Finals

Question 1

It is the process by which sensory receptor neurons detect information and transmit it to the brain.

Answer 1

Sensation

Question 2

Changes in the ability to extract information from sensory stimulation that occurs as a result of experience.

Answer 2

Perceptual learning

Question 3

In Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, it is a process by which an expert, when instructing a novice, responds contingently to the novice’s behavior in a learning situation, so that the novice gradually increases his or her understanding of a problem.

Answer 3

Scaffolding

Question 4

What are the contributions of Jean Piaget to the field of human development?

Answer 4

Cognitive development

Question 5

A person’s ability to see small objects and fine detail.

Answer 5

Visual Acuity

Question 6

The ability to understand relations or solve problems that depend on knowledge acquired from schooling and other cultural influences.

Answer 6

Crystalized Intelligence

Question 7

A numerical measure of a person’s performance on an intelligence test relative to the performance of other examinees.

Answer 7

Intelligent quotient

Question 8

In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, it is a term for the state of affairs in which there is a balanced, or harmonious, relation.

Answer 8

Cognitive Equilibrium

Question 9

It is a simple procedure in which at least two stimuli are presented simultaneously to see whether infants will attend more to one of them than the other(s).

Answer 9

Preference method

Question 10

The ability to perceive relationships and solve relational problems of the type that are not taught and are relatively free of cultural influences.

Answer 10

Fluid Intelligence

Question 11

Operant conditioning occurs when something pleasant is removed from the situation following the behavior.

Answer 11

Negative punishment

Question 12

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory refers to changes over evolutionary time, measured in thousands and even millions of years.

Answer 12

Phylogenetic development

Question 13

In Piaget’s theory, it is when the individual begins to think more rationally and systematically about abstract concepts and hypothetical events.

Answer 13

Formal operations

Question 14

In Piaget’s sensorimotor period, it is the idea that objects continue to exist when they are no longer visible or detectable through the other senses.

Answer 14

Object permanence

Question 15

A relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavioral potential) that results from one’s experiences or practice.

Answer 15

Learning

Question 16

Individual intelligence test for children; grounded heavily in information-processing theory.

Answer 16

kaufman assessment battery for children

Question 17

It is the interpretation of sensory input: recognizing what you see, understanding what is said to you, or knowing that the odor you’ve detected is fresh-baked bread.

Answer 17

Perception

Question 18

A modern descendant of the first successful intelligence test; measures general intelligence and four factors: verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, spatial reasoning, and short-term memory.

Answer 18

Stanford binet intelligence scale

Question 19

In information-processing, a measure of the amount of information that can be held in the short-term store.

Answer 19

Memory span

Question 20

A term psychologists use to refer to the activity of knowing and the mental processes by which human beings acquire and use knowledge to solve problems.

Answer 20

Cognition

Question 21

In Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences, what type of intelligence is sensitivity to issues related to the meaning of life, death, and other aspects of the human condition?

Answer 21

Existential

Question 22

In information-processing, it is a set of self-regulated processes involved in planning and executing strategies on the information just gathered or retrieved from long-term memory toward the achievement of some cognitive goal.

Answer 22

Executive function

Question 23

In visual perception in infancy, it is the expansion of the image of an object to take up the entire visual field as it draws very close to the face.

Answer 23

Visual looming

Question 24

According to Piaget, it is the process of modifying existing structures in order to account for new experiences.

Answer 24

Accomodation

Question 25

A measure of intellectual development that reflects the level of age-graded problems a child is able to solve.

Answer 25

Mental age MA

Question 26

In information-processing, a form of self-regulation that allows children to purposely choose not to attend to information.

Answer 26

Inhibitory control

Question 27

In information-processing, moving from one strategy to another.

Answer 27

Set shifting

Question 28

Vygotsky's perspective on cognitive development is that children acquire their culture's values, beliefs, and problem-solving strategies through collaborative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society.

Answer 28

Sociocultural theory

Question 29

In Piaget's sensorimotor development, it is the ability to reproduce a modeled activity that has been witnessed at some point in the past.

Answer 29

Deffered imitation

Question 30

Operant conditioning occurs when an unpleasant consequence is added to the situation following a behavior.

Answer 30

Positive punishment

Question 31

In Gardner's multiple intelligences, what type of intelligence is the ability to operate on and perceive relationships in abstract symbol systems and to think logically and systematically in evaluating one's ideas?

Answer 31

Logical mathematical

Question 32

In Piaget's descriptions of preoperational intelligence, it is a tendency to view the world from one's own perspective and to have difficulty recognizing another person's point of vieW.

Answer 32

Egocentrism

Question 33

According to Piaget, it is an organized pattern of thought or action that a child constructs to make sense of some aspect of his or her experience.

Answer 33

Scheme

Question 34

It is the process in which a repeated stimulus becomes so familiar that responses initially associated with it (e.g., head or eye movements, changes in respiration, or heart rate) no longer occur.

Answer 34

Habituation

Question 35

The depth and distance cues (including linear perspective, texture gradients, sizing, interposition, and shading) are monocular-that is, detectable with only one eye.

Answer 35

pictorial (perspective) cues

Question 36

According to Piaget, it is the process of adjusting to the demands of the environment.

Answer 36

Adaptation

Question 37

The amount of light/dark transition in a visual stimulus.

Answer 37

Visual contrast

Question 38

In Gardner's Multiple Intelligences, what type of intelligence is sensitivity to the meaning and sounds of words, to the structure of language, and to the many ways language can be used?

Answer 38

Linguistic

Question 39

According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, which stage is children use symbolism (images and lanquage) to represent and understand various aspects of the environment.

Answer 39

Preoperational

Question 40

In Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, the difference between what a learner can accomplish independently and what he or she can accomplish with the quidance and encouragement of a more skilled partner.

Answer 40

Zone of proximal development

Question 41

In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, an individual who acts on novel objects and events and thereby gains some understanding of their essential features.

Answer 41

Constructivist

Question 42

In testing procedure, the situation that arises when one cultural or subcultural group is more familiar with test items than another group and therefore has an unfair advantage.

Answer 42

Cultural bias

Question 43

A convergence of the visual images of the two eyes to produce a singular, non-overlapping image that has depth.

Answer 43

Stereopis

Question 44

learning that results from observing the behavior of others.

Answer 44

Observational learning

Question 45

Visual perception develops rapidly in the first year. At what age do we describe infants as "stimulus seekers" who prefer to look at moderately complex, high-contrast stimuli (especially those that move?

Answer 45

0-2months

Question 46

In operant conditioning, any stimulus whose presentation, as the consequence of an act, increases the probability that the act will recur.

Answer 46

Positive reinforcer

Question 47

Widely used individual intelligence test that includes a measure of general intelligence and both verbal and performance intelligence.

Answer 47

wechsler intelligence scale for children

Question 48

The ability to recognize by one sensory modality an object that is familiar through another.

Answer 48

Intermodal perception

Question 49

It is an elevated platform that creates an illusion of depth; used to test the depth perception of infants.

Answer 49

Visual cliff

Question 50

A type of learning in which an initially neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a meaningful non-neutral stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response originally made only to the non-neutral stimulus.

Answer 50

Classical conditioning

Question 51

In information-processing, one very simple yet effective strategy that people use to retain new information is repeating it over and over until they think we will remember it.

Answer 51

Rehearsal

Question 52

In visual perception in infancy, it is the tendency to perceive an object as the same size from different distances despite changes in the size of its retinal image.

Answer 52

Size constancy

Question 53

It argues that sensory stimulation provides all we need to interpret our experiences.

Answer 53

Perception

Question 54

It is a theory specifying that we must add to sensory stimulation by drawing on stored knowledge in order to perceive a meaningful world.

Answer 54

Enrichment theory

Question 55

In operant conditioning, any stimulus whose removal or termination, as the consequence of an act, increases the probability that the act will recur.

Answer 55

Negative reinforcer

Question 56

A theoretical perspective that portrays intelligence as a trait (or set of traits) on which individuals differ.

Answer 56

psychometric approach

Question 57

In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a basic life function that helps the organism adapt to its environment.

Answer 57

Intelligence

Question 58

Changes that occur in mental activities such as attending, perceiving, learning, thinking, and remembering.

Answer 58

Cognitive development

Question 59

In information-processing, the process of selecting what stimuli children will detect or work on.

Answer 59

Attention

Question 60

In Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, changes occur over relatively brief periods, in seconds, minutes, or days, as opposed to larger-scale changes.

Answer 60

Microgenetic development

Question 61

In information-processing, effortful techniques are used to improve memory, including rehearsal, organization, and elaboration.

Answer 61

Mnenomics

Question 62

According to Piaget, it is the process by which children try to interpret new experiences in terms of their existing models of the world--the schemes they already possess.

Answer 62

Assimilation

Question 63

In Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, changes that have occurred in an individual's culture and the values, norms, and technologies such a history has generated.

Answer 63

Sociohistorical development

Question 64

A form of learning in which freely emitted acts (or operants) become either more or less probable depending on the consequences they produce.

Answer 64

Operant conditioning

Question 65

In Piaget's theory, the recognition is that the properties of an object or substance do not change when its appearance is altered in some superficial way.

Answer 65

Conservation

Question 66

It is a process by which external stimulation is converted to a mental representation.

Answer 66

Encoding

Question 67

In Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, it is the development of the individual over his or her lifetime.

Answer 67

ontogenetic development

Question 68

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory refers to changes over evolutionary time, measured in thousands and even millions of years.

Answer 68

Phylogenetic development

Question 69

In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the experimental study of the development of knowledge.

Answer 69

genetic epistemology