Finals Flashcards
Which of the following is a correct metric of the burden of tuberculosis (TB) in developing countries today?
it is estimated that 33% have the bacteria in their bodies
Which of the following ideal criteria for elimination of a disease is addressed by the following statement: Hepatitis B can survive for extended periods of time in contaminated needles?
Short persistence in environment
Select the criteria that affect a diseases transmission rate.
-route of transmission
-period of communicability
-whether there is a vaccination program in place
-antibiotic resistance of the organism
-effectiveness of barriers such as masks or condoms
Mumps has an R0 of 10 meaning that:
on average, a person with mumps will infect 10 other people
Which of the following diseases is the least likely to be eradicated?
Influenza
Which of the following has been successfully used to control communicable diseases?
-case finding and contract tracing
-isolation
-epidemiological treatment/treatment based upon exposure
ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT
malaria
mosquito netting
sexually transmitted diseases
condoms
influenza
masks
blood-borne pathogens
latex gloves
mercury contamination of the Great Lakes represents which type of physical environment?
altered environment
volcanoes represent which type of physical environment?
Unaltered or natural environment
a chemical is absorbed through the digestive tract but not through the skin. this is an example of which of the following factors that affect the impact of an exposure?
route of exposure
chemical X is released from a plastics factory into the municipal water system, where it enters a small river and is ingested by fish and reduces their reproduction rate. Which of the following approaches to environmental problems does this represent?
ecological assessment
chemical X, which is used in the manufacturing of plastics, is found to double the frequency of asthma when inhaled for more than 2 hours a day at levels more than 2 parts per million. this is an example of which of the following approaches to environmental problems?
risk assessment
all of the following are true of lead as an environmental hazard, EXCEPT:
paint in homes is no longer a source of lead exposure because lead is no longer allowed in paint
which of the following are true about intentional and unintentional injuries? select all correct responses.
-it is estimated that 1 person dies every 3 minutes due to violence or injury in the US
-intentional injuries include both self inflicted injuries and violence against others
-motor vehicle collisions are considered unintentional injuries
which of the following are true about intentional and unintentional injuries?
motor vehicle injuries occur as a result of which type of physical environment?
built environment
all of the following characterize the Flexner era in medical education, EXCEPT:
prevention and public health were important components of the curriculum
a utrgv student is feeling sick and goes to the student health center to see a doctor, nurse practitioner or physician assistant for diagnosis and treatment
primary care
your family practice doctor refers you to a cardiologist because you have an arrhythmia
secondary care
a woman with breast cancer is referred to a cancer treatment center
secondary care
a local hospital is designated as a regional trauma center
tertiary care
a legal document granted by a governmental authority that provides permission to engage in an activity such as the practice of a health profession is an example of:
licensure
all of the following are true of public health professions, EXCEPT:
graduate public health degrees require previous graduate credentials such as medicine, nursing, or law
________ is a process applied to educational institutions and healthcare institutions to define and enforce required structures, processes, and outcomes
accreditation
a nongovernmental process designed to ensure the competence of individual health professionals based upon completion of educational requirements and performance on an examination or other evaluation procedure is an example of which of the following?
certification
which of the following is true of primary care in the United States?
there are approximately two specialty physicians for every primary care physician in the united states
which of the following is NOT true of the ideal of primary care in the United States?
it aims to replace specialty care
yearly publication of data on life expectancy is an example of which of the following essential public health services?
monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems
which of the following federal agencies is the consumer protection agency with authority for safety of foods and efficacy of drugs?
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
a health department is responsible for oversight of a community-wide effort that requires testing and follow-up of all newborns for a genetic disease. This is an example of which of the following essential public health services?
Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts
which of the following federal agencies is the lead search agency that also funds training programs and communication of health information to the professional community and the public?
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
a health department is responsible for licensure of physicians, nurses, and other health professionals. this is an example of which of the following essential public health services?
Assure a competent public and personal healthcare workforce.
which of the following agencies is the lead agency for prevention, health data, epidemic investigation, and public health measures aimed at disease control and prevention?
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
which of the following is true about global public health organizations?
-the world bank is the largest outside funder of health projects
-nongovernmental organizations play an active role in global health efforts
-public-private partnerships are increasingly providing innovative approaches to addressing global health issues
ALL ARE CORRECT
which of the following is NOT true of community-oriented primary care?
it defines a community based exclusively on geography
which of the following is true of local health departments?
-they all have the same structure and scope of responsibilities across the country
-they have defined constitutional responsibilities to provide for health services
-they serve as the primary organization for implementation of the right to health care
NONE OF THESE ARE CORRECT
the epidemic intelligence service sends in a team of investigators to determine the cause of a recent increase in acute pneumonia. this is an example of which of the following essential public health services?
Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community
FDA approval of a drug has all of the following implications, EXCEPT:
the drug is fee of life-threatening side effects
the primary goal of FDA phases 2 and 3 is to:
demonstrate that the drug has efficacy
which of the following is not a regulatory agency, but establishes policy and makes recommendations for the united states?
Centers for Disease (CDC)
which of the following is not a regulatory agency, but establishes policy and makes recommendations globally?
WHO (world health organization)
which type of adverse effect is most likely to be reported as part of the spontaneous reporting system?
dramatic conditions occurring soon after the drug’s administration that rarely occur in clinical practice in the absence of the drug
which of the following is the last step in an outbreak investigation?
Deciding that an outbreak is over
all of the following are limitations of randomized controlled trials for the investigation of safety. EXCEPT:
serious side effects are often overlooked due to infrequent observation
FDA requirements for efficacy need to be established based upon randomized controlled trials for all of the following types of products, EXCEPT:
dietary supplements
which of the following is the first step in an outbreak investigation?
defining and finding cases
which of the following is NOT true of the FDA use of animal testing of drugs?
absence of toxicity in animal testing has been shown to correlate very closely with the absence of toxicity in human studies
which of the following most accurately describes the microbiological influences component of One health?
rna viruses have an increased probability of mutation compared to DNA viruses
chicken pox is viewed as a lifelong disease that produces different manifestations at different ages. this is an example of which of the following uses of systems analysis.
utilize systems analysis to help understand the impact of a disease over the life span
an investigator selects the known cause-and-effect relationships that bring about coronary artery disease and uses these to investigate how multiple interventions can be used together to reduce the incidence and improve the outcome of the disease. this is an example of which of the following approaches?
a combination of reductionist and systems thinking
an investigator examines the factors that influence an outcome and creates a system diagram indicating the direction and magnitude of the impact of factors without requiring a demonstration of cause-and-effect relationships. this is an example of which of the following approaches?
integrative or systems thinking
pregnant women are highly motivated to stop smoking. this can be best describes as an example of which of the following?
leverage point
an investigator studies the etiology of a disease, taking into account or adjusting for potential confounding variables. this is an example of which of the following approaches?
reductionist thinking
which of the following features distinguishes a system for a heap—i.ei., a collection of parts?
ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT
asbestos and radon exposure greatly increase the hazard of cigarette smoking. this can be best described as an example of which of the following?
multiplicative interaction
