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Micro Para Lab Finals > Finals > Flashcards

Finals Flashcards

1
Q

The study of disease, but they involve different aspects of disease.

A

EPIDEMIOLOGY

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2
Q

Studies the factors that determine the frequency, distribution and determinants of diseases in human populations.

A

Epidemiologist

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3
Q

British physician, designed and conducted an epidemiologic investigation of a cholera outbreak in London

A

John Snow

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4
Q

The infectious disease is transmissible from one human to another (person to person)

A

Communicable disease

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5
Q

A communicable disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another.

A

Contagious Disease

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6
Q

The human acquires from animal sources

A

Zoonotic disease (zoonosis)

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7
Q

The number of new cases of that disease in a defined population during a specific time period

A

Incidence

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8
Q

Expressed as a number of new cases of a particular disease that occurred during a specified time period per a specifically defined population. (usually per 1000, 10,000 or 100,000 population)

A

Morbidity Rate

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9
Q

Prevalence is the proportion of a population who have a specific characteristic in a given time period.

A

Prevalence

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10
Q

Two types of Prevalence

A
  1. Period Prevalence

2. Point Prevalence

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11
Q

The number of cases of the disease existing in a given population during a specific time period

A

PERIOD PREVALENCE

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12
Q

The number of cases of the disease existing in a given population at a particular moment in time

A

Point prevalence

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13
Q

Refers to death

Also, known as death rate

A

MORTALITY RATE

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14
Q

The ratio of the number of people who died of a particular disease during a specified time period per a specified population

A

MORTALITY RATE

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15
Q

Occurs only occasionally within the population of a particular geographic area

A

Sporadic Disease

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16
Q

 It is always present within the population of a particular geographic area
 The number of cases of disease may fluctuate overtime but the disease never dies out completely.
 refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a
population within a geographic area.

A

Endemic Disease

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17
Q

 Greater than usual number of cases of disease in particular region usually occurring within a relatively short period of time
 Refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area

A

Epidemic Disease (outbreak)

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18
Q

infectious disease occurs depends on many factors,

A
  1. FACTORS PERTAINING TO THE PATHOGEN
  2. FACTORS PERTAINING TO THE HOST
  3. FACTORS PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT
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19
Q

FACTORS PERTAINING TO THE PATHOGEN

A

 Virulence of pathogens
 Way for pathogen to enter the body
 Number of organism that enter the body

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20
Q

FACTORS PERTAINING TO THE HOST

A

 Health status
 Nutritional status
 Other factors pertaining to the susceptibility of the host

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21
Q

FACTORS PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT

A

 Physical factors su8ch as geographical location, climate, heat cold humidity and season of the year.
 Availability of appropriate reservoir
 Sanitary and housing condition, adequate waste disposal

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22
Q

Any site where the pathogen can multiply or merely survive until it is transferred to a host.

A

RESERVOIR OF INFECTION (reservoir)

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23
Q

Includes human, household pets, farm animals, wild animals, certain insects, and certain arachnids (ticks or mites)

A

LIVING RESERVOIRS

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24
Q

Most important reservoir of human infectious disease is other human- people with infectious diseases as well as carriers.

A

Human Carriers

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25
Q

A person who is colonized with a particular pathogen.

A

CARRIER

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26
Q

SEVERAL TYPES OF CARRIER

A
  1. Passive carrier
  2. Incubatory carrier
  3. Convalescent carrier
  4. Active carrier
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27
Q

Carry the pathogen without ever having had the disease.

A

Passive carrier

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28
Q

A person who is capable of transmitting a pathogen during incubation period of particular infectious disease.

A

Incubatory carrier

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29
Q

Harbor and can transmitted a particular pathogen while recovering from an infectious disease

A

Convalescent carrier

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30
Q

Have completely recovered from the disease, but continue to harbor the pathogen indefinitely

A

Active carrier

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31
Q

Caused by Toxoplasmosis gondii, can be contracted by ingesting oocytes from cat feces that are present in litter boxes or sand boxes as well as ingesting cysts that are present in infected raw or undercooked meats.

A

Toxoplasmosis

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32
Q

May cause brain damage or death

A

Toxoplasmosis

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33
Q

Serve as reservoir of infections including insects and arachnids

A

Arthropods

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34
Q

These arthropods are referred to as

A

VECTORS

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35
Q

Inanimate reservoir of infection includes air, soil, dust, food, milk, water and fomites

A

NONLIVING RESERVOIR

36
Q

 Inanimate objects capable of transmitting disease.
 Found within health care setting includes patients gown, bedding, towels, eating and drinking utensils and hospital equipment.

37
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION OF PATHOGENS

A
  1. AIRBORNE
  2. DIRECT CONTACT AND INDIRECT CONTACT
  3. DROPLET
  4. VEHICULAR
  5. VECTORS
38
Q

Involves contaminated inanimate objects such as foods, water, dust, and fomites.

A

Vehicular transmission

39
Q

Are various types of biting insects and arachnids.

40
Q

Its mission is to promote technical cooperation for health among nations, carry out programs to control and eradicate diseases and improve the quality of human life.

A

World Health Organization (WHO)

41
Q

 Which assist the states and local health departments in the application of all aspects of epidemiology.
 The overall mission is to promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability.

A

Center for disease control and prevention (CDC)

42
Q

Pathogenic microorganisms sometimes wind up in the hands of mentally deranged people who want to use them to cause harm to others. And the microbes are biological warfare agents

A

BIOLOGICAL WARFARE

43
Q

The member of terrorist or radical hate groups might use pathogens to create fear, chaos, illness, and death.

A

BIOTERRORISM agent

44
Q

Four pathogens most often use:

A
  1. Bacillus anthracis
  2. Clostridium botulinum
  3. Smallpox virus (variola major)
  4. Yersenia pestis
45
Q

Sources of water contamination

A
  1. Rainwater falling over the large areas collects in lakes and rivers that is subjected to contaminate by the soil microorganism and raw fecal material
  2. Groundwater from wells also can become contaminated
46
Q

this are E. coli and other lactose fermenting members of family enterobacter and kleibsiella spp.

47
Q

 The sewage disposal plant, large debris is first filtered out called screening. Skimmers remove floating greases and oil and floating debris is shredded or ground
 Flocculating substance can be added to cause other solids to settle out.

A

Primary sewage treatment

48
Q

the material that accumulates at the bottom of the tank.

A

Primary sludge

49
Q

 The liquid called the primary effluent) then undergoes secondary treatment, which includes aeration or trickling filtration.
 The remaining liquid is filtered and disinfected usually chlorination so that the effluent water can be returned to rivers or oceans.

A

SECONDARY Sewage Treatment

50
Q

 Where water in the short supply, the effluent water from the sewage disposal plant is further treated so that it can be returned directly to the drinking water system. This is very expensive process.
 Involves the addition of chemical, filtration, chlorination and distillation.

A

TERTIARY S.T.

51
Q

Any activity designed to study and or improve patient care outcomes in any type of healthcare institution or setting

A

Healthcare Epidemiology

52
Q

 ACQUIRED within the hospital or other health care facilities
 Hospital acquired infection

A

NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION

53
Q

Acquired outside healthcare facilities

A

Community acquired infection

54
Q

caused 34% of Nosocomial infections in US

A

gram positive cocci

55
Q

gram positive cocci bacteria

A

1) Staphylococcus aureus
2) Coagulase-negative staphylococci
3) Enterococcus spp.

56
Q

Gram-negative bacilli bacteria

A

1) Escherichia coli
2) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
3) Enterobacter spp
4) Klebsiella spp.

57
Q

Hard to treat as are infections caused by multidrug-resistant

A

Pseudomonas Infection

58
Q

MOST COMMON TYPES OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS

A
  1. Urinary tract infection
  2. Surgical Wound infection (also referred as Postsurgical wound infections
  3. Lower respiratory tract infection (primary Pneumonia)
  4. Bloodstream infection (septicemia)
59
Q

Gastrointestinal disease caused by

A

Clostridium difficile

60
Q

a common member of the indigenous microflora of the colon where it exists in relatively small numbers.

A

Clostridium difficile

61
Q

Clostridium difficile 2 types of toxins

A
  1. enterotoxin

2. cytotoxin

62
Q

Causes disease known as antibiotic –associated diarrhea (AAD)

A

ENTEROTOXIN

63
Q

 Causes a disease known as pseudomembranous colitis (PMC)

 Which section of the lining of the colon slough off, resulting in bloody stools

64
Q

 Father of handwashing
 Father of hand disinfection
 Father of hospital epidemiology

A

IGNAZ PHILIPP SEMMELWEIS

65
Q

Support or monitor basic body function contribute greatly to the success of modern medical treatment

A

MEDICAL DEVICES

66
Q

 The single most important measure to reduce risk of transmitting pathogens from one patient to another or from one anatomic site to another on the same patients.

A

Handwashing

67
Q

 Pertains to the numerous measures that are taken to prevent infections from occurring in healthcare setting.
 These preventive measures include actions taken to eliminate or contain reservoirs of infection, interrupt the transmission of pathogens and protect persons (patients, employees, and visitors) from becoming infected –in short, they are ways to break various links in the chain of infection.

A

INFECTION CONTROL

68
Q

British surgeon, made significant contribution in the areas of antisepsis against infection and asepsis without infection

A

JOSEPH LISTER

69
Q

Without infection includes any action taken to prevent infection or break the chain of infection

70
Q

2 Types of ASEPSIS

A
  1. Medical

2. Surgical

71
Q

 Used for the care of all hospitalized patients, regardless of their diagnosis or presumed infection status
 Incorporate the major features of universal precaution and body substance of isolation

A

STANDARD PRECAUTION

72
Q

 Designed to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne and other pathogens in hospitals and apply to blood: all body fluids, secretions, and excretion except sweat, regardless of whether they contain visible blood: nonintact skin: and mucous membrane

A

STANDARD PRECAUTION

73
Q

 Used for routine handwashing, but an antimicrobial or antiseptic agent should be used in certain circumstances
 Lathering hands should be rubbed briskly for at least 10-15 seconds

A

PLAIN SOAP (NONANTIMICROBIAL)

74
Q

Worn when touching blood, body fluids, secretion, excretion, and contaminated items as well as just before touching mucous membrane or nonintact skin.

75
Q

Protects the wearer from large particles droplets that are transmitted by close contact and travel short distance

A

MASK, EYE PROTECTION, FACE SHIELD AND GOWNS

76
Q

has become soiled with blood, body fluids, secretions, or excretion must be handled in a manner that prevents contaminating yourself or your clothing and prevent transfer of microorganism to other patients and areas

A

PATIENT CARE EQUIPMENT

77
Q

The hospital must have and employees must comply with adequate procedures for the routine care, cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces, beds, bed rails, bedside equipment and other frequently touched surfaces

A

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

78
Q

Needlestick injury and injuries resulting from broken glass and other sharps are the primary manner in which healthcare professional become infected with pathogens such as HIV and HBV

A

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS

79
Q

 Involves either airborne droplet nuclei or dust particles containing a pathogen.
 Small –particle residues (5um or less in diameter)

A

Airborne Precautions

80
Q

 Produced primarily as a result of coughing, sneezing and talking as well as during hospital procedures such as suctioning and bronchoscopy.
 Droplets larger than 5 um in diameter

A

Droplet Precautions

81
Q

The most important and frequent mode of transmission of nosocomial infections.

A

CONTACT PRECAUTIONS

82
Q

separates sick people with a contagious disease from people who are not sick. Quarantine separates and restricts the movement of people who were exposed to a contagious disease to see if they become sick.
These people may have been exposed to a disease and do not know it, or they may have the disease but do not show symptoms.

83
Q

 These isolation room are usually under negative pressure to prevent room air from entering the hallway when the door is opened and the air that is evacuated from such rooms passes through HEPA filters to remove pathogens

A

SOURCES ISOLATION

84
Q

Among them are patients with severe burns, those who have leukemia, patients who have received a transplant ,immunosuppressed person, those receiving radiation treatment and luekopenic patients

A

PROTECTIVE ISOLATION

85
Q

 INCLUDES A PRIVATE ROOM IN WHICH vented air entering when the door is opened
 The room must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected before the patient is admitted.
 All items coming from the patients must be disinfected or sterilized

A

TOTAL PROTECTED ENVIRONMENT (tpe)

Micro Para Lab Finals (1 decks)

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