FINALS Flashcards
A change in the statistical
distribution of weather
patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time.
Climate Change
If the blooms appear
early, the blooms could already be gone by the time pollinators appear, creating what scientists call?
ecological
mismatch
Earth’s temperature has risen
by an average of ____
per decade since 1880
0.14° Fahrenheit (0.08° Celsius)V
The rate of
warming since 1981 is more
than twice as fast:
0.32° F
(0.18° C) per decade.
Air temperatures on Earth have been rising since the
Industrial Revolution.
refers to the variation in climate parameters caused by nonhuman forces.
natural variability
A persistent period of unusually hot days is referred to as
extreme heat event or a heat wave
occurs when there is high pressure in the atmosphere that forces hot air downward and traps it near the ground. This high-pressure system acts like a lock that prevents the hot air from rising. Consequently, rain cannot form and the hot air gets hotter.
heat wave
a reduction in the pH of the ocean over an extended period of time, caused primarily by uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2)
Water acidification; Ocean acidification or osteoporosis of the sea
Refers to the increase in the average
temperature of the Earth’s near-surface
air and oceans in recent decades and its
projected continuation.
GLOBAL WARMING
Refers to recent warming and implies a
human influence
GLOBAL WARMING
can cause
instability in the mountains or hills
and cause landslides. These often
trigger earthquakes too
Mining
drives deforestation, biodiversity
loss and climate change. It can
deprive forest communities of
livelihoods, and the natural
resources they rely on, and lead to
human rights violations, unrest
and violence
Illegal logging
When fossil fuels are burned, they
release large amounts of
CO2
____ trap heat in
our atmosphere, causing global
warming.
Greenhouse gases
a purposeful clearing or thinning of
trees and forests.
Deforestation
When
___ occurs, much of the
carbon stored by trees released
back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, which contributes to climate change.
Deforestation
Burning gasoline and diesel fuel creates harmful byproducts like
nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, benzene, and formaldehyde.
vehicles emit _____, the most common human-caused greenhouse gas
carbon dioxide
Solid waste contributes directly to greenhouse gas emissions through the generation of ____ from the anaerobic decay of waste in landfills
methane
the emission of __ from our solid waste combustion facilities.
nitrous oxide
Small amounts of heat trapping gases such as ____ play a key role in determining the Earth’s average temperature and thus its climates
water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3), methane (CH4), and chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs)
water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3), methane (CH4), and chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) are known as
greenhouse gases
They allow light, infrared radiation, and some ultraviolet radiation from the sun to pass through the troposphere.
greenhouse gases
natural trapping of heat in the troposphere is called
greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect first proposed by Swedish chemist
Svante Arrheniusin in 1896
Measured atmospheric levels of certain
greenhouse gases;___ have
risen substantially in recent decades –
caused by human activities: burning
fossil fuels, agriculture, deforestation,
and use of CFCs.
CO2, CFCs,
methane, and nitrous oxide
___ is responsible for 50-
60% of the global warming from
greenhouse gases produced by human
activities since pre-industrial times.
Carbon dioxide
The main sources of co2 are __
fossil fuel
burning: coal, oil and natural gas (75%)
and land clearing and burning (25%).
the main driver of the greenhouse
effect
co2
contribute to
global warming in the troposphere and
deplete ozone in the stratosphere. The
main sources are leaking air
conditioners and refrigerators,
evaporation of industrial solvents
Chloroflourocarbon-
is produced when anaerobic bacteria
break down organic matter in moist
places that lack oxygen. These areas
include swamps and other natural
wetlands, rice paddies and landfills,
intestinal tract of cattle, sheep, and
termites
Methane
can trap heat in the
troposphere and deplete ozone in the
stratosphere. It is released from nylon
production, burning of biomass and
nitrogen fertilizers in soil, livestock
wastes.
Nitrous oxide
IPCC
(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
According to IPCCthe earth’s mean surface temperature will rise __ between 1990 and 2100
1-3.5 ̊C
True or False
The northern hemisphere should warm more and faster than the southern hemisphere because the latter has more heat absorbing ocean than the land and because water cools more slowly than land.
True
approved a
Convention on Climate Change, in
which developed countries committed
themselves to reducing their emission
of CO2 and other greenhouse gases.
In 1922 Earth summit in Rio de
Janeiro, 106 nations
the resulting treaty
would require developed countries to
cut greenhouse emissions by the
average of 0.2% below 1990 levels
between 2008-2012; allow emission
trading, in which a country that beats
its target goal for reducing greenhouse
gas emissions can sell its excess
reductions to countries that failed to
meet their reduction goals; allow
forested countries to get a break in their
quotas because trees absorb carbon
dioxide; allow penalties for countries
that violate the treaty, to be determined
later.
In December 1997 representatives of
160 nations met in Kyoto, Japan to
negotiate a new treaty
“supply side” of food
security
Availability:
this is the economic and
physical access
Access:
the way the body makes the most of various nutrients in the food
Utilization:
stability of the other three dimension over time
Stability:
a state of being without consistent access to an adequate quantity of affordable access to food.
Food Insecurity
In PH, ___ families consider they are food insecure in 2013
8.8 million
In PH, families that consider they are food insecure have ___in their diet
rice and corn in their diet
Insuffiency:
2200 calories a day
___ American families suffer food insecurity
8.8 million
long term or persistent, access to education and productive sources
CHRONIC FOOD INSECURITY
short-term and temporary, intervention
TRANSITORY FOOD INSECURITY
- between chronic and transitor
- seasonal fluctuation of climate
- cropping patterns
- labour demand
- disease
SEASONAL FOOD SECURITY
“food deprivation”
HUNGER
imbalances of intake of macro/micronutrients
MALNUTRITION:
cause of hunger, lack of adequate, and proper nutrition
POVERTY:
feeding programs in schools
and a bill seeking ban of softdrinks in
schools
DEPED (Department of Education)
Feeding programs in schools, Pantawid pamilyang Pilipino
progam (4Ps)
DSWD (Department of Social Welfare
and Development)
Sangkap pinoy seal program
operation timbang
DOH (Department of Health)
Philippine plan of action for
nutrition
NNC (National Nutrition Council)
Ensuring food security of the
Philippines
NFA (National Food Authority)
Nutri-paneskwelahan
NCP (Nursing Care Plan)
“Hungriest
Country in the World”
Central African Republic:
Device that is designed to be
used in fighting an enemy of a
war to cause bodily harm to
another
Weapon
Defend oneself from attackers
Weapon
Used to describe different kinds of
weapons with two important
characteristics:
A. the ability to produce largescale destruction
B. they do not choose who they want to attack which affects
usually the civilians
a part of a country’s activity
an ART and CRAFT
a symbol of STRENGTH and POWER
of a country
Undergoes EVOLUTION
used as a DEFENSE
WEAPON MAKING
3 TYPES OF WEAPONS OF MASS
DESTRUCTION
(Laura Reed)
1.) Nuclear Weapons
2) Chemical Warfare Agents
3) Biological Agents
Weapon that uses harmful biological agent (pathogenic microorganism/neurotoxin/
virus/bacteria) to cause death or disease on a large scale
BIOLOGICAL
Weapon containing any of several chemical compounds like chlorine gas, mustard gas, of which some are toxic agents, that are intended to kill, injure, or incapacitate an enemy.
CHEMICAL
Weapon combining radiological materials with a conventional explosive device.
Considered as the greatest weapons of mass destruction ever created
FISSION, or REACTION.
NUCLEAR
Devices that spread dangerous radioactive materials that is wrapped around a conventional explosive to spread toxic radiation.
RADIOLOGICAL
Caused by
variola virus
SMALL POX
Small pox is caused by
variola virus
Spreads
through direct
contact with an
infected
person’s skin or
bodily fluids,
air in closed,
confined areas,
and
contaminated
snail mail.
Small pox
Small pox is classified as
Category A
biological
weapon by THE
CENTER FOR
DISEASE
CONTROL
AND
PREVENTION
high
mortality rate
and easily
transmitted
through the air.
Small pox
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS
high fevers
body aches
rash (develops from
fluid-filled bumps
and when healed it
produces scabs to
permanent, pitted
scars)
Small pox
Isolate the patient
until all scabs have
fallen off (304
weeks after rash
onset) to prevent
transmission of the
virus
Small pox
True or False
Pregnant
woman: should
not receive
smallpox
vaccination
True
True or False
Women can get pregnant
within 4 weeks after smallpox
vaccination
False
Women: should
be advised against
becoming pregnant
for 4 weeks after smallpox vaccination
One of the
deadliest and
most feared
agent of
biological
weapon
ANTHRAX
bacteria called
bacillus
antracis (found
naturally in
some animals
in low levels but
when its spores
are inhaled by
humans, it
becomes
deadly)
Anthrax
Anthrax is caused by ___
Caused by a
bacteria called
bacillus
antracis
Affects after 7
days of
inhalation and
death may
occur if not
treated
Anthrax
SIGNS/SYMPTOMSfever
malaise
fatigue
coughing
internal bleeding
blood poisoning
meningitis
Anthrax
ANTIDOTELarge doses of
intravenous and
oral antibiotics
(such as
fluoroquinolone
(ciproflaxin),
doxycycline,
erythromyacin,
vancomycin, or
penicillin)
Anthrax
A killer virus
that cause
hemorrhagic
fevers marked
by severe
bleeding
Ebola Virus
Hit the news in
the late 1970s
and spread through
Zaire and
Sudan, killing
hundreds
Ebola Virus
Ebola virus got its name from
Got its name
from the
EBOLA RIVER
(near one of the
villages in the
Democratic
Republic of
Congo where
the disease was
first
discovered)
Infects others
through direct
contact with
blood or other bodily secretions
Ebola Virus
SIGNS/SYMPTOMSBetween 2-21 daysHeadache
Muscle ache
Sore throat
Weakness
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Some: internal and
external bleeding
60 and 90 percent
dies after 7 to 16
days while some
patients recover
better than others
Ebola Virus
True or False
There is a cure for Ebola
False
BLACK
DEATH
- Killed half of
the population
of Europe in the
14th century
Plague
Caused by a
bacterium
Yersinia pestis, which was
transmitted to
humans by
infected rats
Plague
The plague is caused by
Caused by a
bacterium
Yersinia pestis, which was
transmitted to
humans by
infected rats
The plague exists in two strains
Bubonic and Pneumonic
a strain of the plague that:
-spreads by bites
from infected fleas
-can be transmitted
from person to
person through
contact with
infected
bodily fluids.
-named for the
swollen glands, or
buboes, around the
groin, armpit, and
neck that is
accompanied by
fever, chills,
headache, and
exhaustion.
Bubonic
a strain of the plague that: less common and
spreads through the
air by coughs,
sneezes, and face-to-face contact.
Pneumonic
RABBIT
FEVERCaused by the
bacterium
Francisella
tularensis
Tularemia
One of the most
infectious
bacteria on
Earth.
Humans can
become
infected
through bites of
tick and deer
fly, skin contact
with infected
animals,
drinking
contaminated
water, and
inhalation of
contaminated
aerosols or
agricultural
dusts
Tularemia
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS
Fever
Chills
Headache
Diarrhea
Muscle aches
Joint pain
Dry cough
Progressive
weakness
Pneumonia can be
developed
If left untreated:respiratory failure,
shock and death
can follow
Tularemia
ANTIDOTE
Not transferred
between human
hosts but can be
spread very rapidly
between animal
hosts and humans
or when used in
aerosol form
Easily treated with
ANTIBIOTICS or
prevented
Tularemia
Tularemia is caused by
Caused by the
bacterium
Francisella
tularensis
Caused by a
bacteria
Clostridium
botulinum that
contains deadly
botulinum
toxin
BOTULINUM
TOXIN
Colorless and
odorless in air
Spores are
found in fruits,
vegetables, and
seafood
Considered
harmless but
when they
begin to grow,
they produce
deadly toxin.
Humans are
exposed to the
toxin through
the
consumption of
contaminated
food
Botulinum Toxin
SIGNS/SYMPTOMSBlurred vision
Vomiting
Difficulty
swallowing
Botulinum Toxin
ANTIDOTEAntitoxin drugs (to
prevent the
disorder from
worsening, but
recovery still takes
many weeks)
Botulinum Toxin
A kind of crop
disease
Caused by the
fungus
Pyricularia
oryzae (also
known as
Magnaporthe
grisea)
Makes leaves of
plants that
were exposed
to the fungus
develop grayish
lesions with
buildup of
thousands of
fungal spores
Does not kill
instantly, but
low food
production
could lead to
severe hunger
in poorer
counties, as
well as loses in
income.
Rice Blast
Rice blast is caused by
Caused by the
fungus
Pyricularia
oryzae (also
known as
Magnaporthe
grisea)
ANTIDOTE
Develop fungus
resistant plant
varieties
Do not use
excessive fertilizer
Irrigate the soil
regularly
Plant early
Use Silicon
fertilizers (calcium
silicate) as
alternative fertilizer
they help can be
applied to soils that
can help reduce
blast
Apply appropriate
fungicide to
infected plants
Rice Blast
A German
name
A pest caused
by a virus
similar to
MEASLES. Affects mostly
cattle and other
ruminant
animals such as
goats, bison,
and giraffes.
Highly
contagious
disease,
characterized
with fever, loss
of appetite,
dysentery, and
inflammation
of the mucus
membranes.
Condition gets
serious for 6 to
10 days after
exposure until
the animal suffers
dehydration
RINDERPEST
ANTIDOTE
There is no known
treatment
Animals exposed to
it are required to be
isolated and
slaughtered
Vaccination can be
administered if
directed by the
authorities
Proper disposal of
dead animals and
contaminated
material
Maintain
cleanliness and
proper sanitation of
cattle farms
Using disinfectants
like Sodium
hypochlorite (a 3%
household bleach
can kill RPV virus)
Rinderpest
Caused by the
Nipah virus in
1999
Resulted to an
outbreak in
Nipah region
of Malaysia
(infected 265;
killing 105)
Virus naturally
occurs in fruit
bats
May be spread
through close
physical
contact or
contaminated
body fluids.
Lasts 6 to 10
days
Classified as
Category Cbiological
weapon
NIPAH VIRUS
SIGNS/SYMPTOMSFever
Muscle pain
Encephalitis
(inflammation of
the brain)
SEVERE CASES:
drowsiness,
disorientation,
convulsions,
Nipah Virus
ANTIDOTELimited to
supportive care
Nipah Virus
Composed of toxic chemical contained in a bomb that can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory irritation through chemical action
CHEMICAL WEAPONS
Chemical Weapons are controlled by
o Freshness
o Purity
o Weather conditions
o Wind direction
o Means of dissemination
o Other factors
Chemical weapons are called
They are called:
o Nerve agents
o Blister agents
o Choking agents
Effects of Chemical weapons
o Immediate failure of the
respiratory or nervous system
o Skin irritation
o Headaches
o Heart palpitations
o Respiratory difficulty
o Vomiting
o Convulsions
Chemical weapons forms
Forms:
o Liquids
o Vapors
o Gases
o Aerosols
Also called GB
SARIN
colorless, odorless nerve gas
SARIN
considered an organophosphate
chemical, a potent pesticide
SARIN
tasteless, odorless, colorless liquid that
has no odor in its pure form which was
developed in Germany by GERHARD
SCHARADER in 1938.
SARIN
Can evaporate into a vapor (gas) and
spread into the environment
SARIN
Highly poisonous chemical that kills
because it interferes with signaling
within the nervous system by
suffocation.
SARIN
Antidote of Sarin
Exposure to ATROPINE and
PRALIDOXIME for nerve agent against
toxicity.
A combination of SARIN and
LEWISITE, an effective blistering
agent
SOMAN
More expensive to produce than sarin
SOMAN
Colorless liquid, becomes dark brown if
aged
SOMAN
Tasteless but has been variously
described as having a sweet, musty,
fruity, spicy, or nutty smell.
SOMAN
More deadly than sarin and tabun
SOMAN
Considered a volatile substance effective
mainly through inhalation.
SOMAN
O-ethyl S-diisopropylaminomethyl
methylphosphonothiolate
VX
Brownish in liquid form
Vapors are odorless
VX
A very toxic nerve gas, an extremely toxic
chemical agent
Used as a nerve gas which causes
convulsions, loss of consciousness
paralysis and failure of the respiratory
system leading to death.
VX
100 times more deadly than sarin
VX
First synthesized
VX; a chemist working for Imperial
Chemical Industries in Britain.
RANAJI GHOSH
VX ANTIDOTES
ATROPINEand
PRALIDOXIME. Injected sedative/antiepil
eptic such as diazepam
Discovered by a German chemist,
GERHARD SCHRADER, sometime in
1937.
TABUN
TABUN was discovered by
GERHARD SCHRADER
Colorless or brownish liquid, and
odorless as a vapor.
Classified as an organophosphate and
originally intended to be used as a
pesticides
TABUN
Considered among the easiest of nerve
gases to manufacture
Can be mixed with water
Can be used to poison water or food and
it can be inhaled when released into the
air
TABUN
SIGNS OF EXPOSURE: visual
disturbance, runny nose, chest tightness,
nausea, vomiting, and convulsions.
TABUN
TABUN Signs of exposure
SIGNS OF EXPOSURE: visual
disturbance, runny nose, chest tightness,
nausea, vomiting, and convulsions.
LARGE DOSE EXPOSURE: can lead
to loss of consciousness, convulsions,
paralysis, and respiratory failure, which
can lead to death.
TABUN
TABUN Large dose exposure
LARGE DOSE EXPOSURE: can lead
to loss of consciousness, convulsions,
paralysis, and respiratory failure, which
can lead to death.
tabun antidote
Administration of injectable
atropine and pralidoxime
Poison gas invented in Germany by
FRITZ HAVER
ZYKLON B
WHO INVENTED ZYKLON B
FRITZ HAVER
A type of hydrogen cyanide used by the
Nazis to kill war victims inside gas
chamber during World War II.
ZYKLON B
Colorless vapor at normal temperatures
with a smell like bitter almonds.
ZYKLON B
HYDROGEN CYANIDES – has high
toxicity and in sufficient concentrations
rapidly leads to death.
zyklon b
has high
toxicity and in sufficient concentrations
rapidly leads to death.
HYDROGEN CYANIDES
ZYKLON B Antidote
Amyl nitrite, Sodium nitrite,
Sodium thiosulfate
First used near the end of World War I
MUSTARD AGENTS
Exposure to it cause severe eye and lung
damage.
MUSTARD AGENTS
Chemical compound is often called
“blister agents” because their injuries
usually resemble burns or blisters.
MUSTARD AGENTS
Chemical compound is often called
“___” because their injuries
usually resemble burns or blisters.
blister agents
Commonly
known as Mustard Gas have the ability to
form large blisters on exposed skin and
in the lungs; sometimes smells like
garlic, onions, or mustard and
sometimes has no odor.
SULFUR MUSTARD
exposure can cayuse
2nd and 3rd degree chemical burns.
MUSTARD AGENTS
ANTIDOTE FOR MUSTARD AGENTS
a. No antidote for mustard exposure
b. The best thing to do is to avoid it by leaving
the area immediately where the sulfur
mustard is present
c. Go to a higher ground, because sulfur
mustard being heavier than air, will settle in
low-lying areas.
Just like conventional bombs
Meant to cause extreme damage
through an explosion that releases a
large amount of energy in a short
period of time.
Explosion is created by changing the
atoms themselves, either by splitting
them or fusing them together to create
new atoms that release tremendous
heat.
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
TRUE OR FALSE
Since 1945, no nuclear weapon has been used in a conflict although possession of them is a symbol of strength and prestige and can be used during diplomatic bargaining.
TRUE
Atoms are split
o The core of a fission bomb is made of either PLUTONIUM, or highly enriched URANIUM.
FISSION WEAPONS
The core of a fission bomb is made of either __, or highly enriched __.
PLUTONIUM, URANIUM
During fission, when the heavy nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei, extra neutrons are released. If these neutrons are absorbed by other nuclei, they can, in turn, also releasing neutrons and setting off what is known as a
CHAIN REACTION.
Often known as hydrogen bombs—deuterium and tritium
FUSION WEAPONS
o Two isotopes of hydrogen are fused together to create heavier atoms.
o Can only happen at extremely high temperatures and pressure.
o There is no theoretical limit to the explosive force of a fusion weapon.
FUSION WEAPONS
Refers to the very fast release of energy in an explosion producing a shock wave equivalent to several thousand pounds of pressure per square inch (psi), devastating force that can break most objects on earth.
BLAST
A form of energy with a
combination of heat and light
o The light produced by a nuclear
explosion can be seen from
hundreds of miles away, so
intense that it can make sand
explode, blind people many
miles away, ignite flammable
materials at large distances, and
burn human skin.
DIRECT NUCLEAR RADIATION
Releases several forms of
radiations such as gamma,
alpha and beta particles.
THERMAL RADIATION
can easily
penetrate or pass through solid
objects and can be deadly
GAMMA RAYS and
NEUTRONS –
are generally
less dangerous, having much
shorter ranges – several meters
and several centimeters,
respectively.
BETA and ALPHA
PARTICLES
Consists of large number of
particles, which are propelled
upward in the blast and
becomes irradiated, or
contaminated with radiation
during the explosion.
FALLOUT
The rising and descending
debris forms the mushroom
cloud that follow a nuclear
explosion.
FALLOUT
“dirty bombs”
RADIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
weapons of mass disruption not mass destruction
RADIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
made by combining radioactive material with conventional explosives
RADIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
They are more intended to spread terror rather than mass killings.
RADIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
a system of a moral principles that apply values to the practice of clinical medicine and in scientific research.
Medical ethics
Also for people, regardless of race, gender, or religion to be guaranteed quality and principled care
Medical ethics
This applies to both the living and nonliving, such as medical research on cadavers
Medical ethics
Medical ethics
It is also known as health care ethics or biomedical ethicsapplied to the fields of medicine and healthcare
Medical ethics
The term medical ethics first dates back to 1803, when English author and physician Thomas Percival published a document describing the requirements and expectations of medical professionals within medical facilities. The Code of Ethics was then adopted in 1847, relying heavily on Percival’s words
Medical ethics
MEDICAL ETHICS IS ALSO KNOWN AS
health care ethics or biomedical ethics
TERMED THE WORD MEDICAL ETHICS
Thomas Percival
Discusses basic principles for
medical professionals. This
document dates back to the 5 th
century BC
Hippocratic Oath
TRUE OR FALSE
Both The Declaration of Helsinki
(1964) and The Nuremberg Code
(1947) are two well-known and well
respected documents contributing to
medical ethics.
TRUE
TWO WELL KNOWN AND WELL RESPECTED DOCUMENTS IN MEDICAL ETHICS
The Declaration of Helsinki
(1964) and The Nuremberg Code
(1947)
Other important markings in the
history of Medical Ethics include Roe
V. Wad in 1973 and the development
of Hemodialysis in the 1960s
TRUE
Other important markings in the
history of Medical Ethics
e Roe
V. Wad in 1973 and the development
of Hemodialysis in the 1960s
TRUE OR FALSE
Historically, Western medical ethics
maybe traced to guidelines on the duty
of physicians in antiquity, such as the
Hippocratic Oath, and early Christian
teachings.
TRUE
The first code of medical ethics
Formula Comitis Archiatrorum
Formula Comitis Archiatrorum, was
published in
5th century, during the
reign of the Ostrogothic king Theodoric
the Great
In the medieval and early modern
period, thee field is indebted to Islamic
scholarship such as
Ishaq ibn Ali alRuhawi (who wrote the Conduct of a
Physician, the first book dedicated to
medical ethics), Avicenna’s Canon
of Medicine and Muhammad ibn
Zakariya ar-Razi (known as Rhazes
in the West),
who wrote the Conduct of a
Physician, the first book dedicated to
medical ethics
Ishaq ibn Ali alRuhaw
known as Rhazes
in the West
Avicenna’s Canon
of Medicine and Muhammad ibn
Zakariya ar-Razi
a physician and author, crafted the first modern code of medical ethics. He drew up a pamphlet with the code in 1794 and wrote an expanded version in 1803, in which he coined expressions “medical ethics” and “medical jurisprudence”
Thomas Percival
one such critique who considers Percival’s codes of physician consultations as being an early example of the anti-competitive, “guild-like” nature of the physician community
Jeffrey Berlant
was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It introduced compulsory apprenticeship and formal qualifications for the apothecaries of the day under the license of the Society of Apothecaries. This was the beginning of regulation of the medical profession in the UK
Apothecaries Act
Refers to the rights of an individual to self-determination in a way that the patient has the right to refuse or even to choose their treatment. This is to respect the individual’s ability to decide about his or her personal matters freely and to indicate that a person is in here healthy mind and body
Autonomy
For instance, in a case of a progression of many terminal diseases such as dementia, the person will be characterized by loss of autonomy in various manners to make self-determination. This terminal disease attacks the brain ans affects the ability to make judgments, then eventually can induce memory loss and cause a
decrease in rational thinking
Autonomy
TRUE OR FALSE
A Registered Clinical Psychologist
and a Registered Medical Doctor
Psychiatrist may be involved to
support decision in self-determination
TRUE
Refers by the phrase, “first, do not
harm.” Many practitioners in the
medical field consider that this
principle should be the primary
consideration not to harm your
patient, than to do them good. As
always in the saying “The treatment
was success, but the patient died.”
In real clinical practice there are
many treatments that carry some
risks of harm
Non-maleficence
For instance, some passionate
medical practitioners are prone to
using treatments that they believe
will do well without having a strict
evaluation to ensure they do not
harm to the patients. The physician
should go no further to prescribe
medications that they know to be
harmfull unless she or he knows
that the medication is unknown to
be harmful, at the very least. The
physician should explain
thoroughly the medications he or
she prescribing and also that the
patient understands the risk and
benefits
Non-maleficence
an actions that promote well-being
of others and to serve to the best
interest of patients and their
families
Beneficence
For instance, the practitioner
should act to the best of his
knowledge and capability to serve to the best interest of his or her patient. Some scholars in the field of Medicine argue about this principle that this is the only fundamental principle of medical ethics and also argue that healing should be the only purpose of medicine. Because of this actions like euthanasia and other invasive procedures are severely an ethical
Beneficence
Refers to the equality and fairness in treating the patient
Justice
For instance, the practitioner should always treat his or her patient in independence and in honest conscience in providing healthcare, deciding fairly of who gets what treatment regardless of the status of the patient in life, whether belonging to a highly privileged or the least privileged
justice
o Refers to every sick person having the right to be treated with pride and dignity
o For instance, all of us as human beings, whether in the medical setting or not, a patient and his family, and the person treating the patient which may or may not be the doctor, has the right to be treated in full honesty at all times
Respect for persons
Refers to 2 types of principles
but which produce a single
action. It is regarded as the
combined effect of
beneficence and nonmaleficence
Double Effect
For instance, a common
example of this is when a
physician orders morphine or
any other analgesic for his or
her patient. The medication can
have a beneficial effect in
alleviating the pain while at the
same time produces the effect of
difficulty in breathing through
the deactivation of the
respiratory system
Double Effect
When two medical doctrines are in
conflict, it will definitely result to
ethical dilemma or crisis.
Nanotechnology came from the Greek word “__” meaning little old man or dwarf
nano
The study and application of extremely small things and can be used across all the other science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, material science, and engineering
Nanoscience
presented the first ever concept of nanotechnology. He was a Nobel priced-winning American physicist. Known for his contributions in Quantum physics, quantum electrodynamics, particle physics, as well as quantum computing and nanotechnology
Dr. Richard P. Feynman in 1959
had invented the term Nanotechnology at the University of Tokyo. He described it as a process which involves separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule
Norio Taniguchi in 1974
published a paper about basic concepts in nanotechnology
Kim Eric Drexler in 1981
used the term “molecular nanotechnology” or “molecular manufacturing” to distinguish his ideas from other scientists
Kim Eric Drexler in 1992
Commercial applications of
nanotechnology began to
increase in ___ such as the use of
silver-nanoparticles as an
antibacterial agents,
nanoparticle-based cosmetics
in transparent sunscreens, and
carbon nanotubes clothing
material which are effective as
stain resistant textiles
2000
IMPORTANT DEVICES THAT HELP
DEVELOP NANOTECHNOLOGY
1) Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
2) Scanning Tunneling Microscopes
(STM)
3) Carbon nanotubes
An application of
nanotechnology in the field of
medicine which deals with
creating tiny machines to help
prevent and treat diseases of the
human body
NANOMEDICINE
This includes activity monitors,
chemotherapy, pacemakers,
biochips, OTC tests, insulin
pumps, nebulizers, needleless
injectors, hearing aids, medical
flow sensors and blood
pressure, glucose monitoring,
and drug delivery systems
NANOMEDICINE
is the
application of nanotechnology
to help develop electronic
devices to nanoscale and be able
to reduce their weight and
power consumption, improved
display screens on electronic
devices to increase density of
memory chips
Nanoelectronics
IMPACT OF NANOTECHNOLOGY TO
HUMANS
1) Healthy
2) National security
3) Social interaction
4) Cultural
