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A&P Finals > Finals > Flashcards

Finals Flashcards

1
Q

Major organs of the digestive system

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small + large intestine

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2
Q

Accessory organs of the digestive system

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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3
Q

Smooth muscle have _ myofibrils or sarcomeres, _ striations, giving a tissue a smooth appearance

A

Smooth muscle have NO myofibrils or sarcomeres, NO striations, giving a tissue a smooth appearance

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4
Q

3 mechanisms regulating and controlling digestive system

A
  1. local (buffer, enzymes, acids)
  2. neural (stretch receptors)
  3. hormonal (hormones released)
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5
Q

Major function of pharynx

A

propulsion of food into the esophagus

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6
Q

Major functions of stomach

A

chemical breakdown, mechanical processing

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7
Q

major function of small intestine

A

enzymatic digestion, absorption

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8
Q

Major function of large intestine

A

dehydration and compaction

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9
Q

6 functions of digestive tract

A
  1. ingestion
  2. mechanical processing
  3. digestion
  4. secretion
  5. absorption
  6. compaction
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10
Q

4 regions of the stomach

A

fundus, cardia, body and pylorus.

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11
Q

4 functions of the stomach

A

storage, mechanical breakdown, chemical breakdown and intrinsic factor (B12)

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12
Q

__ % of nutrient absorption occurs in small intestine, most of remaining __% occurs in large intestine

A

90 % of nutrient absorption occurs in small intestine, most of remaining 10% occurs in large intestine

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13
Q

3 segments of small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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14
Q

Major function of duodenum

A

neutralize acidic chyme

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15
Q

Major function of jejunum

A

majority of digestion and absorption

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16
Q

5 major hormones regulating digestive activities

A
  1. gastrin
  2. GIP
  3. Secretin
  4. CCK
  5. VIP
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17
Q

3 major functions of large intestine

A
  1. H2O reabsorption
  2. Vitamin absorption
  3. storing fecal matter
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18
Q

3 segment of large intestine

A
  1. cecum
  2. colon
  3. rectum
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19
Q

4 regions of the colon

A

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid.

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20
Q

Absorption in the large intestine

A
  1. < 10 % of nutrients
  2. Vit K, B5, biotin produced by healthy bacteria
  3. H2O reabsorption
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21
Q

Functions of salivary glands

A

saliva production (mucins, enzymes)

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22
Q

Function of pancreas

A

exocrine glands - buffers and enzymes

endocrine - hormones

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23
Q

Function of gallbladder

A

Bile storage/secretion

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24
Q

Major functions of liver

A

bile and iron storage, toxins removal, fat-soluble vitamins, plasma proteins, clotting factor

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25
Q

___ is the largest visceral organ

A

Liver

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26
Q

The basic functional units of the liver are ___ which are ___ shape in cross section

A

The basic functional units of the liver are lobules which are hexagonal shape in cross section

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27
Q

___ break apart lipid droplets by emulsification

A

BILE SALTS break apart lipid droplets by emulsification

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28
Q

4 major pancreatic enzymes and their corresponding functions

A

alpha-amylase - carbs
lipase - lipids
nucleases - RNA, DNA
proteolytic enzymes - proteins

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29
Q

Cirrhosis

A

hepatitis with liver cells degeneration, formation of scar tissue

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30
Q

Colitis

A

Inflammation of the colon (often with diarrhea or constipation)

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31
Q

Major components of urinary system

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

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32
Q

Major functions of urinary system

A 
Blood volume and blood pressure control
Blood plasma - concentration of sodium, potassium, etc
Blood pH
Conserving nutrients
Removing drugs/toxins from blood
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33
Q

Major structural landmarks of the kidney

A 
Fibrous capsule (outer and inner)
Renal cortex
Medulla
Pyramid
Column
Kidney lobe
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34
Q

Microscopic functional unit of kidney

A

Nephron

35
Q

2 types of nephron

A

cortical (mostly)

juxtamedullary

36
Q

2 components of a nephron

A

Renal corpuscle + renal tubule

37
Q

Protein-free solution similar to blood plasma

A

Filtrate

38
Q

Solutes, metabolic wastes secreted by urinary system

A

urea, creatinine, uric acid, Na, K

39
Q

3 processes involved in kidney function

A

filtration
reabsorption
secretion

40
Q

Filtration only occurs in ____

A

Renal corpuscle

41
Q

____% of the organic substrates are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

99% of the organic substrates are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

42
Q

What is GFR (glomerular filtration rate)

A

amount of filtrate produced by kidney EACH MINUTE (125 ml/min)

43
Q

2 interacting levels of control to help stabilize GFR

A
  1. autoregulation - local level

2. central regulation - endo + neural (hormones + cns)

44
Q

Countercurrent multiplication

A

Exchange between thin descending limb and thick ascending limb
Creates concentration gradient in renal medulla
Enables production of highly concentrated urine

45
Q

Part of nephron impermeable by water

A

Thick ascending loop

46
Q

Water regulation and urine volume

A

amount of H2O reabsorbed affects urine volume and osmotic regulation

47
Q

Water regulation mechanisms in nephron

A

Obligatory - PCT (proximal) - 85%

Facultative - DCT (distal) - 15%

48
Q

Urine volume and ADH

A

ADH = water reabsorption. Without ADH more urine produced.

49
Q

Filtrate by renal corpuscle has the same composition as plasma, except for…

A

plasma proteins

50
Q

Dialysis

A

Passive diffusion of blood across a selectively permeable artificial membrane

51
Q

Dialysis ___ renal failure symptoms, but is not a cure; ___is the only real cure for severe renal failure.

A

Dialysis RELIEVES renal failure symptoms, but is not a cure; KIDNEY TRANSPLANT is the only real cure for severe renal failure.

52
Q

2 hormones released by the endocrine cells in the kidney, and their function

A
  1. EPO (RBC production, blood volume)

2. Renin (activates RAAS, higher fluid intake)

53
Q

Functions of angiotensin

A

vasoconstriction, elevates blood pressure

54
Q

Functions of aldosterone

A

Reabsorption of Na, excretion of K, affecting blood pressure and blood volume

55
Q

urinary tract can be visualized using a ___, a X-ray image after radiopaque dye administered

A

pyelogram

56
Q

Urine is transported by ____, stored at ___, eliminated through ___.

A

Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

57
Q

Micturition reflex

A

coordinates process of urination through both - local and central reflex pathways

58
Q

polyuria

A

too much urine produced

59
Q

oliguria

A

too little urine produced

60
Q

anuria

A

No urine produced

61
Q

disuria

A

inability to eliminate urine (e.g. due to prostate enlargement)

62
Q

What are electrolytes

A

Inorganic salts (Na, K, Cl)
all acids and bases
some proteins

63
Q

What is osmotic power

A

Salinity gradient power

64
Q

Greater osmotic power = ____ power to move fluids

A

GREATER

65
Q

Chief cation and anion in extracellular fluid

A

Cation - Na

Anion - Cl

66
Q

Chief cation and anion in intracellular fluid

A

Cation - K

Anion - P (phosphate)

67
Q

Dehydration

A

Water imbalance, intake is less then output
decrease of plasma volume
increase of plasma osmolarity
stimulates thirst center in hypothalamus

68
Q

primary hormone in sodium balance regulation

A

ADH

69
Q

hypo/hiper natremia

A

low/high concentration of Na in ECF

70
Q

Aldosterone regulates sodium balance by __

A

stimulating Na reabsorption and K secretion

71
Q

Lower or higher than normal K levels are called ___

A

hypo- and hyperkalemia

72
Q

3 classes of acids that threaten pH balance

A
  1. Fixed
  2. Organic
  3. Volatile
73
Q

Normal pH of ECF (extracellular fluid)

A

same as blood - 7.35-7.45

74
Q

Acidic pH

A

below 7

75
Q

basic (alkaline pH)

A

above 7

76
Q

ECF acidemia

A

Acidosis, pH below 7.35

77
Q

ECF alkalemia

A

Alkalosis, pH above 7.45,

78
Q

Three major body buffer systems

A
  1. Phosphate buff.system
  2. Protein buff.system
  3. Carbonic acid bicarbonate buff.system
79
Q

Ultimate acid-base regulatory organs are ___

A

kidneys

80
Q

Organs that eliminate acids from the body

A

Lungs and kidneys

81
Q

single most important indicator of respiratory inadequacy

A

pCO2 (partial CO2)

82
Q

Most common cause of acid-base imbalance, blood pCO2 is increased

A

respiratory acidosis

83
Q

Second most common cause of acid/base imbalance; pH is low, bicarbonate ion levels below normal in blood

A

metabolic acidosis

84
Q

Rising blood pH and bicarbonate levels indicate ____

A

metabolic alkalosis

A&P Finals (1 decks)

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