FINALS Flashcards
Stage: for Early HIV infection
Stage 0
Stage: >500 cells/mm3
Stage 1
Stage: 200-499 cells/mm3
Stage 2
Stage: <200 cells/mm3
Stage 3
Stage: CD4 count has no data
stage unknown
Stage for CD4 %
>26
Stage 1
Stage for CD4 %
14-25
Stage 2
Stage for CD4 %
<14
Stage 3
Stage for No aids defining condition
Stage 1 and 2
Stage for documentation of aids defining condition
Stage 3
Stage for no information on aids defining condition
stage unkown
family of dengue
flaviviridae
small positive sense
ssRNA, enveloped, icosahedral viruses.
flavivirus
“Flavi” a Latin word
meaning
yellow
the most prevalent arbovirus in the world
dengue
It has 4 serotypes that causes variety of clinical manifestations
dengue
Subsequent infection with one or three remaining serotypes
may result in immune-enhanced disease in the form of
- severe hemorrhagic
- dengue shock syndrome
Infection begins with a sudden onset of fever, severe headache,
chills, and general myalgia
Dengue
Does dengue has vaccine
NONE
Laboratory diagnosis:
→ Based on the presence of virus specific IgM antibody
→ A fourfold rise in specific IgG antibody
→ Positive RT-PCR amplification for dengue genomic
sequences
Dengue
what antibody is present in dengue virus
IgM
A fourfold rise in specific IgG antibody
Dengue
incubation period of dengue
3-5 / 2-7 days
family of rabies
rhabdoviridae
genus of rabies
Lyssavirus
Electron microscopy:
bullet-shaped or conical appearance,
rabies
a neurotropic virus that infects all mammals.
Infection terminates in the death of the infected animal.
rabies
After inoculation, the raies virus may initially multiply in the
musculoskeletal tissue
the site of viral replication for rabies
neurons
Can rabies spread to salivary gland?
yes
signs: Hydrophobia
rabies
Treatment protocol for rabies
Milwaukee protocol
Clinical presentation of rabies associated with heightened aggression and
agitation
Furious
Clinical presentation of rabies associated with lethargy and paralysis
Dumb
Detection method of rabies
PCR
Fluorescent antibody staining
Rabies is diagnosed by postmortem examination of brain tissue using
Direct immunofluorescent assay (DIA)
What specimen used for postmortem examination for rabies
Brain tissue
Specific sections of the brain are examined for the rabies ANTIGEN using
fluorescent tagged monoclonal antibodies and microscope
Spike-like projections
rabies
fastest and most sensitive for detecting rabies virus in specimens.
Direct immunofluorescent technique
family of marburg and ebola
filoviridae
considered the most pathogenic of the
hemorrhagic fever viruses.
marburg
Term “Filo means
thread like
electron microscopy:
has long filamentous structural morphology
marburg
appears on Electron microscopy as “6”, “U”, and
circular.
Marburg and ebola
shapes of Marburg and ebola in electron microscopy
6
U
circular
“shepherd’s hook” morphology.
Marburg
a severe multisystem syndrome in which multiple organ systems are
affected throughout the body.
viral hemorrhagic fever
what virus is endemic in Africa
Marburg and ebola
What virus can cause proteinuria
Marburg and ebola
Case fatality percentage for ebola
> 80%
Case fatality for marburg
23-25%
Treatment for marburg
none
Does ebola has vaccine
-ChAd3-ZEBOV (GlaxoSmithKline)
− VSV-EBOV
Two-dose vaccination process referred to as
heterologous prime boost
named after a river in Zaire (from Congo)
ebola virus
ebola was named after a?
river in zaire
5 subspecies of ebola
- Zaire ebolavirus
− Sudan ebolavirus
− Cote d’Ivoire ebolavirus (formerly Ebola-Ivory Coast)
− Bundibugyo ebolavirus
− Reston ebolavirus
what ebola subspecie(s) only cause disease in nonhuman primates
Reston ebolavirus
what ebola subspecie(s) cause infections through aerosolization of secretions
Reston ebolavirus
Confirmatory test for marburg
IgG ELISA
what is the most virulent ebolavirus
Zaire
family of mumps and measles
paramyxoviridae
what virus do not have segmented genome
paramyxoviruses
characterized by
PAROTITIS (inflamed salivary gland)
Mumps
can cause generalized infection often accompanied by rash
Measles
hallmark of measles
Koplik spots
bluish white spots with red halo on the buccal of labial mucosa
Koplik spots
what is exanthem
rash or skin eruption
Other diseases that cause exanthem
- scarlet fever
- rubella/german measles/ atypical scarlet fever
- erythema infectiousum / fifth disease
- roseola
what bacteria cause scarlet fever
group A strep
cause of eryhtema infectiousum
parvovirus B-19
True or false:
Rubella is found both the human population and non-human population.
False, only human population
Vaccine for rubella
Trivalent vaccine (ambot)
MMR vaccine (sure)
cause of roseola
HHV-6
rubella virus is also known as
german measles
If a developing fetus is infected with rubella virus, this can cause
multiple congenital anomalies
Rubella virus that occurs later in pregnancy may result in?
Splenomegaly and
osteomyelitis
True or false:
Fetal infection can be prevented in rubella virus
true
may resemble other disorders, such as :
Infectious mononucleosis and drug-induced rashes
Rubella infection
rubella infection of fetal tissues
congenital rubella syndrome
The largest and most complex of all viruses
Poxviruses
poxvirus virions may be visualized through _____ microscope
light microscope
what virus characterized by “pocks” on the skin
poxvirus
how many poxvirus are capable of infecting humans
10
True or false:
Most poxvirus are zoonoses
True
Poxvirus are normally acquired through?
abrasion of the skin
contact with infected animal
most feared viruses of history
Smallpox
what virus has a possibility to be a biological weapon
Smallpox
Its disease is a generalized infection with PUSTULAR RASH
Small pox
It played a crucial role in demonstrating the importance of
vaccination
Smallpox
what smallpox subtype cause the most severe disease
Variela Major
Fatality rate of Variela major
30%
what smallpox subtype cause less severe disease
Variela minor
Fatality rate of Variela Minor
0.1%-0.2%
Found in the tropical rain forests of Africa
Monkeypox
True or false:
Monkeypox is indistinguishable from smallpox
True
Difference of smallpox and monkeypox
Monkeypox lacks the same mortality and transmissibility
Human monkeypox can be acquired through?
oropharynx
nasopharynx
abrasion
Steps / process of monkeypox (ambot)
- rash appears (face)
- macules
- papules
- vesicles
- pustules
monkeypox can last for how many weeks
2-4 weeks
rapid diagnostic identification tool for cases of monkeypox
RT-PCR
what virus Manifests as benign nodules.
Molluscum contagiousum virus
True or false:
Molluscum contagiousum virus only host is human
True
what poxvirus is most severe for immunocompromise Px
Molluscum contagiousum virus
What virus is Transmitted from sheep to humans.
Orf virus
what virus cause a single of multiple nodules usually on the hands
orf virus
Family of Human papilloma virus
Papillomaviridae
small, icosahedral capsid, nonenveloped,
circular, dsDNA
Human papilloma virus
These viruses as abundant in nature
Human papilloma virus
what virus can cause infections in
humans, dogs, cattle, monkeys.
Human papilloma virus
HPV site of latency
Epithelial cells
what virus exhibit a tissue TROPISM for
either cutaneous or mucosal tissue
Human papilloma virus
most prevalent sexually transmitted viral
disease in the US.
HPV
what sexually transmitted virus have not been cultivated in cell culture
HPV
how many genotypes does HPV have
200 genotypes
How many genotypes of HPV are sexually transmitted and have role on the
pathogenesis of cancer.
> 30
How many genotypes of HPV are characterized
80
Various HPV genotypes ____________, resulting in
defined variation in the clinical presentation of warts.
Differing cellular tropisms
what HPV is associated with plantar warts
HPV-1
what HPV is associated with common warts in hands
HPV 2 and 4
what HPV responsible for more than 90% of
anogenital warts
HPV 6 and 11
what HPV responsible for a subset of cancers of the
oropharynx and penile cancer.
HPV 16
what HPV associated with adenocarcinoma
HPV-18
for HPV, what sample can be used for genotyping
Liquid based cytology sample
HPV is oncogenic causing cervical and penile cancer specifically what HPV?
16 and 18
most common carcinogenic types of HPV
HPV 16 and 18
what vaccine also protects against HPV 6 and 11
Gardasil
vaccines for HPV 16 and 18
- Cervarix (GlaxoSmithKline)
− Gardasil
− Gardasil-9
what vaccine of HPV protects against several lower-risk HPV types known
to be associated with cervical and most HPV-induced oral
cancers.
Gardasil-9
Family of Human immunodeficiency virus
Retroviridae
constitutes a large group of viruses that primarily infect vertebrates
Retroviridae
what virus is s packaged with the reverse transcriptase enzyme.
retroviruses
what are the 2 groups of retrovirus
HIV and HTLV (Human T-lymphotropic virus)
what HIV is responsible for AIDS
HIV-1
what HIV is more aggressive
HIV-1
end stage of a process (HIV) in which the immune system and its ability to control infections and malignant proliferation is
destroyed.
AIDS
what cells are infected in HIV
CD4 T lymphocyte
Monocyte
cells of the CNS
surface marker of T lymphocytes
CD4
who are at risk for HIV
- homosexual / bisexual males
- IV drug abusers
- Sex with HIV infected
- infants with infected mother
HIV site of latency
CD4 T lymphocyte
HIV has an affinity for?
CD4
Clinical management of HIV infected individuals involves the use of
HAART
(Highly active antiretroviral therapy)
what test is used for identification of viral DNA or RNA and is recommended for HIV
PCR
is used to measure the amount of HIV in the blood
Quantitative plasma RNA test (viral load)
what test provides a method of antibody-specific identification of several HIV antigens.
Traditional western blot test
an essential parameter in guiding decisions to begin or monitor antiviral therapy
Viral load
Presence of antibody to HIV __ and to either gp__and gp__ is sufficient to confirm HIV-1 infection
Presence of antibody to HIV p24 and to either gp41 and gp160 is sufficient to confirm HIV-1 infection
what testing is used to detect acutely HIV infected
patients before the appearance of antibody
HIV-1 p24
True or false:
Western blot test is limited by the production of maternal HIV antibody present in infants
True
what are the miscellaneous viruses
astrovirus
Transfusion transmitted virus (TTV)
Hepatitis G virus
An ssRNA virus found in the gastrointestinal tract
Astrovirus
Ubiquitous in children causing minority of childhood diarrhea
Astrovirus
Transfusion transmitted virus is also known as
Torque teno virus
Astrovirus is detected using
electron microscopy
An orphan virus from the family: Anelloviridae
TTV
what virus is Associated post-transfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology (non
A-G)
TTV
detection method for hepatitis G
PCR
A flavivirus similar to HCV
hepatitis G
other name of hepatitis G virus
GB-C virus
a group of uncurable and fatal neurodegenerative disorders of humans and other animals
spongiform encephalopathies
common prion that causes dementia, ataxia,
stupor, coma, and death; transmitted by organ transplant
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is also known as
mad cow disease
common prion that is more rare but often publicized in media outlets;
known as mad cow
disease
Bovine spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
All prion disease are the result of
protein misfolding
Aggregates of misfolded proteins form
amyloid fibers resulting to tissue plaques
Mass accumulation of the misfolded proteins leads to
- cell death
- tissue damage
Prions should be handled using what BSL
BSL-2
Prions prevention is
Incineration
Diagnosis of prions
Brain tissue biopsy
Protein + infection =
Prions
