finals Flashcards
Causative agent (staphylococcal food poisoning)
Staphylococcal enterotoxin by staphylococcus aureus
Intubation period of staphylococcal food poisioning
1-7 hours
Assessment (staphylococcal food poisoning)
Severe vomiting/diarrhea, excessive salivation, abdominal cramping, and nausea w/in 2-6 hrs of eating
Therapeutic management (staphylococcal food poisoning)
Fluid and electrolyte replacement, drug; cefotaxime
Most common poisoning ing ages 2-3
Poisoning as unintentional injury
Best method to deactivate a swallowed poison
Activated charcoal
Drug frequently involved in childhood poisoning
Acetaminophen
If acetaminophen taken in large doses it can cause
Liver destruction
Happen after digesting acetaminophen
Nausea, anorexia, vomiting
Diagnostic tests (acetaminophen poisoning)
Serum aspartate/alanine transaminase
Assessment (acetaminophen poisoning)
Jaundice and tenderness of liver
Therapeutic management of acetaminophen poisoning
Activated charcoal, acetylcysteine - antidote
Cause of caustic poisonig
Ingestion of strong alkali (lye)
Main complications og caustic poisoning
Burns and tissue necrosis on mouth, esophagus, and stomach = respiratory complications
Therapeutic management of caustic poisoning
Intubation and strong analgesics (morphine)
Major effect of hydrocarbon ingestion
Respiratory irritation
Its is corrosive to gastric mucosa
Iron poisoning
After 6hrs iron poisoning can cause
Necrosis of the lining of GI tract
After 12hrs iron poisoning can cause
Melena, hematemesis, lethargy and coma, cyanosis, vasomotor collapse
Therapeutic management of iron poisoning
Stomach lavage, cathartic to pass iron pills, maalox or mylanta for decreasing gastric irritation and pain
Interferes with red blood cell function
Lead poisoning
Most serious effect of lead poisoning
Lead encephalitis
Assessment
Successive blood lead levels >10mg/dL
Therapeutic management of lead poisoning
> 15mg/dL : child remove from environment
> 20mg/dL : oral chelating (succimer)
> 45ml/dL : enhalation theraphy (dimercaprol or edetate calcium disodium
Injections of EDTA
Accidental ingestion or through skin/respiratory contact with area recently sprayed
Pesticide poisoning
Therapeutic management of pesticide poisoning
Activated charcoal
Clothing contaminated; remove it
Intravenous atropine
Leading cause of death in children and adolescent
Accidents
Intentional/unintentional damage to body due to external agent, children are most prone to it
Injury
A common rheumatologic disease, shares a common manifestation of chronic joint inflammation
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Female are prone to rheumatoid arthritis because of
Fluctuations of the female hormones
Clinical manifestation of JRA
Arthritis, loss of motion, synovitis, swelling, and joint inflammation
Management of RA
Exercise, synovectomy, osteotomy and arthrodesis, total hip and knee replacement
Anti inflammatory drugs for JRA
NSAIDs, Disease-modifying anti rheumatic drugs, Corticosteroids, immonomodulators
A scoliosis problem not involving the spine
Curvature is flexible
Functional Scoliosis
Spine curvature is not flexible does not go away when changing position
Structural Scoliosis
Signs of scoliosis
Uneven shoulders/hips, curve of spine
Nonsurgical treatments
Electrical stimulation (at night)
Braces (Boston braces or TLSO)
Pedicle screw instrumentation
Halo traction
Surgical management
- Growing rods
- Localizer cast
- Traction to the pelvis through another sling
- Pediatric Isola spine system
Deformities associated with scoliosis
Kyphosis (humpback)
Lordosis (swayback)
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder and a common behavioral disorder in children that’s chracterized by three persistent patterns of …
Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
ADHD: premature delivery
Because they experience disruptions in brain maturation and development, like regions in attention, impulse control, and executive function
ADHD: low birth weight
They have underdeveloped brains and reduced neural connectivity
ADHD: Alcohol, smoking and drugs
Affects fetal brain development, especially normal neural growth and function
ADHD: exposure to environmental toxins
Lead, neurotoxin that can impair cognitive function and behavior
Exposure to organophosphate pesticides
Pesticides are neurotoxic
Behavioral psychotherapy
Diminishes uncertain expectations and increase organization; used w/ medication regimen
Psychosocial interventions
Behavioral prent training and behavioral classroom management: used in conjunction with psychopharmacological approaches
Cognitive therapy for adults with ADHD
Helps time management making it easier for adults with ADHD to counter anxiety and depressive symptoms
Stimulants
May supress the appetite and affect child’s growth
Atomoxetine (strattera)
First line treatment
Tricyclic antidepressants
have many potential adverse effects (dry mouth, headaches, blurred vision) making them are rarely used
Nursing managemwnt for ADHD
Appropriate memory retraining techniques
Ventilation of feelings
Use simple and direct instructions
Implement scheduled routine every day
Avoid stimulating and distracting settings
Give positive reinforcement
Complex disorder not diagnosed medically but through behavioral observation and screening
Autism
When symptoms of autism occur
At 6months, established at 2-3yrs old, and can continue to adulthood
Main features of autism
Impired social interaction and verbal and non-verbal communication
Repetitive or stereotyped behavior (echolalia)
Uses one-on-one teaching approach that reinforces the practice of various skills
Applied behavioral analysis
Pharmacology of autism
Anti-psychotic, anxiolytics, and anticonvulsants
Common term for lice in pubic hair
Crabs
What kills pubic lice
Over-the-counter lotions
Main symptoms of pubic lic
Intense itching and crawling lice
Pink or flesh-colored warts, raised, flat, or shaped like cauliflower
Genital warts (HPV)
Genital warts may lead to
Cervical or anal cancer
Main management for genital warts or HPV
Wart removal options
Infants with gonorrhea may develop an
Eye infections
Common symptoms of gonorrhea (the clap)
Pain during urination, yellow-green discharge from penis
Causes Palmar sores
Syphilis
Wihtout treatment syphilis can lead to
Damage to organs of heart, brain, liver, nerves, and eyes
= paralysis, blindness, and death
First sign of syphilis
Firm, round, painless sore in genitals or anus
Common areas where amenorrhea affects
Hypothalamus
Ovaries
Uterus
Amenorrhea due to genetics, characterized by no period by 15 yrs old
Primary amenorrhea
Getting regular periods then stops for at least 3 mons
Secondary amenorrhea
Normal reasons to miss your period
Pregnancy
Breastfeeding
Menopause
Surgery to remove uterus or ovaries
Common causes of amenorrhea
Birth control
Chemotherapy and radiation therapy
Previous surgery w/ scarring
Stress, poor nutrition, weight changes
Extreme exercises
Medical conditions that cause primary amenorrhea
Hormonal issues
Sturtural problems with organs
Medical conditions that cause secondary amenorrhea
Primary ovarian insufficiency
Hypothalamic amenorrhea
Pituitary disorders
Hormonal imbalances
Ovarian tumors
Obesity
Chronic illness
Birth control methods that cause secondary amenorrhea
Depo-Provero, IUD
Complications of amenorrhea
Osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease
Treatment to help with side effects of amenorrhea
Estrogen therapy (relief hot flashes and vaginal dryness)
Calcium and Vitamin D (bone strength)
Strength training (muscle strength)
