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Finals Flashcards

1
Q

The central nervous system consists of the

A

brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

plays a central role in the control of most bodily functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech, and memory. Some reflex movements can occur via spinal cord pathways without the participation of brain structures.

A

brain

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3
Q

controls most functions of the body and mind.

A

central nervous system (CNS)

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4
Q

controls most functions of the body and mind. It consists of two parts: the .

A

brain and the spinal cord

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5
Q

is the center of our thoughts, the interpreter of our external environment, and the origin of control over body movement.

A

brain

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6
Q

3 Major parts of the Brain

A

1.Cerebrum
2. Brainstem
3. Cerebellum

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7
Q

-The largest and uppermost part of the brain.

-controlled the highest intellectual abilities of human being,

-Divided into 2 hemispheres [the right and the left hemispheres]

A

CEREBRUM

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8
Q

Composed of: Cerebrum

A

a] Cerebral cortex
b] Cerebral medulla
c] Basal ganglia

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9
Q

-continuous from the cerebrum to the spinal cord. -controls body functions under conscious control.

A

BRAINSTEM

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10
Q

composed of: (Brainstem)

A

a] Thalamus
b] Hypothalamus
c] Pons
d] Medulla oblongata- has 3 vital centers

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11
Q

Medulla oblongata has 3 vital centers

A

respiratory [breathing]
vasomotor [blood pressure]
cardiac [heart]

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12
Q

-behind the brainstem, beneath the cerebrum

A

CEREBELLUM

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13
Q

-opens Na or Ca channels / influx—–depolarization [more positive] —–nerve impulse

A

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

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14
Q

Examples of excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Norepinephrine
acetylcholine
dopamine
aspartate
glutamate

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15
Q

-opens Cl channels——hyperpolarization [more negative] —–No nerve impulse e.g. glycine, gamma amino-butyric acid [GABA]

A

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

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16
Q

-drug used to produce mental relaxation, and to reduce the desire for physical activity.

A

Sedative

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17
Q

-drug to induce and maintain sleep

A

Hypnotic

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18
Q

-refers to many states in which the sufferer experiences a sense of impending [or upcoming] threat, or doom that is not well defined or reastically based.

A

Anxiety

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19
Q

Symptoms of Anxiety

A

-usually accompanied by symptoms such as
tachycardia,
tachypnea
trembling
palpitations, sweating, and weakness.

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20
Q

Types of Anxiety
1. -recurrent unexpected panic attacks that can occur with agoraphobia in which patients fear places in which escape might be difficult.

A

panic disorder

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21
Q
  • intense fear of particular objects or situations [e.g. Snakes, heights]-most common disorder.
A

Specific phobia

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22
Q

3.- intense fear of being scrutinized in social or public situations [e.g. speaking in class, giving a speech.

A

Social phobia

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23
Q

intense pervasive worry over virtually every aspect of life.

A

Generalized anxiety disorder-

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24
Q
  1. -persistent re-experience of a trauma, efforts to avoid recollecting the trauma, and hyper arousal.
A

Post-traumatic stress disorder

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25
Q

-recurrent obsessions and compulsions that cause significant distress and occupy a significant portion of one’s life.

A
  1. obsessive-compulsive disorder
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26
Q

Treatment:
Psychotherapy
Drugs-

A

Benzodiazepines. Beta-blockers, SSRI’s, TCA’s

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27
Q

-most widely used anxiolytic
-it has benzene ring [A] fused to a seven-membered diazepine ring [B]
-called minor tranquilizers

A

BENZODIAZEPINES

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28
Q

Classifications [According to duration of action]
1. Short-acting [2-8 hours]

A

oxazepam [Serax]
clonazepam [Klonopin, Rivotril]
Triazolam [ Halcion]
midazolam [Versed, Dormicum]

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29
Q

Benzodiazepines
2. Intermediate-acting [10-20 hours] -

A

Lorazepam [Ativan]
-alprazolam [Xanax, xanor] -Termazepam [Restoril]

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30
Q

Benzodiazepines
3. long -acting [1-3 days]
- due to active metabolites

A

-diazepam {Valium, Anxionil}
- flurazepam {Dalmane}
Chlordiaiazepoxide

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31
Q

USES: of Benzodiazepine

A

Anxiety
Seizures
Insomnia
Pre-operative sedation

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32
Q

Benzodiazepine
1. Anxiety-
Benzodiazepine

A

Alprazolam, Diazepam

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33
Q
  1. Seizures –
A

Diazepam, Clonazepam, Lorazepam

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34
Q
  1. Insomnia-
A

Flurazepam, Midazolam

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35
Q
  1. Pre-operative sedation
A

Midazolam

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36
Q

Side Effects: of Benzodiazepines

A

-Drowsiness, Dependence
-Respiratory depressipn [_+ethanol other CNS depressants]

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37
Q

Antidote [For overdose]-
which is GABA receptor antagonist

A

Flumazenil [Anexate]-

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38
Q

-former DOC for anxiety, insomnia
-derivative of barbituric acid is 2&4
-MOA-Barbiturates increase the duration of GABA mediated chloride ion channel opening.

A

BARBITURATES

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39
Q

Classifications: of Barbiturates
Barbiturates
1.Ultra Short [20 mins.]-

A

thiopental [Pentothal]

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40
Q

Barbiturates
2. Short acting [3-8 hrs.]

A

Pentobarbital [Nembutal]
Amobarbital [ Amytal]

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41
Q

Barbiturates
3.Long acting [1-2 days]

A

Phenobarbital [Luminal]

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42
Q

Uses: Barbiturates

A

Induction of anesthesia
Seizures in children
anxiety

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43
Q

1.Induction of anesthesia-

A

Thiopenta]

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44
Q

2.Seizures in children-

A

Phenobarbital

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45
Q
  1. anxiety-
A

Phenobarbital, amobarbital

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46
Q

S/E pf Barbiturates

A

Drowsiness, dependence,
respiratory depression,
paradoxical excitation.
l

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47
Q
  1. -serotonin agonist
    -non-sedating, no dependence
A

BUSPIRONE [Buspar]

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48
Q

-not a Bz but acts on Bz receptor

A

Zolpidem[Ambien, Stilnox]

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49
Q

-Knock out drops
-converted to trichloroethanol [active] -for preoperative sedation.

A

Chloral hydrate

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50
Q
  1. Antihistamines
A

hydroxyzine [Atarax, Iterax]
doxylamine [Unison]
diphenhydarmine [Benadryl]

51
Q

is a condition that affects the way your brain processes information. It causes you to lose touch with reality. You might see, hear, or believe things that aren’t real.

A

Psychosis

52
Q

is a symptom, not an illness. A mental or physical illness, substance abuse, or extreme stress or trauma can cause it.

A

Psychosis

53
Q

, like schizophrenia, involve psychosis that usually affects you for the first time in the late teen years or early adulthood. Young people are especially likely to get it, but doctors don’t know why.

A

Psychotic disorders

54
Q

Even before what doctors call the first episode of psychosis (FEP), you may show slight changes in the way you act or think. This is called___________and could last days, weeks, months, or even years.

A

prodromal period

55
Q

Sometimes you can lose touch with reality even when you don’t have a primary psychotic illness such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. When this happens, it’s called__________

A

secondary psychosis

56
Q

 : It starts with gradual changes in the way you think about and understand the world. You or your family members may notice:
o A drop in grades or job performance
o Trouble thinking clearly or concentrating
o Suspiciousness or unease around others
o Lack of self-care or hygiene
o Spending more time alone than usual
o Stronger emotions than situations call for
o No emotions at all

A

Warning signs before psychosis

57
Q

 : You may:
o Hear, see, or taste things others don’t
o Hang on to unusual beliefs or thoughts, no matter what others say
o Pull away from family and friends
o Stop taking care of yourself
o Not be able to think clearly or pay attention

A

Signs of early psychosis

58
Q

 Symptoms of a psychotic episode:

A

Hallucinations
Delusions

59
Q

3 kinds of Hallucinations:

A

Auditory
Tactile
Visual

60
Q

: Hearing voices when no one is around

A

Auditory hallucinations

61
Q

 : Strange sensations or feelings you can’t explain

A

Tactile hallucinations

62
Q

 : You see people or things that aren’t there, or you think the shape of things looks wrong

A

Visual hallucinations

63
Q

: Beliefs that aren’t in line with your culture and that don’t make
sense to others, like:
 Outside forces are in control of your feelings and actions.
 Small events or comments have huge meaning.
 You have special powers, are on a special mission, or actually are
a god.

A

Delusions

64
Q

Causes of Psychosis

A

Genetics
Injury and illnesses
Drugs
Over all cause
Trauma

65
Q

 : You can have the genes for it, but that doesn’t always mean you’ll get psychosis.

A

Genetics

66
Q

 : Triggers include some prescription medications and abuse of alcohol or drugs like marijuana, LSD, and amphetamines.

A

Drugs

67
Q

 : The death of a loved one, a sexual assault, or war can lead to psychosis. The type of trauma and the age you were when it happened also play a role.

A

Trauma

68
Q

 : Traumatic brain injuries, brain tumors, strokes, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, and HIV can all bring on psychosis.

A

Injuries and illnesses

69
Q

 - a disturbance in Dopamine, which is a neurotransmitter of the basal ganglia responsible for movement and skeletal muscle tone.

A

Over all Cause

70
Q

ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS:

A

1.Butyrophenones:
2. Dibensoxazepines
3. Dihydroindolones
4. Phenothiazines:
5. Thioxanthenes

71
Q

1.Butyrophenones:

A

Haloperidol
antipsychotic; antimanic

72
Q
  1. Dibensoxazepines:
A

Loxapine
antipsychotic

73
Q
  1. Dihydroindolones:
A

Molindone
antipsychotic

74
Q
  1. Phenothiazines:
A

Chlorpromazine
antipsychotic, antiemetic

Prochlorperazine
antiemetic

Promethazine
antihistaminic [colds, motion
sickness]

Thioridazine
antipsychotic

Trifluoperazine
antipsychotic

Triflupromazine
antipsychotic, antiemetic

75
Q
  1. Thioxanthenes
A

Chlorprothixene antipsychotic Thiothixene antipsychotic

76
Q

MOA of antipsychotic drugs

A

to block dopamine

77
Q
  • the first phenothiazine discovered
A

Chlorpromazine

78
Q

*Therapeutic effects of Phenothiazines are:

A

-anticholinergic, antihistaminic, alpha-adrenergic blocking, antiemetic

79
Q

*Adverse effects of Phenothiazine
Minor

A

Minor- dry mouth [Xerostomia], constipation, visual disturbances
[anticholinergic effects]
- Sedation is due to antihistaminic effects

80
Q

*Adverse effects of Phenothiazine
Major- Concerns Neurological Conditions

A
  1. Dystonic reaction
    2.Akathisia
    3.Parkinsonism
    4.Tardive dyskinesia
81
Q

Major- Concerns Neurological Conditions
How to improve these conditions?

A

-Reduce the dose, Stop the drug, administer anticholinergic drugs.

82
Q

-refers to continuous movement where the individual is restless and
continuously paces about.

A

Akathisia

83
Q

-characterized by muscle spasms, twitching, facial grimacing
and torticollis [wryneck]

A

Dystonic reaction
MFTT

84
Q

3.-referred as extrapyramidal symptoms involves development of
muscular rigidity, tremors and other disturbances of movement.

A

Parkinsonism

85
Q

-usually develops after long term antipsychotic therapy that
involves involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, tongue and extremities.

A

Tardive dyskinesia

86
Q

is a central nervous system (neurological) disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensations, and sometimes loss of awareness.

A

Epilepsy

87
Q

is due to abnormal electrical activity.

A

seizures

88
Q

Causes of Epilepsy

A

1.Idiopathic epilepsy
2.Symptomatic epilepsy

89
Q

if the cause is unknown

A

1.Idiopathic epilepsy

90
Q

Symptomatic epilepsy if the cause is known

causes

A

Brain tumor
Brain infection
Other neurological conditions
Loss of oxygen to the brain
(Eg. During birth)
Traumatic brain injury or head injury
Alcoholism or alcohol withdrawal
Certain genetic conditions
Stroke

91
Q

Your brain contains billions of nerve cells, also known as .

A

neurons

92
Q

These _________use electrical activity to communicate and send signals.
If there’s an abnormal change in this electrical activity, it can produce a seizure.

A

neurons

93
Q

If there’s an abnormal change in this electrical activity, it can produce a .

A

seizure

94
Q

is a condition in which seizures repeatedly occur.
Traditionally, epilepsy was defined as a type of disorder. It was sometimes referred to as an “epilepsy disorder.” However, epilepsy is now officially known as a disease rather than a disorder.

A

Epilepsy

95
Q

Types of Epilepsy

A

1.Focal epilepsy
2.Generalized epilepsy
3.Combined generalized and focal epilepsy
4. Status Epilepticus

96
Q

-Focal onset epilepsy involves focal seizures, or seizures that begin on ______side of the brain.

A

one

97
Q

are common. About 60% of all types of epilepsy are what

A

-Focal epilepsies
focal

98
Q

Focal epilepsy seizure

A

a.Simple focal seizures
b. complex focal seizures

99
Q

can be similar to a seizure aura and it is sometimes called a seizure aura. You stay conscious and aware of your surroundings but sometimes unable to fully respond during the seizure. It might also cause:

A

Simpe focal seizure

100
Q

Simple focal seizure might cause:

A

 muscle jerking
 feeling of déjà vu
 strange sensations, like odd smells
 anxiety
 hallucinations

101
Q

causes altered consciousness, but not necessarily complete loss of consciousness. Other

A

A complex focal seizure

102
Q

symptoms of Complex focal seizure include:

A

 confusion
 blank staring
 repetitive movements, like blinking or gulping

103
Q

A simple focal seizure can progress to a complex focal seizure. A simple or complex focal seizure that progresses to a generalized seizure is called a .

A

secondarily generalized seizure

104
Q

A simple focal seizure can progress to a complex focal seizure. A simple or complex focal seizure that progresses to a generalized seizure is called a .

A

secondarily generalized seizure

105
Q

involves generalized onset seizures. These seizures begin on both sides of the brain and cause impaired consciousness or loss of consciousness.

A

Generalized epilepsy

106
Q

involves generalized onset seizures. These seizures begin on both sides of the brain and cause impaired consciousness or loss of consciousness. Approximately percent _______of epilepsies are generalized.

A

Generalized epilepsy
23 to 35

107
Q

Seizures of Generalized Epilepsy

A

a.Absence seizures [or Petit mal]
b.Myoclonic seizures
c.Tonic-clonic seizures [or Grand Mal]
d.Tonic seizures
e.Clonic seizures
f.Atonic seizures

108
Q

, formerly called a petit mal seizure, lasts for about 15 seconds and affects the whole brain

A

An absence seizure

109
Q

Symptoms include: Absence Seizures

A

 lack of awareness and lack of responsiveness while appearing conscious
 appearance of daydreaming
 confusion
 usually not remembering what happened during the seizure
 suddenly stopping movement
 slight muscle twitching

110
Q

are brief, lasting a few seconds or less. You might have multiple myoclonic seizures within a short time.

A

Myoclonic seizures

111
Q

Myoclonic seizures symptoms

A

 staying fully or partially conscious
 increase in muscle tone of some muscles
 possible altered sensations, such as a sensation of an electric shock

112
Q

How types of epilepsy are diagnosed*

A

 Physical exam.
 Electroencephalogram. .
 Neuropsychological exam. .
 Blood tests
 Imaging tests.
 Medical history

113
Q

. A doctor will check if you have physical problems in addition to your seizures. They’ll also test your motor skills.

A

Physical exam

114
Q

. Since epilepsy is often inherited, a doctor will want to learn more about your family’s history.

A

 Medical history

115
Q

Your doctor will test markers that might be related to seizures. Examples include low blood sugar or inflammatory markers.

A

 Blood tests

116
Q

. A specialist will test your cognition, speech, and memory. This helps them determine where the seizures are happening in your brain and if there are other associated problems.

A

 Neuropsychological exam

117
Q

measures your brain’s electrical activity and it can help identify where the seizure is starting, and whether it is focal onset or generalized onset.

A

Electroencephalogram

118
Q

lets your doctor check for lesions or structural abnormalities that may be causing seizures. Examples include a computerized tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

A

imaging tests

119
Q

Treatment may include: for Epilepsy

A

 Vagus nerve stimulation
 Antiepileptic drugs.
 Surgery.
 High-fat diet.

120
Q

 reduce the frequency or severity of seizures. The type of seizure will determine the most effective option.

A

. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)

121
Q

for epilepsy involves cutting or removing part of the brain where seizures are happening and it can control some types of epilepsy.

A

Surgery

122
Q

for epilepsy involves cutting or removing part of the brain where seizures are happening and it can control some types of epilepsy.

A

Surgery

123
Q

. A small electrical device is implanted under the skin to stimulate the vagus nerve, which controls some of your brain activity. The device helps control certain seizures by stimulating the nerve.

A

 Vagus nerve stimulation

A (2 decks)

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