FINALS Flashcards
What was the focus of Thorndike’s study on problem-solving?
Cat’s ability to solve puzzle and obtain food
What is the emphasis in research in human thinking and problem-solving?
Higher-level conceptually driven processes
What is insight in problem solving?
The ability to see a problem in a way that allows it to be solved
Why is reliability a problem in experiments on complex processes such as problem solving?
It takes a long time to test an individual subject
What is the purpose of experimental control?
To observe the effect of manipulation of independent variables on dependent variables
What are verbal reports?
Over-reports
What is the feeling-of-knowing phenomenon?
The confidence in recognizing information that cannot be recalled
What was the accuracy of the feeling-of-knowing judgements made by the subject in Freedman and Landauer’s experiment?
73 % for definitely know, 61% for probably know, 51% for probably don’t know, 35% for definitely don’t know
What is incubation in problem-solving?
The stage of turning into other matters after failing to solve a problem
According to Poincare, what are the four stages in the thought process?
Preparation, Incubation, Illumination, Verification
What is the empirical approach to individual differences?
It aims to achieve the greatest degree of predictive precision possible by any means possible
What is predictive validity?
The extent to which a test accurately predicts a criterion behavior
What is the nature of individual differences?
Genetic difference underlie individual differences
What did Herrnstein and Murray argue regarding cognitive ethnic differences?
That black-white differences in intelligence test scores have a genetic basis.
What is Zuckerman’s study about?
The hormones and neurotransmitter associated with certain personality traits
What is placebo?
A treatment that is designed to have a therapeutic benefit but does not appear real
According to Turing, when can a machine be called intelligent?
When an interrogator cannot distinguish between its output and that of a human
What is construct validity?
The extend to which the test measures the construct that it is supposed to measure
What is the difference between strong AI and weak AI?
Strong AI involves the belief that machine can have intelligence, while weak AI involves using computer programs to model human intelligence
According to Ericsson, Krampe, and Tesch-Romer, what is the major contributor to musical ability?
Extensice practice for at least 10 years
What was Gardner’s goal in developing the theory of multiple intelligence?
The broaden the standard academic definition of intelligence to include intelligences that are less tied to western cultural values
Who were the first two authors to publish texts on social psychology?
William McDougall and Edward A. Ross
What did Sherif study in social psychology?
The impact of social norms on behavior
What is conformity in social psychology?
How groups influence individual behavior so that the behavior agrees with social norms
What did Kurt Lewin provide a theoretical account of in social behavior?
Field Theory
Why it is difficult for many proposed studies in environmental psychology to comply with the principle of informed consent?
Participants may not behave normally if they know they are being observed
What statistical technique was used to evaluate results in the study by Evans, Palsane, Lepore, and Martin?
Correlation Analysis
What was the conclusion of the study by Seagert, Mackintosh, and West?
Crowding impairs cognitive functioning
What is the first commandment of the human factor?
Honor thy user
What is dynamic visual acuity?
The ability to perceive detail in moving ibject
