Finals Flashcards
Russian Literature, literature of the Russian people, written from the _____ to the present.
900s
The _____ (also spelled ____)
The _________.
Kyiv (Kiev)
Muscovite
Literacy increased, so did the available reading matter: Compilations of knowledge, historical chronicles, and poems appeared, all translated into _______________________________.
Old Church Slavonic
_____________ remained the literary language of Russia until the ______________.
Old Church Slavonic
17th century
Many existing literary works, such as saints’ lives and historical chronicles, were collected and consolidated
Muscovite Period
signifying the regime’s desire to systematize and regulate ______,_________, and ________.
political, religious, and cultural life.
A period of political chaos at the beginning of the ______ marked the end of Muscovite Russia.
17th century
In literature the new century saw the end of _______________, with literary efforts directed largely by the church or the tsar, and the beginnings of ____________.
Old Russian culture
Western influence
_________________ emerged as writers began to develop a distinctly Russian style of writing.
Modern Russian literature
By the ____________ written Russian finally came into wide use, replacing Old Church Slavonic.
18th century
Rulers such as __________ and ____________ made efforts to promote literature, and their efforts played an important role in enabling writers to flourish.
Peter the Great
Catherine the Great
The _______________ is the period of Russian literature most familiar to Western readers.
19th century
It was during this century that such literary giants as Aleksandr Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolay Gogol, Ivan Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy, and Anton Chekhov wrote most of their masterpieces.
The 19th Century
The advances of this period, which is known as the ______________, are most vividly seen in the work of ____________.
Golden Age of Poetry
Aleksandr Pushkin
________:The ______ began a period during which writers produced some of the greatest Russian fiction.
1830s
Prose and Fiction
_______ was the most original master of Russian prose of the 19th century.
Nikolay Gogol
_________ refined both the short story and the novel, and he was the first Russian writer to build a substantial following outside Russia.
Ivan Turgenev
Four writers who are less known outside Russia than their mid-century contemporaries nevertheless made lasting contributions to Russian prose.
Goncharov, Saltykov, Pisemsky, and Leskov
He was a social and political thinker and an enormous moral force.
Tolstoy
The world created by ________ is one of disorder and extremes of human behavior, a world in which characters act out dramas of ideas.
Fyodor Dostoyevsky
He revolutionized the short story. He developed a coolly objective style that presents, in compact form, the specific circumstances of a character’s life and allows the reader to make final judgments about that character.
Chekhov
In the _____ the Russian literary temperament began to change.
For the previous _________, literature had been dominated by ___________—the objective depiction of life as it is—expressed primarily through the form of the novel.
1880s
40 years
social realism
__________ reacted against the realism of the previous age, arguing that art was not mimetic—that is, it did not imitate reality—but was symbolic by its very nature.
Symbolism
independent movement. The _______ argued that the essence of poetry was beauty and clarity, not mysticism and vagueness.
Acmeism
acmeists
A group of writers who were not associated with the modernist movements of the Silver Age, but who continued to work more or less in the 19th-century realist tradition, grew up around the _______ (Knowledge) publishing house.
The Znanie Group
In _______ a series of events known as the __________ took place in Russia, transforming the country.
The ruling monarch, _______, was overthrown, and a Communist government was put into place.
1917
Russian Revolution
Nicholas II
These writers represented a wide range of literary tendencies that created some of the most innovative and original prose of the period.
The Fellow Travelers
_________: After the ________, many eminent writers, critics, philosophers, and scholars left Russia to set down new roots in Europe. Paris, France, became the center of émigré intellectual life, although lively _____ communities existed in Berlin, Germany, and other European capitals.
Émigré Literature
1917 Revolution
émigré
Through the 1920s, a relatively broad range of literary groupings enjoyed official tolerance. This tolerance came to an end with the consolidation of power under Joseph Stalin and his decision to establish a planned economy and a collectivized, disciplined society.
Socialist Realism
Works that had been banned, either because their authors had fallen victim to Stalin or had emigrated, were reinstated as literature and republished. In the 1960s a new generation of writers turned away from the heroic themes of socialist realism toward personal lyric poetry and short stories. These new works implicitly (and sometimes explicitly) questioned the fundamental tenets of Communist ideology and celebrated private life and small virtues.
The Thaw
Through the 1970s and 1980s Soviet critics and writers increasingly ignored the guidelines of socialist realism, except for a few who toed the Communist Party line.
The End of the Soviet Union
writers were now free to write as they pleased and about what they pleased without fear of reprimand or prison. They now had open access to foreign literatures and the possibility of publishing their writings abroad.
Post Soviet Literature
Especially in High Romances stories and fairytales
Adventure
satires that still bite like those of Voltaire Rabelais
Philosophical Humor
ties with realism, especially in 19th Century
Liberal Humanism
Major Themes of French Literature
Adventure
Philosophical Humor
Liberal Humanism
Modern Individualism
The engagement of Lebanese writers with the everyday realities of the ‘____________’ is of crucial relevance to research involving the geography and spatiality of the wars.
Lebanese wars
____________ literature reflects that the country has always been open to the west and a meeting place for oriental and western cultural currents.
Modern Lebanese
The capital of ________- worked for a long time, until the civil war broke out in the _________, as the intellectual center of the Arab world because of its liberal cultural and political climate.
Beirut
mid-1970s
___________(January 6, 1883 – April 10, 1931), usually referred to in English as_________was a ________ writer, poet andvisual artist, also considered a philosopher although he himself rejected the title. He is best known as the author of________, which was first published in the United States in ____ and has since become one of thebest-selling booksof all time, having beentranslated into more than 100 languages.
Gibran Khalil Gibran
Kahlil Gibran
Lebanese-American
The Prophet
1923
_________ (b. 1923) is, alongside _________, one of Lebanon’s most famous prose writers, including known for the novel_______ about Arab students in Paris, about conflicts of culture and loyalty.
Suhayl Idris
Nu’ayma
Latin Quarter(1953)
_______ founded in 1953 al-Adab (Literature), a leading journal of Arabic cultural debate and presentation of new literature.
Idris
A significant portion of Lebanon’s middle class is ________ ________ and _______, and many prefer ______ written language. For intellectuals it is also common to have a changing existence between Beirut and Paris.
bilingual Arabic and French
French
