FINALS Flashcards
From the curve, within limits from 0 to H, there are two depths at which any given discharge will flow with the same energy content.
Alternate stages
Tranquil or Upper stage’s froude number
less than 1
Rapid or Lower stage’s froude number
greater than 1
the depth at which for a given total head, the discharge is maximum or the depth at which for a given flow, the specific energy is minimum
Critical depth
for any given discharge and cross-section of channel, it is a slope just sufficient to maintain flow at critical depth.
Critical slope
is the onbe which a given slope, area, and roughness factor will have the maximum capacity
Most economical and efficient section
occurs where the stream enters and leaves the channel at obstructions and at the changes in the form of cross section
non-uniform flow
an abrupt rise in water surface which results from retarding water flowing at lower stage.
Hydraulic jump
a converging tube attached to the end of a pipe or hose which serves to increase the velocity of the issuing jet
Nozzle
Has a cylindrical tip of such length that will flow full
Nozzle
is an opening with closed perimeter through which fluid flows.
Orifice
The usual purpose is the measurement or control of the flow
Orifice
is the principle discovered by Toricelli in 1644
Torricelli’s Theorem
It states that “the theoretical velocity of discharge from an orifice is therefore the velocity acquired by a body falling freely in a vacuum through a height equal to the total head in the orifice
Toricelli’s Theorem
is an instrument which consists of a converging tube connected to the main pipe, a constriction known as the throat and a diverging section which is connected again to the main pipe
Venturi Meter
the increase in kinetic energy is equal to the decrease in potential energy
Venturi principle
most common means of metering discharge in an open channel.
Weir
It is a device placed in the channel that forces the flow through an opening or aperture designed to measure discharge
Weir
Is the term for downstream overflow in weirs
Nappe
The ratio of the actual mean velocity to the theoretical velocity which would exist without friction in an orifice is called
Coefficient of velocity
The ratio of the cross-sectional area of the jet at the vena contracta to the area of the orifice is called the
Coefficient of contraction
What shape of orifice is most common for fluid measurements
Concentric Bore
It is an overflow structure built across an open channel for the purpose of measuring the flow
Weir
There is a downward curvature of the surface of the liquid in the vicinity of the weir which is the
Nappe
