Finals Flashcards
It is the process by which sensory receptor neurons detect information and transmit it to the brain.
Sensation
Changes in the ability to extract information from sensory stimulation that occurs as a result of experience.
Perceptual learning
In Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, it is a process by which an expert, when instructing a novice, responds contingently to the novice’s behavior in a learning situation, so that the novice gradually increases his or her understanding of a problem.
Scaffolding
What are the contributions of Jean Piaget to the field of human development?
Cognitive development
A person’s ability to see small objects and fine detail.
Visual Acuity
The ability to understand relations or solve problems that depend on knowledge acquired from schooling and other cultural influences.
Crystalized Intelligence
A numerical measure of a person’s performance on an intelligence test relative to the performance of other examinees.
Intelligent quotient
In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, it is a term for the state of affairs in which there is a balanced, or harmonious, relation.
Cognitive Equilibrium
It is a simple procedure in which at least two stimuli are presented simultaneously to see whether infants will attend more to one of them than the other(s).
Preference method
The ability to perceive relationships and solve relational problems of the type that are not taught and are relatively free of cultural influences.
Fluid Intelligence
Operant conditioning occurs when something pleasant is removed from the situation following the behavior.
Negative punishment
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory refers to changes over evolutionary time, measured in thousands and even millions of years.
Phylogenetic development
In Piaget’s theory, it is when the individual begins to think more rationally and systematically about abstract concepts and hypothetical events.
Formal operations
In Piaget’s sensorimotor period, it is the idea that objects continue to exist when they are no longer visible or detectable through the other senses.
Object permanence
A relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavioral potential) that results from one’s experiences or practice.
Learning
Individual intelligence test for children; grounded heavily in information-processing theory.
kaufman assessment battery for children
It is the interpretation of sensory input: recognizing what you see, understanding what is said to you, or knowing that the odor you’ve detected is fresh-baked bread.
Perception
A modern descendant of the first successful intelligence test; measures general intelligence and four factors: verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, spatial reasoning, and short-term memory.
Stanford binet intelligence scale
In information-processing, a measure of the amount of information that can be held in the short-term store.
Memory span
A term psychologists use to refer to the activity of knowing and the mental processes by which human beings acquire and use knowledge to solve problems.
Cognition
In Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences, what type of intelligence is sensitivity to issues related to the meaning of life, death, and other aspects of the human condition?
Existential
In information-processing, it is a set of self-regulated processes involved in planning and executing strategies on the information just gathered or retrieved from long-term memory toward the achievement of some cognitive goal.
Executive function
In visual perception in infancy, it is the expansion of the image of an object to take up the entire visual field as it draws very close to the face.
Visual looming
According to Piaget, it is the process of modifying existing structures in order to account for new experiences.
Accomodation
A measure of intellectual development that reflects the level of age-graded problems a child is able to solve.
Mental age MA
In information-processing, a form of self-regulation that allows children to purposely choose not to attend to information.
Inhibitory control
In information-processing, moving from one strategy to another.
Set shifting
Vygotsky’s perspective on cognitive development is that children acquire their culture’s values, beliefs, and problem-solving strategies through collaborative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society.
Sociocultural theory
In Piaget’s sensorimotor development, it is the ability to reproduce a modeled activity that has been witnessed at some point in the past.
Deffered imitation
Operant conditioning occurs when an unpleasant consequence is added to the situation following a behavior.
Positive punishment
In Gardner’s multiple intelligences, what type of intelligence is the ability to operate on and perceive relationships in abstract symbol systems and to think logically and systematically in evaluating one’s ideas?
Logical mathematical
In Piaget’s descriptions of preoperational intelligence, it is a tendency to view the world from one’s own perspective and to have difficulty recognizing another person’s point of vieW.
Egocentrism
According to Piaget, it is an organized pattern of thought or action that a child constructs to make sense of some aspect of his or her experience.
Scheme
It is the process in which a repeated stimulus becomes so familiar that responses initially associated with it (e.g., head or eye movements, changes in respiration, or heart rate) no longer occur.
Habituation
The depth and distance cues (including linear perspective, texture gradients, sizing, interposition, and shading) are monocular-that is, detectable with only one eye.
pictorial (perspective) cues
According to Piaget, it is the process of adjusting to the demands of the environment.
Adaptation
The amount of light/dark transition in a visual stimulus.
Visual contrast
In Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences, what type of intelligence is sensitivity to the meaning and sounds of words, to the structure of language, and to the many ways language can be used?
Linguistic
According to Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, which stage is children use symbolism (images and lanquage) to represent and understand various aspects of the environment.
Preoperational
In Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, the difference between what a learner can accomplish independently and what he or she can accomplish with the quidance and encouragement of a more skilled partner.
Zone of proximal development
In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, an individual who acts on novel objects and events and thereby gains some understanding of their essential features.
Constructivist
In testing procedure, the situation that arises when one cultural or subcultural group is more familiar with test items than another group and therefore has an unfair advantage.
Cultural bias
A convergence of the visual images of the two eyes to produce a singular, non-overlapping image that has depth.
Stereopis
learning that results from observing the behavior of others.
Observational learning
Visual perception develops rapidly in the first year. At what age do we describe infants as “stimulus seekers” who prefer to look at moderately complex, high-contrast stimuli (especially those that move?
0-2months
In operant conditioning, any stimulus whose presentation, as the consequence of an act, increases the probability that the act will recur.
Positive reinforcer
Widely used individual intelligence test that includes a measure of general intelligence and both verbal and performance intelligence.
wechsler intelligence scale for children
The ability to recognize by one sensory modality an object that is familiar through another.
Intermodal perception
It is an elevated platform that creates an illusion of depth; used to test the depth perception of infants.
Visual cliff
A type of learning in which an initially neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a meaningful non-neutral stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response originally made only to the non-neutral stimulus.
Classical conditioning
In information-processing, one very simple yet effective strategy that people use to retain new information is repeating it over and over until they think we will remember it.
Rehearsal
In visual perception in infancy, it is the tendency to perceive an object as the same size from different distances despite changes in the size of its retinal image.
Size constancy
It argues that sensory stimulation provides all we need to interpret our experiences.
Perception
It is a theory specifying that we must add to sensory stimulation by drawing on stored knowledge in order to perceive a meaningful world.
Enrichment theory
In operant conditioning, any stimulus whose removal or termination, as the consequence of an act, increases the probability that the act will recur.
Negative reinforcer
A theoretical perspective that portrays intelligence as a trait (or set of traits) on which individuals differ.
psychometric approach
In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, a basic life function that helps the organism adapt to its environment.
Intelligence
Changes that occur in mental activities such as attending, perceiving, learning, thinking, and remembering.
Cognitive development
In information-processing, the process of selecting what stimuli children will detect or work on.
Attention
In Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, changes occur over relatively brief periods, in seconds, minutes, or days, as opposed to larger-scale changes.
Microgenetic development
In information-processing, effortful techniques are used to improve memory, including rehearsal, organization, and elaboration.
Mnenomics
According to Piaget, it is the process by which children try to interpret new experiences in terms of their existing models of the world–the schemes they already possess.
Assimilation
In Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, changes that have occurred in an individual’s culture and the values, norms, and technologies such a history has generated.
Sociohistorical development
A form of learning in which freely emitted acts (or operants) become either more or less probable depending on the consequences they produce.
Operant conditioning
In Piaget’s theory, the recognition is that the properties of an object or substance do not change when its appearance is altered in some superficial
way.
Conservation
It is a process by which external stimulation is converted to a mental representation.
Encoding
In Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, it is the development of the individual over his or her lifetime.
ontogenetic development
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory refers to changes over evolutionary time, measured in thousands and even millions of years.
Phylogenetic development
In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, the experimental study of the development of knowledge.
genetic epistemology
