Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Public Health > Finals > Flashcards

Finals Flashcards

1
Q

PEC stands for

A

Primary Eye Care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

an integral part of comprehensive eye care

A

Primary Eye Care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

targeted not only towards preventing blindness and visual impairment but also towards providing services to _______________________

A

redress ocular morbidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True or false

PEC is a secondline activity, providing care and identifying disease before it becomes a serious medical condition.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Components of primary eye care

A

Eye health education
Symptom identification
Visual acuity measurement
Basic eye examination
Diagnosis
Timely referral

E S V B D T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Primary eye care is the provision of ____________, _____________, ______________ care that meets patients’ eye care needs in a comprehensive and competent manner.

A

appropriate, accessible, and affordable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

PEC provides the patient with the second contact for eye care as well as a lifetime of continuing care.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

13 Primary eye care services include:

A
  1. Educating patients about maintaining and promoting healthy vision.
  2. Performing a comprehensive examination of the visual system.
  3. Screening for eye diseases and conditions affecting vision that may be asymptomatic.
  4. Recognizing ocular manifestations of systemic diseases and systemic effects of ocular medications.
  5. Making a differential diagnosis and definitive diagnosis for any detected abnormalities.
  6. Performing refractions.
  7. Fitting and prescribing optical aids, such as glasses and contact lenses.
  8. Deciding on a treatment plan and treating patients’ eye care needs with appropriate therapies.
  9. Counseling and educating patients about their eye disease conditions.
  10. Recognizing and managing local and systemic effects of drug therapy.

11.Determining when to triage patients for more specialized care and referring to specialists as needed and appropriate.

  1. Coordinating care with other physicians involved in the patient’s overall medical management.
  2. Performing surgery when necessary.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Medical specialists and other health professionals, who typically don’t have initial contact with patients, provide _________

A

Secondary care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Examples of secondary care physicians

A

Cadiologist
Rheumatologist
Urologist
Physical therapist
Respiratory therapist
Speech therapist
Occupational therapist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Another category of secondary care is

A

Hospital care or acute care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The term covers care as an admitted patient in a hospital, a visit to a hospital ER, attendance in childbirth, medical imaging (radiology) services and care within an intensive care unit.

A

Hospital care or acute care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

necessary treatment for a short period of time for a brief but serious illness, injury or other eye health condition.

A

Acute care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Examples of conditions that needs acute care

A

Cataract
Glaucoma
Trachoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Patients being treated requiring a higher level of care in a hospital may be considered to be in

A

tertiary care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Physicians and equipment at this level are highly specialized

A

Tertiary care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tertiary care services include such areas as

A

cardiac surgery, cancer treatment and management, burn treatment, plastic surgery, neurosurgery and other complicated treatments or procedures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Fourth level of care

A

Quaternary Care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A more complex level of tertiary care

A

Quaternary care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

highly specialized and experimental treatments and procedures are considered to be at the _____________ level

A

Quaternary care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Secondary care is specialized consultative health care, usually for in patients

A

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Centralized at a major health care complex.
A medical teaching hospitals, eye hospitals or eye centers.

A

TERTIARY EYE CARE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

PHC based on the following principles :

A

Social equity
Nation-wide coverage
Self-reliance
Inter-sectoral coordination
People’s involvement in the planning and implementation of health programs

SNSIP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

proposed a set of PRINCIPLES for primary health care

A

The 1978 Declaration of Alma-Ata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

According to the proposed 1978 Declaration of Alma-Ata, what are the principles of PHC?

A
  1. Reflect and evolve considering different conditions
  2. Address main health problem providing services
  3. Involve all related sectors and aspects of national and community development, in particular:
    - Agriculture
    - animal husbandry
    - Food
    - Industry
    - Education
    - Housing
    - Public works
  4. Promote maximum community and individual self-reliance and participation
  5. Be sustained by referral systems, leading to the progressive improvement of comprehensive health care
  6. Rely, at local and referral levels, on health workers to respond to the expressed health needs of the community.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

PHC should involve all related sectors and aspects of national and community development, in particular:

A

Agriculture
animal husbandry
Food
Industry
Education
Housing
Public works

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

8 essential elements of PHC

A

Education concerning main health problems
Promotion of food supply and good nutrition
Adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation
Maternal and child health, and family planning
Immunisation against major infectious diseases
Prevention and control of local endemic diseases
Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries
Provision of essential drugs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Guidelines for PEC

A
  1. Conditions to be recognised and treated by a trained primary health care worker
  2. Conditions to be recognised and referred after treatment has been initiated
  3. Conditions that should be recognised and referred for treatment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Importance of PHC

A
  • Can head potentially serious problems off at the pass.
  • Lowers costs: helps keep people out of emergency rooms, where costs at least four times as much other outpatient care
  • Catching and treating problems early - cheaper than treating severe or advanced illness.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q
  • an impairment of the sense of vision
  • not the same as an eye disease
  • causes may occur at other locations in the optic pathway
A

VISION DISORDER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

MOST COMMON ADULT VISION PROBLEMS

A

Blurred vision (called refractive errors)
Age-related macular degeneration
Glaucoma
Cataract
Diabetic retinopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Most Common Childhood Vision Problems

A

Blurred vision (called refractive errors)

Crossed eyes (called strabismus)

Lazy eye (called amblyopia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Nearsightedness

A

Myopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Farsightedness

A

Hyperopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

If you are older than 40 and have trouble reading small print or focusing up close, this is usually due to a condition called

A

Presbyopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

condition that causes blurred vision, but it is because of the shape of the cornea.

A

Astigmatism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the risk factors for developing EOR?

A
  • family history
  • advancing age
  • environmental
  • occupational
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Crossed eyes are also known as

A

Strabismus
Tropia
Squint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

occurs when the eyes do not line up or they are crossed. One eye, however, usually remains straight at any given time.

A

Crossed eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

If left untreated, strabismus can cause

A

Amblyopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the risk factors for strabismus?

A

Family history of strabismus
Having a significant amount of uncorrected farsightedness (hyperopia)
Disabilities such as Down syndrome and cerebral palsy
Stroke or head injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Also known as lazy eye

A

Amblyopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

a result of the brain and the eyes not working together. The brain ignores visual information from one eye, which causes problems with vision development.

A

Amblyopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Treatment for amblyopia works well if the condition is found early. If untreated, amblyopia causes__________________________

A

permanent vision loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the risk factors for amblyopia?

A
  • Premature birth
  • Low birth weight
  • Retinopathy of prematurity diagnosis
  • Cerebral palsy diagnosis
  • Intellectual disability diagnosis
  • Family history of certain eye conditions
  • Maternal smoking, drug or alcohol use
  • Surgery on eye muscles for esotropia (eyes turn in toward nose)
46
Q

caused by damage to blood vessels in the back of the eye (retina). The longer someone has diabetes, the more likely he or she will get this

A

Diabetic Retinopathy

47
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

People with type 1 diabetes are at risk for DR

A

FALSE

48
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

People with this DR may notice changes to their vision and get worse until the damage to the eyes is severe.

A

FALSE

49
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
During the first two stages of DR, treatment is usually not needed.

A

FALSE

50
Q

To prevent progression of diabetic retinopathy, people with diabetes should control their levels of:

A

blood sugar
blood pressure
blood cholesterol

51
Q

the fourth stage of DR is called

A

Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

52
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

For the fourth stage of DR, called proliferative retinopathy, there are treatments and cure for DR.

A

FALSE

53
Q

Warning signs of diabetic retinopathy include

A

blurred vision

gradual vision loss

floaters

shadows or missing areas of vision

difficulty seeing at nighttime

54
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
People with diabetes are at greater risk for cataract and glaucoma as well.

A

TRUE

55
Q

What are the risk factors for DR

A
  • Type 1 or 2 diabetes
  • Poor control of blood sugar level
  • High blood pressure
  • High cholesterol
  • Pregnancy
  • Being African American or Hispanic
  • Smoking
56
Q

a disease that blurs the sharp, central vision needed to see straight-ahead.

A

AMD

57
Q

AMD affects the part of the eye called ________ found in the center of the retina

A

Macula

58
Q

lets a person see fine detail and is needed for things like reading and driving

A

Macula

59
Q

Wet form of AMD is more common than dry form

A

FALSE

60
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The more common dry form of AMD can be treated in the early stages to delay vision loss and possibly prevent the disease from progressing to the advanced stage.

A

TRUE

61
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Taking certain vitamins and minerals may reduce the risk of developing advanced AMD.

A

TRUE

62
Q

The less common ______ form of AMD may respond to treatment, if diagnosed and treated early.

A

Wet

63
Q

Risk factors for AMD

A

Type 1 or 2 diabetes

Poor control of blood sugar level

High blood pressure

High cholesterol

Pregnancy

Being African American or Hispanic

Smoking

64
Q

There are different types of glaucoma, but all of them cause vision loss by damaging the___________

A

optic nerve

65
Q

SNEAK THIEF OF SIGHT

A

GLAUCOMA

66
Q

The most common type of glaucoma happens because of slowly increasing ____________________ inside the eyes.

A

fluid pressure

67
Q

Vision loss from glaucoma can be corrected.

A

FALSE

68
Q

RISK FACTORS FOR GLAUCOMA

A

Anyone can have glaucoma, but some people are at higher risk of developing the disease.

African Americans over age 40

Everyone over age 60, especially Mexican Americans

Those with a family history of glaucoma

69
Q

Clouding of the lens of the eye

A

Cataract

70
Q

Cataract often leads to poor vision at ______, especially while driving, due to glare from bright lights.

A

night

71
Q

T or F
Cataracts only occurs in older people

A

FALSE

72
Q

Risk factors for cataracts

A

Age, cataracts are more common after age 60

Certain diseases such as diabetes

Smoking and alcohol use

Too much exposure to sunlight

73
Q

most common cause of visual impairment in the country.

A

EOR

74
Q

Prevalence of EOR in the population

A

2.06%

75
Q

The prevalence of blindness among children (up to age 19) is________% while the prevalence of visual impairment in the same age group is_________%.

A

0.06; 0.43

76
Q

“the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health”

A

Public health

77
Q

Public health is the science and art of ___________, ___________, ___________

A

Preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health

78
Q

The dimensions of health can encompass “________________________________________________________________________________________________________”, as defined by the United Nations.

A

a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

79
Q

Public health incorporates the interdisciplinary approaches of

A

epidemiology
health informatics
biostatistics
sociology and demography
health education and promotion
management
and other health services

80
Q

Important subfields of public health

A

Environmental health

community health

behavioral health

health economics

public policy

insurance medicine and occupational health

respectively occupational medicine

81
Q

Modern public health practice requires multidisciplinary teams of professionals including physicians specializing in:

A

public health/community medicine/infectious disease
epidemiologists
biostatisticians
public health nurses
medical microbiologists
environmental health officers/public health inspectors
pharmacists
dental hygienists
public health optometrists
dietitians and nutritionists
veterinarians
public health engineers
public health lawyers
sociologists
community development workers
communications experts, and others.

82
Q

Public health surveillance has led to the identification and prioritization of many public health issues facing the world today, including

A

HIV/AIDS

DIABETES

WATERBORNE DISEASES

ZOONOTIC DISEASES

PREVENTABLE BLINDNESS

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

83
Q

The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies core functions of public health programs to include:

A

Providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging in partnerships where joint action is needed;

Shaping a research agenda and stimulating the generation, translation and dissemination of valuable knowledge;

Setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation;

Articulating ethical and evidence-based policy options;

Monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends.

84
Q

a hybrid discipline that combines the principles of public health and optometry

A

Public health optometry

85
Q

applies the principles of both the specialties to reach out to the communities to provide care, promote eye health and train community level eye care workers.

A

Optometrist

86
Q

a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

A

Health

87
Q

Determinants of health

A
  • genetics and biological
  • behavioral
  • environmental
  • socio-economic
  • health service system
  • socio-cultural
  • aging of the population
  • science and technology
  • information and communication
  • gender
  • equity and justice
  • human right

B E S H S A S I G E H G

88
Q

BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS

A

Genetic make-up (Heredity)

It is permanent & can not be altered

Transmitted by hereditarily

No treatment

Many be prevented to some extent

89
Q

Environmental factors

A

Biological
Physical
Psychosocial

90
Q

Biological environmental factors

A

disease producing agent (e.g. bacteria, virus, fungi)

intermediate host (e.g. mosquito, sand fly)

vector (e.g. house fly)

reservoir (e.g. pig in JE).

91
Q

Physical Environmental Factors

A

Air
water
light
noise
Soil
climate
altitude
radiation housing
waste

92
Q

The psychological make up of individual and structure and functioning of society.

A

Psychosocial

93
Q

Examples of psychosocial environmental factors

A

habit
beliefs
culture
custom
religion

94
Q

Behavioral pattern and life long habits

A

smoking and alcohol consumption
food habit
personal hygiene
rest and physical exercise
sleeping patterns
sexual behavior

95
Q

Lifestyle makes the difference

A

Malnutrition.
Population explosion.
Mental health problems.
Cancer.
Diabetes mellitus
Cardiovascular diseases AIDS &STDs.
Environmental pollution.

96
Q

SOCIO_ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

A

Education
Occupation
Economic growth
Political system

97
Q

Health services should:

A
  • Should include comprehensive services
  • Need based essential
  • Must reach to social periphery
  • Equitably distributed
  • Accessible at affordable cost
  • Socially acceptable
  • Should promote health & prevent illnesses
  • Services must reach to all sections
98
Q

Health services promoting health and prevents illnesses

A

Immunization of children
Provision of safe drinking water
ANC-will reduce MMR & IMR

99
Q

Covers spectrum of personal & community services for treatment, prevention & promotion of health

A

Family welfare services

100
Q

Examples of family welfare services

A

Immunization
Family polanning
Nutritional

101
Q

By the year 2020, the world will have more than__________ people aged sixty or over and more than two-thirds of them living in developing countries.

A

one billion

102
Q

Effect of aging of population

A

increased prevalence of chronic diseases and disabilities

103
Q

Other determinants of health

A

Science and technology
Information And Communication
Equity and social justice
Human rights, etc

104
Q

What are the 4 that have responsibility for health?

A

Individual
Community
State
International

105
Q

self care for maintaining their own health.

A

Individual responsibility

106
Q

health care for the people to the health care by the people.

A

Community responsibility

107
Q

constitutional rights.

A

State responsibility

108
Q

SAARC

A

International responsibility

109
Q

The objective of_______________ is based on the principles of reaching out to those in need and providing them help, making use of local resources, and providing services to the areas which may or may not have regular access to services.

A

public health optometry

110
Q

The public health optometry program not only provides access to eye care but also addresses______________________ that prevent these groups of patients from accessing services

A

social and economic barriers

Public Health (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions