?
Mapping of infectious disease epidemiology; prediction of chronic disease outcomes.
Examination of social relationships influences individual behavior.
Examination of social capital within a network.
Examination of how an individual’s behavior influences relationships around them.
Example: Tracing Covid-19 Contact, HIV contact, IV drug users ect.
Transtheoretical Model (TTM)
TTM is a stages of change model developed by Prochaska and DiClemente in 1983.
-Rooted in understanding smoking cessation.
Stages of Change
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
(Termination)
Processes of Change
Consciousness raising
Environmental reevaluation
Dramatic relief
Self-reevaluation
Self-liberation
Reinforcement management
Helping relationships
Counterconditioning
Stimulus control
Social liberation
-TTM assesses readiness to change and believes that individuals make behavioral change incrementally throughout the life span.
Understand that behavior change is not a one-time event, it is a process.
-Individuals will remain in early stages unless prompted or influenced.
-Relapse and/or movement between stages is frequent.
Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM)
precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) Quick Reference Guide
-PAPM is a stages of change theory developed by Weinstein and Sandman in 1992.
-Rooted in home radon testing.
Key Constructs
Stages of Change
Unaware of Issue
Unengaged by Issue
Undecided About Acting
Deciding Not to Act
Decided to Act
Acting
Maintenance
Key Assumptions
Focuses more on how a person comes to a decision to take action and how in action, not taking action is an important move in the decision making process.
-Most relevant when a risk can be assessed and a new precautionary action then taken
-Most suitable for one-time assessments (nonrecurring behaviors)
What would best describe intrapersonal level of the ecological model?
Most basic unit of health promotion, how a person understands risk or makes choices or decisions related to their health.
What would best describe interpersonal level of the ecological model?
Refers to the interaction of individuals; how the social environment influences individual health choices.
What would best describe community level of the ecological model?
Analyzes how systems function how groups of people, places, and policies intertwine.
A __________ is a device for organizing components of a domain of phenomena to show the relationships between the concepts and constructs for a specific outcome of interest.
Model
Utilizing behavioral theory helps enhance a program’s
Thoughtfulness, Respectability, and Effectivieness
Peter has been smoking for 15 years. When asked when he will quit smoking, he says that he has no intention to quit in the next 10 months. What stage of TTM is Peter in?
$Precontemplation#
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Veronica reports that she started smoking only 1 year ago. Due to the physical effects of smoking, Veronica reports she wants to quit within the next month. What stage of TTM is Veronica in?
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
David has been a chain smoker for 25 years and quit smoking 1 year ago. He is currently on the patch and takes measures to prevent relapse. David is in what stage of TTM?
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Health Belief Model (HBM)
Health Belief Model (HBM) Quick Reference Guide
-HBM was developed by the U.S. Public Health Service in the 1950s, often attributed most to Rosenstock, but Hochbaum, Kegeles, and Leventhal were additional scholars; Janz and Becker later officially advanced and articulated the theory in 1984.
Concerned with lack of screening or lack of adherence to screening guidelines of a given disease.
Individuals assess their likelyhood of contracting a disease and also there response to
-Rooted in tuberculosis screening.
Key Constructs
Perceived Severity
Perceived Susceptibility
Perceived Benefits
Perceived Barriers
Self-Efficacy
Cues to Action
Key Assumptions
-Value expectancy theory, incorporating the ideas of expectancy, instrumentality, and outcomes
