FINALS Flashcards
This is of special importance in young individuals where skeletal secondary sexual characters have not yet developed. Studies show significant differences between male and female permanent and deciduous tooth crown dimension. One is reminded that tooth size or odontometrics, is under considerable influence of the environment. Such measurements are, therefore, population specific, and do not apply to the world at large.
Mesiodistal and Buccolingual dimension (MD-BL)
Permanent canine teeth and their intercanine distance contribute to sex identification through the dimorphism. Amongst teeth, mandibular canines show greatest dimensional difference with larger teeth in males than in females.
Mean Canine Index (MCI)
Refers to the way the upper and lower teeth come together when the jaws are closed and in a functional position
OCCLUSION
Coined by Edward Angle
Father of Modern Orthodontics
Deviation from the normal alignment and Position of the teeth when jaws are closed.
MALOCCLUSION
A well aligned teeth in each jaw and a balanced well intermeshed bite of the cheek teeth
IDEAL OCCLUSION
Some deviation from that of the ideal but is acceptable and is functionally stable
NORMAL OCCLUSION
The gingival portion of the long axis of each tooth crown is distal to the occlusal portion of the axis. The degree of tip varies with each tooth type
Correct crown angulation
For the upper incisors, the occlusal portion of the crowns labial surface is labial to the gingival portion. In all other crowns, the occlusal portion of the labial or buccal surface is lingual to the gingival portion
Correct crown inclination
There should be no rotations within the dental arches.
No rotation
There should be no spaces within the dental arches.
No spaces
The curve of spree should be flat.
Flat to slight curve of spree
Malocclusions within the same arch
i.e. either maxillary arch or mandibular arch
Intra-arch Malocclusions
Malocclusions involving both maxillary and mandibular arches
Interarch Malocclusions
Malocclusions involving underlying skeletal structures.
Skeletal Malocclusions
Includes variation in individual tooth position & a group of teeth within in an arch
Abnormal inclination
Abnormal displacements
Spacing and crowding within the same arch
INTRA ARCH
- Can be caused by defects in size, position or relationship between the upper and lower jaws.
- Can occur in sagittal, vertical and transverse planes.
SKELETAL MALLOCCLUSION
- Special importance in young individuals where skeletal secondary sexual characters have not yet developed
-MD dimensions of teeth in male are more than that of female.
Mesiodistal and Buccolingual dimension (MD-BL)
- Greatest difference/sexual dimorphism
-Less exposed to plaque and calculus
-Lesser pathological migration
-The last teeth to be extracted with respect to age
More likely to survive in conditions such as air disasters, hurricanes, or conflagration
MANDIBULAR CANINES
-Male
-X female
-A reliable technique in teeth with healthy pulps or caries within enamel or up to half the way of dentin
F-Bodies
AMEL X Gene; AMEL Y gene
Female = two identical AMEL genes or alleles
Male= two different AMEL genes.
Amel Gene
IMPACTED TEETH
TYPE OF ORIENTATION
Mesial Impaction
Vertical Impaction
Distal Impaction
Horizontal Impaction
NATURE OF THE OVERLYING TISSUE
a. Soft Tissue Impaction
b. Hard Tissue Impaction
- Partial bony impaction
- Complete bony impaction
Refers to a significant wear of tooth structure caused by various factors. This occurs on the occlusal surface as well as the proximal surface (sides of the teeth that touch each other)
Can lead to several dental issues
GROSS ATTRITION
a condition characterized by excessive tooth grinding and clenching. This can occur in day or night (sleep bruxism). Constant friction and pressure from grinding can lead to wear and tear.
Malocclusion: Malalignment of teeth. Can result in abnormal contacts and forces during chewing resulting to uneven wear and tear.
Bruxisim
Can result in abnormal contacts and forces during chewing resulting to uneven wear and tear.
Malalignment of teeth
such as chewing hard objects or using teeth as a tool
Abrasive habits
Frequent consumption off acidic foods and beverages can erode enamel layer making teeth susceptible to wear and tear.
Acid Erosion
natural wear and tear due to exposure of various forces.
Age and Natural Wear
Craniofacial abnormalities of form, function, or position of teeth, bones and tossues of the jaw and mouth
DENTAL ANOMALIES
also known as anodontia vera, a rare genetic disorder characterized by the congenital absence of all primary or permanent teeth
Anodontia
- a rare genetic disorder causing numerous polyps in the colon and rectum
-One of the features- dental abnormalities= extra/ missing teeth
GARDNER’S SYNDROME/ Familial Adenomatus Polyposis
- Rare genetic disorder that affects the development of bones and teeth.
- Delayed eruption or abnormal shape and alignment of permanent teeth, with multiple supernumerary teeth present.
CLEIDOCRANIAL DYSOSTOSIS SYNDROME
- Occur in sex-related crimes, child abuse cases and offenses involving physical altercations, such as homicides
- Male victims: arms and shoulders
- Female victims: breasts, arms, and legs;
- Cutaneous Human Bite mark
- Caused by contacting teeth
BITE MARKS
- Progressive irreversible microbial disease affecting the hard parts of tooth exposed to the oral environment.
- Bacteria most responsible for dental cavitis
OPERATIVE DENTISTRY/ RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY
FORMATION OF CARIES DENTAL CARIES
TRNSMISSION OF CARIES CAUSING BACTERIA
– More common in siblings, children in same classroom, nursery, day care centers?
– From parents to children?
- Horizontal Transmission
- Vertical Transmission
- Forms after 4-12 hrs after brushing
- Forms easily in certain places:
•Cracks, pits, grooves in back teeth
•Between teeth
•Around dental fillings or bridgework
•Near the gumline
DENTAL PLAQUE
Dissolving the calcium and phosphate from the hydroxyapatite crystals
Demineralization
Calcium and phosphate being redeposited in previously demineralized areas.
Remineralization
FIVE STAGES OF TOOOTH DECAY
Demineralization
Enamel Erosion
Dentin Erosion
Dental Pulp Infection
Abscess Formation
- Can contribute to strengthening of the tooth by producing components build a strong enamel structure.
- Main roles:
•Physical protection
•Chemical protection
•Antibacterial
ROLE OF SALIVA
METHODS OF CARIES INTERVENTION
- Oral hygiene
- Fluoride application
- Pit and fissure sealants
- Xylitol
-Occlusal surfaces of molars and premolars
-Occlusal of 2/3 of the buccal and lingual surfaces of molars
-Lingual surfaces of anterior teeth.
Class 1 (Simple) – All pit-and-fissure restorations
Involve the proximal surfaces (mesial and distal) of posterior teeth with access established from the occlusal tooth surface.
Class II (Compound)
Involve the proximal surfaces of the anterior teeth which may or may not involve the lingual extension but DO NOT involve the incisal line angle.
Class III (Simple)
Involves proximal surfaces of anterior teeth which also involve the incisal angle.
Class IV (Compound)
- Cast- Gold Inlays and Onlays
- Veneer Crown
DENTAL CROWN
Replaces missing teeth with removable prosthetics
REMOVABLE PROSTHODONTHICS
Indicators:
To replace teeth in same quadrant or in both quadrants of the same arch
As a temporary replacement for missing teeth in a child
To replace missing teeth for patients who do not want a fixed bridge or implants
For the patient who finds it easier to maintain good oral hygiene
To serve as a splint to support periodontally involved teeth.
Removable partial denture
Lack of suitable teeth in the arch to support, stabilize and retain the removable prosthetics
Rampant caries or severe periodontal conditions that threaten the remaining teeth in the arch
Lack of patient acceptance for aesthetic purposes
Chronic poor oral hygiene.
Contraindicators
Patient is edentulous
Remaining teeth cannot be saved and no alternatives are available
Patient refuses alternative treatment recommendations
Removable full denture
Indications:
One or two adjacent teeth are missing in same arch
Supportive tissues are healthy
Suitable abutment teeth are present
Patient is in good health and wants to have prosthesis placed.
Patient has skills and motivation to maintain good oral hygiene.
FIXED PROSTHODONTICS
