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Cognitive Psychology > Finals > Flashcards

Finals Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognitive Psychologists would love to ____ directly how each of us represents knowledge.

A

Observe

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2
Q

A possibility for observing how we represent knowledge in our minds is the ____ approach

A

Rationalist

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3
Q

Refers to facts that can be STATED; knowing that

A

Declarative Knowledge

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4
Q

Knowledge of procedures that can be IMPLEMENTED; knowing how

A

Procedural Knowledge

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5
Q

The picture is similar to the real-world object it represents. It provides concrete information such as shape and relative size.

A

Analogous

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6
Q

The relationship between the word and what it represents is simply arbitrary

A

Symbolic Representation

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7
Q

Some cognitive psychologists have suggested that we have some _____ that resemble pictorial, analogous images, and other _______ that are highly symbolic, like words

A

Mental Representations

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8
Q

Are a good way to show CONCRETE and SPATIAL information in a way that is similar to what they show

A

Picture

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9
Q

Make it easy to express ABSTRACT and CATEGORICAL information in a way that is symbolic of what the words mean.

A

WORDS

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10
Q

Mental representation of things that are not currently seen or sensed by the sense organs

A

Imagery

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11
Q

Controlling pain and overcoming psychological problems, such as phobias and other anxiety disorders

A

Guided Imagery Techniques

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12
Q

Imagery to think about various structures and processes and to solve problems in their chosen fields

A

Imagery in Various Fields

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13
Q

By means of imagining the details of the tasks in the correct order so as to remember all the details involved, brain-damaged patients can wash dishes or take medication.

A

Occupational Therapy

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14
Q

People use both pictorial (ANALOG) and verbal codes (SYMBOLIC) for representing information in their mind

A

Dual-code theory

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15
Q

Types of codes

A

Symbolic Code
Analog Codes

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16
Q

Is a code that has been chosen RANDOMLY to stand for something that DOES NOT PERCEPTUALLY RESEMBLE what is being represented.

A

Symbolic Code

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17
Q

Are codes that RESEMBLE THE OBJECTS they are representing.

A

Analog Codes

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18
Q

Our mental representations more closely resemble the abstract form of a ____

A

Proposition

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19
Q

Is the meaning underlying a particular relationship among concepts: [Relationship between elements] ([Subject element)][Object element]

A

Proposition

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20
Q

According to the ____ hypothesis, we represent and use visual imagery in a way that is functionally equivalent (strongly analogous) to that for physical percepts.

A

functional equivalence

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21
Q

Our ____ of images and our ___ across images CORRESPOND to those of physical objects and percepts

A

Mental Transformation
Mental Movements

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22
Q

The ____ among elements of a visual image are ANALOGOUS to those relations in actual physical space

A

Spatial Relations

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23
Q

Can be used to generate information that was not explicitly stored during encoding

A

Mental Images

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24
Q

The construction of mental image is ANALOGOUS to the construction of?

A

Visually Perceptible Figures.

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25
Q

Is functionally EQUIVALENT to visual perception in terms of the processes of the visual system used for each

A

VIsual Imagery

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26
Q

Mental rotation involves ____ an object’s visual mental image

A

Rotationally Transforming

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27
Q

Mentally zooming IN or OUT to perceive details about a mental image

A

Image Scaling

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28
Q

The FURTHER away from each other the objects were, the LONGER it took participants to scan from one object to the other

A

IMAGE SCANNING

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29
Q

A person asked to imagine a scene and then describe it ignores half of the imagined scene

A

Representational Neglect

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30
Q

A person ignores half of his or her visual field

A

Spatial Neglect

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31
Q

The use of an organized means of combining words in order to communicate with those around us.

A

Language

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32
Q

The psychology of our language as it interacts with the human mind. It considers both production and comprehension of language

A

Psycholinguistics

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33
Q

Four areas of study have contributed greatly to an understanding of psycholinguistic

A

Linguistics
Neurolinguistics
Sociolinguistics
Computational Linguistics and Psycholinguistics

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34
Q

The study of language structure and change

A

Linguistics

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35
Q

The study of the relationships among the brain, cognition, and language

A

Neurolinguistics

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36
Q

The study of the relationship between social behavior and language (Caroll, 1986)

A

Sociolinguistics

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37
Q

The study of language via computational methods

A

Computational Linguistics and Psycholinguistics

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38
Q

Properties of Language

A

Communicative
Arbitrarily Symbolic
Regularly Structured
Structured at Multiple Levels
Generative, Productive
Dynamic

39
Q

Language permits us to communicate with one or more people who share our language

A

Communicative

40
Q

Language creates an arbitrary relationship between a symbol and what it represents: an idea, a thing, a process, a relationship, or a description.

A

Arbitrarily Symbolic

41
Q

Language has a structure; only particularly patterned arrangements of symbols have meaning, and different arrangements yield different meanings.

A

Regularly Structured

42
Q

The structure of language can be analyzed at more than one level (e.g., in sounds, meaning units, words, and phrases.)

A

Structured at Multiple Levels

43
Q

Within the limits of a linguistic structure, language users can produce novel utterances. The possibilities for creating new utterances are virtually limitless.

A

Generative, Productive

44
Q

Languages constantly evolve

A

Dynamic

45
Q

Basic Components of Words

A

Phoneme
Morpheme
Lexicon

46
Q

smallest unit of speech sound that can be used to distinguish one utterance in a given language from another

A

Phoneme

47
Q

The next level of the hierarchy after the phoneme

A

Morpheme

48
Q

Are the words that convey the bulk of the meaning of a language

A

Content Morphemes

49
Q

Add detail and nuance to the meaning of the context morphemes or help the content morphemes fit the grammatical context.

A

Function Morphemes

50
Q

The entire set of morphemes in a given language or in a given person’s linguistic repertoire

A

Lexicon

51
Q

The study of meaning in a language

A

Semantics

52
Q

One or more phonemes begin while other phonemes still are being produced

A

Coarticulation

53
Q

The process of trying to separate the continuous sound stream, into distinct words

A

Speech Segmentation

54
Q

Although the speech sounds, we actually hear comprise a continuum of variations in sound waves, we experience speech sound categorically

A

Categorical Perception

55
Q

We use the movements of the speaker’s vocal tract to perceive what he says

A

Motor Theory of Speech Perception

56
Q

Refers to the assertion that speakers of different languages have differing cognitive systems and that these different cognitive systems influence the ways in which people think about the world.

A

Linguistic Relativity

57
Q

Is sometimes referred to as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, named after the two men who were most forceful in propagating it, Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

A

Linguistic-relativity hypothesis

58
Q

people who can speak two languages

A

Bilinguals

59
Q

People who can speak only one language

A

Monolinguals

60
Q

A second language is acquired in addition to a relatively well developed first language

A

Additive Bilingualism

61
Q

Elements of a second language replace elements of the first language

A

Subtractive Bilingualism

62
Q

Suggest that two languages are represented in just one system or brain region

A

Single System Hypothesis

63
Q

Suggest that two languages are represented somehow in separate systems of the mind

A

Dual-System Hypothesis

64
Q

____ is not a certain outcome of linguistic contact between different language groups

A

Bilingualism

65
Q

A regional variety of a language distinguished by features such as vocabulary, syntax, and pronunciation.

A

Dialect

66
Q

The verbal slips reflect some kind of unconscious processing that has psychological significance

A

Freudian Slips

67
Q

People tend to make various kinds of slips in their conversations (Fromkin, 1973; Fromkin & Rodman, 1988):

A

Anticipation
Perseveration
Substitution
Reversal
Spoonerisms
Malapropism
Insertions of sounds

68
Q

Figurative use of language

A

Metaphorical Language

69
Q

The study of how people use language

A

Pragmantics

70
Q

Adress the question of what you can accomplish with speech and fall into five basic categories.

A

Speech Acts

71
Q

Searle’s Taxonomy of Speech Acts

A

Representative
Directive
Commissive
Expressive
Declaration or Performative

72
Q

Mr. Smith says, “It’s important for Jack to learn responsibility. Asking him to help shovel the driveway is one way he can learn about responsibility

A

Representative

73
Q

“Please help me shovel the snow”

A

Directive

74
Q

“I’m busy now, but I’ll help you shovel the snow later,”

A

Commissive

75
Q

“I’m really upset that you didn’t come through in helping me shovel the snow,”

A

Expressive

76
Q

“You’re fired.”

A

Declaration or Perfomative

77
Q

We accomplish our goals in speaking in an oblique fashion.

A

Indirect Speech Acts

78
Q

Is an impairment of language functioning caused by damage to the brain (Caramazza & Shapiro, 2001; Garrett, 2003; Hillis & Caramazza, 2003)

A

Aphasia

79
Q

It is characterized by notable impairment in the understanding of spoken words and sentences.

A

Wernicke’s Aphasia

80
Q

It is characterized by the production of agrammatical speech at the same time that verbal comprehension ability is largely preserved.

A

Broca’s Aphasia

81
Q

It is the combination of highly impaired comprehension and production of speech. It is caused by lesions to both Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

A

Global Aphasia

82
Q

Involves difficulties in naming objects or in retrieving words. The patient may look at an object and simply be unable to retrieve the word that corresponds to the object

A

Anomic Aphasia

83
Q

Involves the formation of a mental models that is analogous, in some respects, to visual imagery.

A

Haptic Imagery (touch-based)

84
Q

Used to explain things, ideas and actions using sounds that appeal to our sense of hearing

A

Auditory Imagery (based on hearing)

85
Q

Appears to be more proficient in representing and manipulating verbal and other symbol-based knowledge

A

Left Hemisphere

86
Q

Appears to represent and manipulate visuospatial knowledge in a manner similar to perception

A

Right Hemishphere

87
Q

Refers to the use of images that represent visual characteristics such as colors and shapes

A

Visual Imagery

88
Q

Refers to images that represent spatial features such as depth dimensions, distances, and orientations.

A

Spatial Imagery

89
Q

Cognitive Map Heuristics

A

Right Angle Bias
Symmetry Heuristic
Rotation Heuristic
Alignment Heuristic
Relative-Position Heuristic

90
Q

people tend to think of intersections

A

Right angle bias

91
Q

people tend to think of shapes

A

Symmetry heuristic

92
Q

people tend to distort the images as being either more vertical or more horizontal

A

Rotation heuristic

93
Q

distorting their mental images to be better aligned

A

Alignment heuristic

94
Q

distorted in mental images in
ways that more accurately reflect people’s conceptual
knowledge

A

Relative-position heuristic

Cognitive Psychology (1 decks)

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