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psych stats > Finals > Flashcards

Finals Flashcards

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1
Q

Inappropriate use of independent-samples t-test

A

Comparing students’ attitudes changes between the start and end of their degree.

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2
Q

Represents the researcher’s prediction or expectation.

A

Alternative hypothesis

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3
Q

Assesses the means of two independent groups.

A

T-test

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4
Q

Requirement for using a t-test

A

The sample must be normally distributed.

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5
Q

Correlation coefficient close to one

A

Strong linear relationship between the two variables.

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6
Q

APA format reporting for Pearson’s product-moment

A

Use “r”

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7
Q

Measure the strength and direction of a relationship between variables.

A

Purpose of correlation analysis

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8
Q

Maximum possible value for a correlation coefficient

A

1.00

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9
Q

Correlation coefficient of -1

A

Perfect negative relationship between variables

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10
Q

Expected correlation between a child’s age and vocabulary

A

Positive

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11
Q

Important statistics when interpreting an independent sample t-test

A

Descriptive statistics
significance level
t-value

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12
Q

Sequence of steps in hypothesis testing

A

Formulate hypotheses
collect data
analyze data
draw conclusions

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13
Q

Ex. of a categorical variable

A

Gender
age group
hair color
marital status

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14
Q

The probability of finding statistical significance.

A

P-value

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15
Q

Identifying significant differences in independent t-test output

A

Look at the p-value

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16
Q

Interpretation of a Pearson test statistic of .876 with P < 0.01:

A

Significant, strong, positive relationship

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17
Q

Purpose of statistical tests

A

To test the null hypothesis

18
Q

Types of t-tests

A

One-sample t-test
independent two-sample t-test
paired sample t-test

19
Q

Used when there are more than two groups.

A

ANOVA

20
Q

High standard deviation in a graph

A

Indicates data is dispersed over a wide range of values.

21
Q

Low standard deviation in a graph

A

Looks closely clustered around the mean

22
Q

Describes the direction and magnitude of a relationship between two variables.

A

Correlation

23
Q

One-tailed test appropriateness

A

Identified by the alternative hypothesis.

24
Q

Pearson’s product-moment relationships:

A

Assess only linear relationships.

25
Q

Null hypothesis for testing correlation

A

The two variables of interest are NOT correlated.

26
Q

Result interpretation
If r = 0.46 ; p = 0.78 at 0.05 level

A

reject the alternative hypothesis

27
Q

Data type for Pearson’s analysis
(excluding dichotomous variable):

A

Interval or ratio

28
Q

How long it took the participant to press the button when the light came on.

A

Dependent variable in a study

29
Q

Control over a plant will have no impact on the number of health complaints.

A

Null hypothesis in a study about control over a plant

30
Q

There is a significant gender difference in the mean scores of mechanical aptitudes.

A

Example of an alternate hypothesis

31
Q

There is a significant difference between younger and older adults on life satisfaction.

A

Alternative hypothesis in a study comparing life satisfaction

32
Q

Requires a smaller sample size than a one-tailed test.

A

Two-tailed hypothesis test

33
Q

The error of rejecting H0 when H0 is true.

A

Type I Error

34
Q

Significance level reporting
in APA format

A

0.000 as P < 0.05

35
Q

Identification by Pearson’s product-moment

A

Whether there is a relationship between variables

36
Q

Reduces the likelihood of confounding variables

A

Random assignment

37
Q

When one variable decreases, the other also decreases. ↑↑

A

Positive correlation

38
Q

When one variable increases, the other decreases. ↑↓

A

Negative correlation

39
Q

The tendency for a sample to differ from the population due to chance.

A

Sampling error

40
Q

Normal distribution shape

A

Bell-shaped

41
Q

Zero when the correlation between a predictor and criterion is +1.00 or -1.00

A

Standard error of estimate

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