Finals Flashcards
PEC stands for
Primary Eye Care
an integral part of comprehensive eye care
Primary Eye Care
targeted not only towards preventing blindness and visual impairment but also towards providing services to _______________________
redress ocular morbidity
True or false
PEC is a secondline activity, providing care and identifying disease before it becomes a serious medical condition.
False
Components of primary eye care
Eye health education
Symptom identification
Visual acuity measurement
Basic eye examination
Diagnosis
Timely referral
E S V B D T
Primary eye care is the provision of ____________, _____________, ______________ care that meets patients’ eye care needs in a comprehensive and competent manner.
appropriate, accessible, and affordable
TRUE OR FALSE
PEC provides the patient with the second contact for eye care as well as a lifetime of continuing care.
False
13 Primary eye care services include:
- Educating patients about maintaining and promoting healthy vision.
- Performing a comprehensive examination of the visual system.
- Screening for eye diseases and conditions affecting vision that may be asymptomatic.
- Recognizing ocular manifestations of systemic diseases and systemic effects of ocular medications.
- Making a differential diagnosis and definitive diagnosis for any detected abnormalities.
- Performing refractions.
- Fitting and prescribing optical aids, such as glasses and contact lenses.
- Deciding on a treatment plan and treating patients’ eye care needs with appropriate therapies.
- Counseling and educating patients about their eye disease conditions.
- Recognizing and managing local and systemic effects of drug therapy.
11.Determining when to triage patients for more specialized care and referring to specialists as needed and appropriate.
- Coordinating care with other physicians involved in the patient’s overall medical management.
- Performing surgery when necessary.
Medical specialists and other health professionals, who typically don’t have initial contact with patients, provide _________
Secondary care
Examples of secondary care physicians
Cadiologist
Rheumatologist
Urologist
Physical therapist
Respiratory therapist
Speech therapist
Occupational therapist
Another category of secondary care is
Hospital care or acute care
The term covers care as an admitted patient in a hospital, a visit to a hospital ER, attendance in childbirth, medical imaging (radiology) services and care within an intensive care unit.
Hospital care or acute care
necessary treatment for a short period of time for a brief but serious illness, injury or other eye health condition.
Acute care
Examples of conditions that needs acute care
Cataract
Glaucoma
Trachoma
Patients being treated requiring a higher level of care in a hospital may be considered to be in
tertiary care
Physicians and equipment at this level are highly specialized
Tertiary care
Tertiary care services include such areas as
cardiac surgery, cancer treatment and management, burn treatment, plastic surgery, neurosurgery and other complicated treatments or procedures
Fourth level of care
Quaternary Care
A more complex level of tertiary care
Quaternary care
highly specialized and experimental treatments and procedures are considered to be at the _____________ level
Quaternary care
TRUE OR FALSE
Secondary care is specialized consultative health care, usually for in patients
FALSE
Centralized at a major health care complex.
A medical teaching hospitals, eye hospitals or eye centers.
TERTIARY EYE CARE
PHC based on the following principles :
Social equity
Nation-wide coverage
Self-reliance
Inter-sectoral coordination
People’s involvement in the planning and implementation of health programs
SNSIP
proposed a set of PRINCIPLES for primary health care
The 1978 Declaration of Alma-Ata
According to the proposed 1978 Declaration of Alma-Ata, what are the principles of PHC?
- Reflect and evolve considering different conditions
- Address main health problem providing services
- Involve all related sectors and aspects of national and community development, in particular:
- Agriculture
- animal husbandry
- Food
- Industry
- Education
- Housing
- Public works - Promote maximum community and individual self-reliance and participation
- Be sustained by referral systems, leading to the progressive improvement of comprehensive health care
- Rely, at local and referral levels, on health workers to respond to the expressed health needs of the community.
PHC should involve all related sectors and aspects of national and community development, in particular:
Agriculture
animal husbandry
Food
Industry
Education
Housing
Public works
8 essential elements of PHC
Education concerning main health problems
Promotion of food supply and good nutrition
Adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation
Maternal and child health, and family planning
Immunisation against major infectious diseases
Prevention and control of local endemic diseases
Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries
Provision of essential drugs.
Guidelines for PEC
- Conditions to be recognised and treated by a trained primary health care worker
- Conditions to be recognised and referred after treatment has been initiated
- Conditions that should be recognised and referred for treatment
Importance of PHC
- Can head potentially serious problems off at the pass.
- Lowers costs: helps keep people out of emergency rooms, where costs at least four times as much other outpatient care
- Catching and treating problems early - cheaper than treating severe or advanced illness.
- an impairment of the sense of vision
- not the same as an eye disease
- causes may occur at other locations in the optic pathway
VISION DISORDER
MOST COMMON ADULT VISION PROBLEMS
Blurred vision (called refractive errors)
Age-related macular degeneration
Glaucoma
Cataract
Diabetic retinopathy
Most Common Childhood Vision Problems
Blurred vision (called refractive errors)
Crossed eyes (called strabismus)
Lazy eye (called amblyopia)
Nearsightedness
Myopia
Farsightedness
Hyperopia
If you are older than 40 and have trouble reading small print or focusing up close, this is usually due to a condition called
Presbyopia
condition that causes blurred vision, but it is because of the shape of the cornea.
Astigmatism
What are the risk factors for developing EOR?
- family history
- advancing age
- environmental
- occupational
Crossed eyes are also known as
Strabismus
Tropia
Squint
occurs when the eyes do not line up or they are crossed. One eye, however, usually remains straight at any given time.
Crossed eyes
If left untreated, strabismus can cause
Amblyopia
What are the risk factors for strabismus?
Family history of strabismus
Having a significant amount of uncorrected farsightedness (hyperopia)
Disabilities such as Down syndrome and cerebral palsy
Stroke or head injury
Also known as lazy eye
Amblyopia
a result of the brain and the eyes not working together. The brain ignores visual information from one eye, which causes problems with vision development.
Amblyopia
Treatment for amblyopia works well if the condition is found early. If untreated, amblyopia causes__________________________
permanent vision loss.
What are the risk factors for amblyopia?
- Premature birth
- Low birth weight
- Retinopathy of prematurity diagnosis
- Cerebral palsy diagnosis
- Intellectual disability diagnosis
- Family history of certain eye conditions
- Maternal smoking, drug or alcohol use
- Surgery on eye muscles for esotropia (eyes turn in toward nose)
caused by damage to blood vessels in the back of the eye (retina). The longer someone has diabetes, the more likely he or she will get this
Diabetic Retinopathy
TRUE OR FALSE
People with type 1 diabetes are at risk for DR
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE
People with this DR may notice changes to their vision and get worse until the damage to the eyes is severe.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE
During the first two stages of DR, treatment is usually not needed.
FALSE
To prevent progression of diabetic retinopathy, people with diabetes should control their levels of:
blood sugar
blood pressure
blood cholesterol
the fourth stage of DR is called
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
TRUE OR FALSE
For the fourth stage of DR, called proliferative retinopathy, there are treatments and cure for DR.
FALSE
Warning signs of diabetic retinopathy include
blurred vision
gradual vision loss
floaters
shadows or missing areas of vision
difficulty seeing at nighttime
TRUE OR FALSE
People with diabetes are at greater risk for cataract and glaucoma as well.
TRUE
What are the risk factors for DR
- Type 1 or 2 diabetes
- Poor control of blood sugar level
- High blood pressure
- High cholesterol
- Pregnancy
- Being African American or Hispanic
- Smoking
a disease that blurs the sharp, central vision needed to see straight-ahead.
AMD
AMD affects the part of the eye called ________ found in the center of the retina
Macula
lets a person see fine detail and is needed for things like reading and driving
Macula
Wet form of AMD is more common than dry form
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE
The more common dry form of AMD can be treated in the early stages to delay vision loss and possibly prevent the disease from progressing to the advanced stage.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Taking certain vitamins and minerals may reduce the risk of developing advanced AMD.
TRUE
The less common ______ form of AMD may respond to treatment, if diagnosed and treated early.
Wet
Risk factors for AMD
Type 1 or 2 diabetes
Poor control of blood sugar level
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Pregnancy
Being African American or Hispanic
Smoking
There are different types of glaucoma, but all of them cause vision loss by damaging the___________
optic nerve
SNEAK THIEF OF SIGHT
GLAUCOMA
The most common type of glaucoma happens because of slowly increasing ____________________ inside the eyes.
fluid pressure
Vision loss from glaucoma can be corrected.
FALSE
RISK FACTORS FOR GLAUCOMA
Anyone can have glaucoma, but some people are at higher risk of developing the disease.
African Americans over age 40
Everyone over age 60, especially Mexican Americans
Those with a family history of glaucoma
Clouding of the lens of the eye
Cataract
Cataract often leads to poor vision at ______, especially while driving, due to glare from bright lights.
night
T or F
Cataracts only occurs in older people
FALSE
Risk factors for cataracts
Age, cataracts are more common after age 60
Certain diseases such as diabetes
Smoking and alcohol use
Too much exposure to sunlight
most common cause of visual impairment in the country.
EOR
Prevalence of EOR in the population
2.06%
The prevalence of blindness among children (up to age 19) is________% while the prevalence of visual impairment in the same age group is_________%.
0.06; 0.43
“the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health”
Public health
Public health is the science and art of ___________, ___________, ___________
Preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health
The dimensions of health can encompass “________________________________________________________________________________________________________”, as defined by the United Nations.
a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Public health incorporates the interdisciplinary approaches of
epidemiology
health informatics
biostatistics
sociology and demography
health education and promotion
management
and other health services
Important subfields of public health
Environmental health
community health
behavioral health
health economics
public policy
insurance medicine and occupational health
respectively occupational medicine
Modern public health practice requires multidisciplinary teams of professionals including physicians specializing in:
public health/community medicine/infectious disease
epidemiologists
biostatisticians
public health nurses
medical microbiologists
environmental health officers/public health inspectors
pharmacists
dental hygienists
public health optometrists
dietitians and nutritionists
veterinarians
public health engineers
public health lawyers
sociologists
community development workers
communications experts, and others.
Public health surveillance has led to the identification and prioritization of many public health issues facing the world today, including
HIV/AIDS
DIABETES
WATERBORNE DISEASES
ZOONOTIC DISEASES
PREVENTABLE BLINDNESS
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies core functions of public health programs to include:
Providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging in partnerships where joint action is needed;
Shaping a research agenda and stimulating the generation, translation and dissemination of valuable knowledge;
Setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation;
Articulating ethical and evidence-based policy options;
Monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends.
a hybrid discipline that combines the principles of public health and optometry
Public health optometry
applies the principles of both the specialties to reach out to the communities to provide care, promote eye health and train community level eye care workers.
Optometrist
a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Health
Determinants of health
- genetics and biological
- behavioral
- environmental
- socio-economic
- health service system
- socio-cultural
- aging of the population
- science and technology
- information and communication
- gender
- equity and justice
- human right
B E S H S A S I G E H G
BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
Genetic make-up (Heredity)
It is permanent & can not be altered
Transmitted by hereditarily
No treatment
Many be prevented to some extent
Environmental factors
Biological
Physical
Psychosocial
Biological environmental factors
disease producing agent (e.g. bacteria, virus, fungi)
intermediate host (e.g. mosquito, sand fly)
vector (e.g. house fly)
reservoir (e.g. pig in JE).
Physical Environmental Factors
Air
water
light
noise
Soil
climate
altitude
radiation housing
waste
The psychological make up of individual and structure and functioning of society.
Psychosocial
Examples of psychosocial environmental factors
habit
beliefs
culture
custom
religion
Behavioral pattern and life long habits
smoking and alcohol consumption
food habit
personal hygiene
rest and physical exercise
sleeping patterns
sexual behavior
Lifestyle makes the difference
Malnutrition.
Population explosion.
Mental health problems.
Cancer.
Diabetes mellitus
Cardiovascular diseases AIDS &STDs.
Environmental pollution.
SOCIO_ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
Education
Occupation
Economic growth
Political system
Health services should:
- Should include comprehensive services
- Need based essential
- Must reach to social periphery
- Equitably distributed
- Accessible at affordable cost
- Socially acceptable
- Should promote health & prevent illnesses
- Services must reach to all sections
Health services promoting health and prevents illnesses
Immunization of children
Provision of safe drinking water
ANC-will reduce MMR & IMR
Covers spectrum of personal & community services for treatment, prevention & promotion of health
Family welfare services
Examples of family welfare services
Immunization
Family polanning
Nutritional
By the year 2020, the world will have more than__________ people aged sixty or over and more than two-thirds of them living in developing countries.
one billion
Effect of aging of population
increased prevalence of chronic diseases and disabilities
Other determinants of health
Science and technology
Information And Communication
Equity and social justice
Human rights, etc
What are the 4 that have responsibility for health?
Individual
Community
State
International
self care for maintaining their own health.
Individual responsibility
health care for the people to the health care by the people.
Community responsibility
constitutional rights.
State responsibility
SAARC
International responsibility
The objective of_______________ is based on the principles of reaching out to those in need and providing them help, making use of local resources, and providing services to the areas which may or may not have regular access to services.
public health optometry
The public health optometry program not only provides access to eye care but also addresses______________________ that prevent these groups of patients from accessing services
social and economic barriers
