FINALS Flashcards
4 SELECTED VIEWS IN TECHNOLOGY
Aristotelianism
Technological Pessimism
Technological Optimism Existentialism
Existentialism
4 SELECTED VIEWS IN TECHNOLOGY
Aristotelianism
Technological Pessimism
Technological Optimism Existentialism
Existentialism
Advantages of technology (5)
Life has become easy through science and technology.
2. Travelling has become faster than before.
3. Communication becomes easier, faster and cheaper.
4. Innovations in technology increased the standard of living.
5. Using various technology, man become advanced.
6. The impossible have become possible due to the progress in
science and technology.
7. Science and technology made a lot of things easy to do and
comfortable for man.
Advantages of technology (5)
.Life has become easy through science and technology.
2. Travelling has become faster than before.
3. Communication becomes easier, faster and cheaper.
4. Innovations in technology increased the standard of living.
5. Using various technology, man become advanced.
6. The impossible have become possible due to the progress in
science and technology.
7. Science and technology made a lot of things easy to do and
comfortable for man.
Advantages of technology (5)
.Life has become easy through science and technology.
2. Travelling has become faster than before.
3. Communication becomes easier, faster and cheaper.
4. Innovations in technology increased the standard of living.
5. Using various technology, man become advanced.
6. The impossible have become possible due to the progress in
science and technology.
7. Science and technology made a lot of things easy to do and
comfortable for man.
Disadvantages of technology
- Human had misused the technology and used in damaging purpose.
- By the use of technology, man is doing illegal things.
- New technology like mobile are generating bad consequences on children.
- By means of modern technology, terrorists use it for destructive purpose.
- Many illness are created due to the development of atomic energy and atom
bomb. - Modern technology like nuclear energy have not only affected man but it also
affected pants and other creatures. - Natural beauty is decreasing due to the development of modern technology.
Limits of technology (5)
. The Laws of physics
2. The Laws of software
3. The challenge of algorithms
4. The difficulty of distribution
5. The problem of design
6. The problem of functionality
7. The importance of organization
8. The impact of economics
9. The influence of politics
The law of physics have 2 effects
Quantum Effects
Thermodynamic effects
LAw OF PHYSICS
have theoretical and practical limits to
information capacity: you cannot store more memory that there are number of elementary particles in the universe
Quantum effects
LAW OF PHYSICS happen when the containers that
will dissipate heat limits its use
thermodynamic effects
The Laws of software and algorithm
2 limitations
Software limitations
limitations for algorithm
The Laws of software and algorithm
can’t do, can’t afford, and don’t know
how to do a given computation
Software limitations
The Laws of software and algorithm
theoretical limits of compressing an
image, a waveform, video, or some raw stream of bits, some degree of information loss, hairy mathematics, some trial and
error, and lack of perfect knowledge adds complexity and compromise to our systems
Limitations for algorithm
A distributed system is one in which the failure of
a computer you didn’t even know existed can
render your computer unusable”
The Difficulty of Distribution
The design of any relevant Web-centric
system consists of tens of thousands of lines
if middleware code on top of several million
line of operating system code.
The Problems of Design
limitations of The Problems of Functionality
Limitations: usability,
survivability, and adaptability
A software system could not be understood by just one
person alone.
* It demands a team of developers.
The Importance of Organization
what is The Impact of Economics
Technological advancement costs money
The political organization can influence the
progress and limitations of software development.
* Great things could have provided if the influence
in politics are on a positive side.
The Influence of Politics
It is the variety of life forms at structural
levels (genetic, species, and
ecosystem).
LIFE ON EARTH
BIODIVERSITY
3 kinds of biodiversity essential to preserve
ecological systems:
Genetic Diversity
Species diversity
Ecosystem diversity
kinds of biodiversity essential to preserve
ecological systems:
a measure of the variety of versions of THE SAMEGENES within individual species
genetic diversity
kinds of biodiversity essential to preserve
ecological systems:
describes the number of different
kinds of organisms within
individual communities or
ecosystem
species diversity
kinds of biodiversity essential to preserve
ecological systems:
specifies the number of niches, trophic
levels, and ecological processes that
capture, sustain food webs and recycle
materials within this system
ecosystem diversity
Importance of biodiveristy
It can aid ecosystem stability and because we
rely on many different organisms
has medicinal properties that the researchers could be used to treat cancer, fever, malaria, and rheumatism
Biodiversity can aid ecosystem stability
Aesthetic and existence values are important
- it provides job opportunities to local communities
- nature-based activities like fishing, hunting, camping
and hiking also have cultural value
- it has religious and moral significance
threats to biodiversity
Extinction, the elimination of species,
can be a normal process of the
natural world as species out-compete
or kill off others or as environmental
conditions changes
Over the past 150 years, due to
HUMAN ACTIVITIES, extinction rate
has increased from rate of 1 - 5 per
year to thousands per decade.
HIPPO
Habitat destruction
Invasive species
Pollution
Population of humans
overharvesting
is a biogeographic region with significant
levels of biodiversity that is threatened by human habitation
Biodiversity hot spots
To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot, a region must meet
two strict criteria:
1.) It must have at least 1,500 vascular plants as
endemics
2.) It must have 30% or less of its original natural
vegetation. In other words, it must be threatened.
?
(existed for thousands of years)
vs
?
(effective and efficient)
selective breeding
modern biotechnology
Example of GMO Foods
tomato
rice
sweet corn
canola oil
cotton
wheat
soy
peas
salmon
yeast
IMPACT OF GMO TO BIODIVERSITY
AND ENVIRONMENT
An insect resistant GM crop could have direct toxic effect on
non-target species.
A GM crop could have an indirect effect to other species by
reducing the source of food for other wildlife such as birds.
Pest resurgence could be resulted from insects which
become resistant to chemicals when used on pest tolerant
GM crops repeatedly and may increase the number of insect
pest.
Creating an imbalance in nature by changing the
predatory/prey ratio.
Average temperature (at present) of earth’s surface
15 degree Celsius/59 degree Fahrenheit
According to EPA, what are the greenhouse gases
Carbon dioxide
methane
nitrous oxide
fluorinated gases
A greenhouse gas that is primarily emitted by burning fossil fuels (coal. natural gas, and oil), solid waste, trees and wood products.
carbon dioxide
a greenhouse gas , emissions are from livestock, agricultural practices, and the decay of organic waste. Production and transport of fossil fuels also release it
methane
a greenhouse gas, agricultural and industrial activities and combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste are its primary source
nitrous oxide
A greenhouse gas, also known as High Global Warming Potential (GWP) gases; synthetic powerful greenhouse gases from the emissions of industrial processes. It includes hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride and nitrogen trifluoride.
fluorinated gases
sources of greenhouse gases (6)
Electricity production.
Transportation.
Industry.
Commercial and Residential,
Agriculture.
Land use and Forestry.
impacts of enhanced global warming
More frequent hot days and fewer cool days
More intense heat waves
Worsening storms, floods and droughts
Intensified Hurricanes
Warmer ocean surface temperatures
Rising sea levels
More frequent coastal flooding
Island nations disappear
Accelerated melting of ice sheets and glaciers
Changes in the growing season of plants
Disruption of normal ecosystem
Loss of animal habitat
Possible extinction of animals
PROJECTED HEALTH IMPACTS of CLIMATE CHANGE
Increase malnutrition and consequent disorders.
Increase in the number of people dying and suffering from disease and injury due to heat waves, floods, storms, fires, and droughts.
Continue change range of some infectious disease vectors.
Have mixed effects on malaria
Increase the burden of diarrheal diseases.
Increase cardio-respiratory morbidity and mortality associated with ground-level ozone.
One way to determine a person’s environmental impact is through__?. It is usually expressed in equivalent tons of Carbon Dioxide (CO2). It calculates the sum of all the produced carbon induced by a person’s energy use. Awareness of personal carbon footprints can help reduce energy consumption leading to minimized carbon emissions production.
Carbon Footprint computation
ways to reduce global warming and climate change
Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.
Use Less het and air conditioning.
Drive less and drive smart.
Buy energy efficient products.
Grow your own foods in your backyard.
Plant trees in your back yard.
Replace incandescent lights to fluorescents light bulbs.
Use hybrid or electric cars.
Encourage others to conserve.
Support the government projects geared toward environmental preservations.
List of current issues the environment is facing today
:
Air pollution.
Water pollution.
Soil and land pollution.
Climate change.
Global warming.
Deforestation.
Increased carbon footprint.
Genetic modification.
Effect on marine life.
Public health issues.
Overpopulation.
Loss of biodiversity.
Littering and landfills.
Ozone layer depletion.
Mining.
Natural resource depletion.
Natural disasters.
Habitat loss.
Acid rain.
Agricultural pollution.
Urban sprawl.
Medical waste.
Energy sources such as crude oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear energy are classified as ?
non-renewable
Solar, Geothermal, Hydropower, Wind, Biomass, and Bio-fuels are ? energy sources
renewable
CAUSES OF THE ENERGY CRISIS acc to World Energy Organization
Overconsumption.
Overpopulation.
Poor infrastructure.
Unexplored renewable energy options.
Wastage of energy.
Poor distribution system.
Major accidents and natural calamities.
Wars and attacks.
Miscellaneous factors. These factors include Political Events, Strikes, Tax hikes, Severe Weather Changes. If the problems will arise from oil producing companies, it will directly cause energy crisis.
is a process that can generate electricity by using the heat energy stored in the Earth’s oceans.
OTEC, Ocean THermal Energy Conversion
Types of OTEC Systems
Closed-Cycle or Anderson OTEC Cycle
Open-cycle or Claude OTEC cycle
Hybrid system.
fluid with point like ammonia used turbine order to generate The heat exchanger pumps the warm surface seawater, vaporized. then turbo-generator. The second heat generator now the deep seawater then condenses the back into liquid. OTEC
Closed-Cycle or Anderson OTEC Cycle.
the warm seawater is placed in a low-pressure container to boil. The steam produced powers the turbine attached to an electrical generator. The steam produced is salt free, almost pure and fresh water. Once exposed to cold temperatures from deep ocean water, the steam will be condensed back into liquid.
OTEC
Open-cycle or Claude OTEC cycle
This OTEC system combines the features of both Closed and Open cycle
Hybrid system
2KINDS OF OTEC POWER PLANTS
SEA-BASED AND LAND-BASED
ADVANTAGES OF OTEC
It produces clean, green renewable energy.
It produces no chemical pollution.
It does not involve burning fossil fuels which leads to lessened greenhouse gas production
It can provide potable water from ocean water.
It can also produce fuels such as hydrogen that can be used to power fuel cells in electric cars.
This technology can be used for aquaculture, refrigeration, and air conditioning
DISADVANTAGE OF OTEC
OTEC plants are only suitable in tropical areas.
Electricity produced by OTEC power plants is costly. 3. Construction of OTEC power plants requires great amount of investment.
Construction of power plants may damage coral reefs and other marine ecosystems.
OTEC system may result to political concerns.
hOW MANY CHROMOSOMES ARE THEIR IN A HUMAN
46
A CHROMOSOME IS MADE UP OF _?
2 CHROMATIDS
EACH CHROMATIDS CONTAINS
DNA DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
diseases caused by abnormalities in the DNA sequence an individual. These irregularities can happen in one gene there an addition or subtraction of chromosomes.
GENETIC DISORDER DISEASES
TYPES OF GENETIC DISORDERS
SINGLE-GENE DISORDER
CHROMOSOMAL DISORDER
MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE
A GENETIC DISORDER are caused by mutations in specific genes.
sINGLE-GENE DISORDER
A GENETIC DISORDER It might be an excess or deficiency of the whole chromosome, chromosomal rearrangement, and contiguous gene syndrome. There are many structural abnormalities in the chromosomes and some of it are related to cardiovascular disease that lead to congenital heart disease.
CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS
A GENETIC DISORDER not caused by some changes or abnormalities in a single gene or chromosome. It is basically by the combination of genetic changes that produces the disease
MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE
is a method of treating or preventing diseases by replacing. repairing, or turning on or off genes of a patient’s cells.
GENE THERAPHY
2 TYPES OF GENE THERAPHY
SOMATIC GENE THERAPGY
REPRODUCTIVE GENE THERAPHY
GENE THERAPHY are those which are not related to reproductive gene therapy. It is basically the introduction of genes to cells in a target organ to produce enzymes which are needed by the body to functions well.
SOMATIC GENE THERAPHY
GENE THERAPHY helps the organ to function well but it doesn’t alter the genetic makeup of an organism. The changes in organisms caused by somatic gene therapy are not transmitted to its offspring.
SOMATIC GENE THERAPHY
GENE THERAPHY is basically the introduction of corrective genes to sperm cells, egg cells, or even zygotes (4-day old). The main goal or objective is to eliminate the abnormalities that can possibly be transmitted to the offspring. It is the alteration of genetic makeup of the offspring by targeting the abnormal genes in the parent’s sex cells.
Reproductive gene therapy or germ-line cell therapy
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVATAGES OF GENE THERAPHY
It offers cure to several diseases like cancer. Parkinson’s disease, AIDS, asthma, diabetes, heart diseases as well as hereditary diseases.
It can replace defective cells.
It has a promising potential not only in the field of medicine but in some related fields like agriculture.
Modifying organism means modifying its capabilities.
Viral vectors could recover its ability to cause disease.
It can damage the gene pool resulting to multigene disorder.
High cost.
Ethical issues.
non-coding region of genes (are removed in the gene)
INTRONS
genes that are coded to proteins (expressed genes)
EXONS
, companies from various economic sectors adopt _? to decrease costs, generate additional revenues, provide consistent product quality, streamline operations, expand production/service capacity, improve company’s competitiveness.
AND WHAT REVOLUTION IS THIS?
RAIA
ROBOTICS, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY
FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
ITS MEANING IS WORKER OR SERF (PEASANT)
ROBOTA
MEANING OF ROBOTA
WORKER OR SERF(PEASANT)
a mechanical or virtual artificial agent, basically a man-machine interface that is guided by a computer program or electronic-circuitry
ROBOT
The word robot first appeared in print in the 1920 play R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots) by?
KARL KAPEK
is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing
ROBOTICS
WHO were the fathers of industrial robots?
Joseph Engleberger and George Devoe
WHAT COMPANY BUILT THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL ROBOT
UNIMATION
WHAT IS THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL ROBOT IN 1961
PUMA
PROGRAMMABLE UNIVERSAL MANIPULATOR ARM
an economic system, based on robots, artificial intelligence and (service) automation (Crews, 2016) as production factors instead of human labor
ROBONOMICS
ROBOT APPLICATIONS (3)
INDUSTRY
REMOTE OPERATIONS
SERVICE
APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTS
are used in manufacturing: pick & place, assembly, welding, spray painting, deburring, machining, etc.
INDUSTRY
APPLICATION OF ROBOTS
include undersea, nuclear environment, bomb disposal, law enforcement, and outer space.
REMOTE OPERATIONS
APPLICATION OF ROBOTS
robots have been implemented as hospital helpmates, handicapped assistance, retail, household servants, vacuum cleaners, and lawnmowers.
SERVICE
WHAT ARE THE MAIN COMMON ROBOT DESIGN (2)
TRANSLATIONAL ARM DESIGNS(5)
ORIENTATIONAL WRIST DESIGNS(5)
have three linear axes of movement (X, Y, Z). Used to pick and place tasks and to move heavy loads. They can trace rectangular volumes in 3D space.
CARTESIAN ROBOT
These robots are commonly used in assembly tasks and can trace concentric cylinders in 3D space.
CYLINDRICAL ROBOT
uses a spherical shell as its primary means of locomotion.
SPHERICAL ROBOT
These are common table-top assembly robots
SCARA ROBOT
SELECTIVE COMPLIANCE ARTICULATED ROBOT ARM
resemble the human arm in their 3D motion (they are anthropomorphic). They are versatile robots, but have more difficult kinematics and dynamics control equations than other serial robots. All of these robot architectures may be used with a variety of robot wrists.
ARTICULATED ROBOT
These kinds of robotic design provide primary rotational motion of the roboT
ORIENTATIONAL WRIST DESIGN
They have wheels, legs, or other means to navigate around the workspace under control. \ are applied as hospital helpmates, vacuum cleaners, lawn mowers, among other possibilities. These robots require good sensors to see the workspace, avoid collisions, and get the job done.
MOBILE ROBOT
The state-of-the-art in robotics still largely focuses on robot arms. There is much current research work aimed at creating human-like robots that can walk, talk, think, see, touch, etc. Generally Hollywood and science fiction lead real technology by at least 20 or 30 years.
HUMANOID ROBOT
They have many arms with active and passive joints and links, supporting the load in parallel.. ? are used in expensive flight simulators, as machining tools, and can be used for high-accuracy, high-repeatability, high-precision robotic surgery.
Parallel robots
These are a special kind of parallel robot where lightweight, stiff, strong cables are both the actuators (provide force/torque for robot motion.) and structure for the robot.
CABLE-SUSPENDED ROBOT
are constructed from highly compliant materials. Often they are developed from a high degree of biomimicry, such as for octopi and elephant trunks. Their absolute rigidity and accuracy are very low when compared to traditional rigid robots. However, their safety is inherently very good, including the ability to work among humans, and envelop objects for grasping them. Often they are actuated by air (or other fluid) pressure and/or artificial muscles, which are generally much more difficult to control than those of traditional robots.
SOFT ROBOTS
WHY ROBOTS?
Ø Robots could work 24/7
Ø Robots could implement various tasks and expand their scope with software and hardware upgrades
Ø Robots could provide constant or improving quality of their work
Ø Robots could fulfil their work correctly and in a timely manner
Ø Robots could do routine work repeatedly
Ø Robots do not complain, get ill, go on strikes, spread rumours, discriminate, quit their job without notice, show negative emotions, shirk from work
WHY NOT ROBOT
Ø Robots lack creativity
Ø Robots will not be any time soon completely independent of human supervision
Ø Robots lack personal approach
Ø Robots can orientate in structured situations (at least for the moment)
Ø Robots may (will) be perceived as threat by human employees (e.g. Neo-Luddism movement)
PRINCIPLES OF ROBONOMICS
High level of automation of production
Fewer but more knowledge-intensive jobs Disconnection between employment and incomes
Active use of variety of single- and multi-purpose industrial, service and social robots
High cost-efficiency of production
Small and dispersed factories, close to consumers
High level of standardisation of services
Labor and capital abundance are not sources of competitive advantages, but knowledge and creativity.
BENEFITS OR ROBONOMICS
Improved quality of life in the long term due to:
§ People will be liberated of hard manual work
§ Drastic increase of leisure time
§ Time for creative and pleasure activities
§ Less (no) work-related stress
§ Improved health, increased life expectancy
CHALLENGES OF ROBONOMICS
Short- and mid-term challenges due to:
§ Unemployment and relative overpopulation – fewer human employees and lower salaries
§ Possible functional illiteracy – humans may forget how to do things once robots do them
§ Division of society between employed and unemployed
§ Changes in social values – is human life valuable? Do we need other people to satisfy our needs when we have robots?
§ Psychological problems of people who find themselves with too much free time, nothing to do and no need to work
§ Social unrest and political instability – due to substitution of human employees with robots
§ Migration
§ Wars
Some Specific Solutions to the Challenges of Robonomics
Constant and fluid free life-long education
2.) Entertainment, tourism, leisure activities, volunteerinG
Universal basic income (UBI)
Robot-based taxation is considered as one of the ways to finance the UBI
5.) Birth control / birth right patents
as unit of measurement of length, is an analogous entity like meter
means a factor of billionth (10) in the metric system and can be applied in time , volume
NANO
HE COINED THE WORD “NANO TECHNOLOGY” IN1974
NORIO TANIGUCHI
means a factor of billionth (10) in the metric system and can be applied in time (nanosecond), volume
NANOTECHNOLOGY
the study and manipulation of matter at a scale of about 1 to 100 nanometers. It involves characterization, design, and production of structures. devices, and systems with unique properties by fine-tuning the physical, chemical, mechanical, and optical properties of materials at the nanoscale
NANOTECHNOLOGY
TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY
These
techniques are used to visualize
and analyze the structure and
properties of nanomaterials at
high resolution. Carbon
Nanotube
SEM AND TEM
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY
This technique uses a tiny probe to
scan the surface of a sample and
create a high-resolution
topographical map.
AFM
ATOMIC FORCS MICROSCOPY
TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY
These techniques are used to
determine the crystal structure
and chemical composition of
nanomaterials.
XRD AND XPS
X-RAY DIFFRACTION
X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY
TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY
a powerful tool for studying the behavior
of materials in fields such as materials
science, chemistry, and physics
SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPES
TECHNIQUES IN NANO TECHNOLOGY (4)
oPTICAL LITHOGRAPHY
X-RAY LITHOGRAPHT
DIP PEN LITHOGRAPHY
ELECTRON BEAM LITHOGRAPHY
APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
IN DRUGS
FABRICS
ELECTRONS
COMPUTERS
APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
IN DRUGS
FABRICS
ELECTRONS
COMPUTERS
