finals Flashcards
what are the words for افعل قلوب?
CERTAINTY
علمت
رايت
وجدت
DOUBT
ظننت
خلت
حسبت
BOTH
ظعمت
what happens when افعل قلوب become part of a sentence?
when these words become part of a sentence, the word (مبتدا خبر ) after will become mafool because the action is being done upon both of them.
this rule is only applied when the fail-ul-quloob is at the start of a sentence
what is meant by a حرف?
- letters that doesn’t make sense on its own
- little words that are put into sentences with nouns and verbs to make sense of it
how many types does حرف have?
17
what is meant by حرف جر?
prepositions - makes the following word have a جر
joins the fail and ism together
what does ب mean?
‘with’
what are the uses of ب?
- الصاق - join 2 things together
- استعان - comes for ‘with the support’
- تعليل - stating the reason why
- مصاحبت - company
- مقابلا - in exchange
- تعري - requires a mafool
- ضرفيت - shows the place
- زل - extra
give an example of الصاق in arabic and english
زيد مع بعض أصدقائه
Zaid is with some of his friends
give an example of استعانة in arabic and english
كتبت بالقلم
I wrote with ‘the help’ of the pen
give an example of تعليل in arabic and english
انكم ظلمتم انفسكم باتحاذكم العجل
you oppressed yourself by worshipping the cow
give an example of مصاحبت in arabic and english
خرج زيد بعشيرته
zaid left with his family
give an example of مقابلا in arabic and english
بعت الفرس بمائة دينار
i sold my house in exchange for 100 dinar
give an example of تعري in arabic and english
ذهبت بزيد
i went with zaid
give an example of ضرفيت in arabic and english
جلست بالمسجد
i sat in the masjid
give an example of زل in arabic and english
ما زيد بقاإم
zaid did not stand
what is ت used for in terms of هرف جر? Give an example
- an oath
- can only be put with the name of Allah
e.g تالله = I swear by Allah
what is و used for in terms of هرف جر?
Give and example.
- an oath
- can be used with the name of Allah and other names of Allah
e.g والله = i swear by Allah
e.g وارهمن = I swear by the most merciful
what is ب used for in terms of هرف جر?
- an oath
- used as “Allah” and other names of Allah and pronouns
- با الله = I swear by Allah
- بارهمن = I swear by the most merciful
- بك = I swear by you
what category do ب,و,ت come into in terms of هرف جر?
OATH
what does كاف mean in terms of هرف جر?
Give an example.
“like” or “as though”
- used for comparison
e.g زيدٌ كعمرٍ = Zaid is LIKE Amr
what does ل mean in terms of هرف جر?
Give an example.
“for”
- used for belonging
e.g المل لزيد = the wealth is FOR Zaid
what does من mean in terms of هرف جر?
Give an example.
“from”
- used to show a previous place
e.g
سرت من البصرة الى الكوفة = I travelled FROM Basr to Koofa
what does الى mean in terms of هرف جر?
Give an example.
“to” or “towards”
- used to show a future place or position
e.g
سرت من البصرة الى الكوفة = I travelled from Basr TO Koofa
what does هتّي mean in terms of هرف جر?
Give an example.
“until”
e.g
سرت البلد هتّي سوق = I travelled the city UNTIL (I reached) the market
what does في mean in terms of هرف جر?
Give an example.
“in”
e.g زيد في الدار = Zaid is IN the house
what does على mean in terms of هرف جر?
Give an example.
“upon”
- used to show the height or being on top of something
e.g زيد على السطه = Zaid is ON the roof
what does عن mean in terms of هرف جر?
Give an example.
“from”
e.g رميت السهم عن القوس = I threw something FROM a height
what does مذ / منذ mean in terms of هرف جر?
Give an example.
منذ = “since”
مذ = “for”
- you can use either or in a sentence
e.g :
ما رايته مذ يوم الجمعة OR ما رايته منذ يوم الجمعة
I have not seen him SINCE / FOR the day of Jumuah
what does رُبَّ mean in terms of هرف جر?
Give an example.
“many a”
e.g
رُبَّ رجل كريم لقيته
there are MANY A men i trust
what does هشا / خلا / عدا mean in terms of هرف جر?
Give an example.
- they all mean “besides” / “except for”
e.g
خلا زيد = except Zaid
what is meant by هرف مشب بالفعل?
letters that govern two words and come before a مبدتا و كبر
what are the 6 words of هرف مشب بالفعل?
- اِنَّ
- اَنّ
- كاَنَّ
- لكِنَّ
- لَيْتَ
- لَعَلَّ
what does اِنَّ و اَنَّ mean in terms of هرف مشب بالفعل ?
Give an example.
اِنَّ - indeed
اَنَّ - that
- “indeed” comes at the beginning of a sentence and “that” comes in the middle of a sentence
e.g
- اِنَّ زيد اقا أم = INDEED Zaid is standing
- بلغي اَنَّ زيد ا منطلق = I have heard THAT Zaid is going to travel
what does كاَنَّ mean in terms of هرف مشب بالفعل ?
Give an example.
“as if” in the sense of ‘like’
e.g
كَاَنَّ زيد اسد = It is AS IF Zaid is like a lion
what does لكِنَّ mean in terms of هرف مشب بالفعل ?
Give an example.
“but”
e.g
غاب زيد لَكِنْ بكر هاضر = Zaid is absent BUT Bakr is present
what does لَيْتَ mean in terms of هرف مشب بالفعل ?
Give an example.
“if only” / “i wish”
- come for desire (of something that may not occur)
e.g
لَيْتَ زيدا قاأم = I WISH Zaid was standing
what does لَعَلَّ mean in terms of هرف مشب بالفعل ?
Give an example.
“maybe” / “hope”
- comes for desire (of something that may occur)
e.g
لَعَلَ السلطن يكرمني = I hope the King will respect me
what is the concept behind ما و لا مشابا بليس?
ما and لا have both positive and negative meanings.
This is because لا means “except” but it also means “no” ; and ما means “what” but also means “no”.
However, in this context they both come with a negative meaning or with a مبتدا و خبر. If it comes with a مبتدا و خبر, it will still be negative.
what is the ruling of ما و لا مشابا بليس?
ما and لا come in the same meaning as ليس
In a sentence:
- the ism / mubtada will get a raf’a (dummah)
- the khabr will get a fatha
ما will come for all nouns (proper and common)
لا will only come for common nouns
give an example of ما و لا مشابا بليس?
ما زيد بقاإم
Zaid did not stand
what is meant by هروف ايجاب?
letters that respond to a statement
what are the 6 words of هروف ايجاب?
- نعم
- بلى
- اِىْ
- اجل
- جير
- اِنَّ
what does نعم mean in terms of هروف ايجاب ?
Give an example.
“yes”
- comes to confirm the statement before and clearly establish a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer
e.g
QUESTION: أجاء زيد - has Zaid come?
ANSWER: نعم - Yes
what does بلى mean in terms of هروف ايجاب ?
Give an example.
“yes, of course”
- come in response to a negative (not literal, stating the obvious ; sarcastic) statement and makes it positive.
e.g
QUESTION: ألست بربكم - Is Allah not your Lord?
ANSWER: بلى - Yes, why not?
what does اِىْ mean in terms of هروف ايجاب ?
Give an example.
“yes”
- comes after a question, to confirm something
- always comes before an oath
e.g
QUESTION: هل كان كذا - Did this actually happen?
ANSWER: اِىْ وا الله - Yes, I swear by Allah
what does اجل / جير / اِنَّ mean in terms of هروف ايجاب ?
Give an example.
“yes” / “indeed”
- comes for confirmation of the information
e.g
QUESTION: جاءك زيد - Has Zaid come?
ANSWER: اجل / جير / اِنَّ - “yes” / “indeed”
what is meant by هروف عطف?
letters which join (connective)
what are the ten words for هروف عطف?
- و
- فاء
- ثمَّ
- هتَّى
- اَو
- اِمَّ
7.اَمْ - لا
- بل
- لكن
what does و mean in terms of هروف عطف ?
Give an example.
“and”
e.g
جآءنى زيد و عمر = Zaid and Amr came to me
what does ف mean in terms of هروف عطف ?
Give an example.
“so” / “then”
e.g
what does ثمَّ mean in terms of هروف عطف ?
Give an example.
“then”
e.g
what does هتَّى mean in terms of هروف عطف ?
Give an example.
“until”
what does اِمَّ mean in terms of هروف عطف ?
Give an example.
“either” / “or”
e.g
what does اَمْ mean in terms of هروف عطف ?
Give an example.
“or”
- used in questioning
e.g
what does لا mean in terms of هروف عطف ?
Give an example.
“not”
- negative
e.g
what does بل mean in terms of هروف عطف ?
Give an example.
“but” / “rather” / “instead”
e.g
what does لكن mean in terms of هروف عطف ?
Give an example.
“but” / “however”
e.g
what is meant by هروف تنبي?
letters to get the attention of a person
- in the case of an emergency and as a warning
- when calling someone to make them aware of something
what are the 3 words for هروف تنبي?
- الا -
- اما
- ها
Give an example of هروف تنبي
الا انهم المفسدون - Beware, they are the mischief makers
ها زيد قا أم - Attention, Zaid is standing
what is meant by هرف نداء?
letters that get the attention of a person
- it is not used in a warning
what are the words for هرف نداء?
- يا
- اَيَا
- هيا
- اي
- ء
what is the ruling for هرف نداء?
- اي and ء are used for people close in proximity
- اَيَا and هيا are used for someone who is not close in proximity
- يا is used for both situation
