Final with Linnea Flashcards
1
Q
Alfred Adler
A
- Neo-Freudian
- Critiqued Freud in favor of emphasizing social factors
- implemented 2 chairs over a couch and started preventative work
2
Q
Albert Bandura
A
- Social learning theory
- Bobo doll experiment (1961)
- Theory of self-efficacy
- Advanced Triadic reciprocality & reciprocal determinism
3
Q
Aaron Beck
A
- father of CT & CBT
- cognitive triad (neg view of self, world or environment, and future)
4
Q
Josef Breuer
A
- Tx “Fräulein Anna O.” &inspired Freud to investigate the Tx of hysteria w/ the “talking cure”
- “Doctor with the Golden Touch” due to success treating hysteria
- disagreed w/ Freud and say catharsis as key
5
Q
Mary Whiton Calkins
A
- 1st female president of the APA in 1905
- Career at Wellesley: 1st psych lab at women’s college;
- studied sensation, memory, paired associates, & self-psych
6
Q
Edward Casavantes
A
- Founded the Association of Psychologists por la Raza
- Research: how social scientists were often responsible for creating cultural stereotypes about Latinos
7
Q
James McKeen Cattell
A
- Debatably the 1st USA psych professor (U Penn Lab)
- Columbia dismissed for writing anti-draft letters on uni stationary
- Research: mental testing following his own drug experimentation
8
Q
Jean-Martin Charcot
A
- Hypnosis and hysteria
- founder of modern neurology”
- Freud worked under him to study hysteria & hypnosis
9
Q
Noam Chomsky
A
- MIT linguist
- Vs. Skinner; language is more complex than behaviorism allows
- Creative use of language can be better explained as a central process than a peripheral process.
10
Q
Mamie & Kenneth Clark
A
- Some of the 1st black people to earn psych PhD from Columbia (1940-3)
- Research: different color dolls to study children’s attitudes about race; used in Brown v. Board of Ed to end racial segregation in public ed
- Kenneth 1st Black president of APA (1969)
11
Q
Clever Hans
A
- Brilliant horse owned by Herr von Osten
- Taught horse math, telling time, keeping calendar
- Horse answer 6% of questions correctly if examiner standing to side; and 89% correct if standing in front of him.
12
Q
Albert Ellis
A
- RET renamed REBT
- popularized the ABC model of emotions, later modified to the ABCDE approach
13
Q
Erik Erikson
A
-8 stages of psychosocial development:
14
Q
Anna Freud
A
- founder of psychoanalytic child psychology
- importance of the ego and its normal “developmental lines”
15
Q
Sigmund Freud
A
-psychic structure:
id (instinctual), ego, super-ego (moral)
- libido
- death drive
- associated w/ free-association, transference, dream analysis, and mechanisms of depression, hypnotism
- Pre-sexual shock
- Interpretation of dreams as window to unconscious
16
Q
G. Stanley Hall
A
- Hosted meeting to found APA; elected 1st president (1892)
- Founded Child Study Movement
- Considered psych questions w/ evolutionary frame; concept of “norms”
- Recapitulation theory: children recapitulate human evolutionary stages in their development
- Eugenicist: believed “negro races” as earlier stage of human development → saw it as his responsibility to educate black students; more black students received doctorates under him in early decades of 1900s than any other advisor
17
Q
Karen Horney
A
- challenged Freud’s anti-feminist bias & stressed social rather than biological determinants of sex diffs; potent critic of Freud’s views of women
- 10 neurotic needs-categorized by moving: towards, against, away from people
18
Q
Larke Huang
A
- Director of the Office of Behavioral Health Equity at SAMHSA
- Programs for underserved, culturally and linguistically diverse youth, evaluated community-based programs
- Wants psychologists to advocate for psych-informed public policy
19
Q
William James
A
- Father of American Psychology & Founder of Functional Psychology
- philosophy of pragmatism, 2-stage model of free will
-James–Lange theory of emotion:
emotion is the mind’s perception of physiological conditions that result from some stimulus.
-James’ theory of self:
materials, social, spiritual, pure ego
20
Q
Carl Jung
A
- Founded analytical psychology
- proposed collective unconscious (deviation from Freud’s libido)
21
Q
Wolfgang Kohler
A
- contributed to the creation of Gestalt psychology; “The whole is different from the sum of its parts”.
- wrote The Mentality of Apes (1917); observed how chimpanzees solve problems
- vocal against behaviorism
22
Q
Emil Kraepelin
A
- founder: modern scientific psychiatry, psychopharmacology, psychiatric genetics
- believed origin of psychiatric disease to be biological and genetic malfunction
- credited with the classifying two distinct forms of psychosis (aka: Kraepelinian dichotomy): manic depression and dementia praecox.
- co-discoverer of Alzheimer’s disease
- strong and influential proponent of eugenics and racial hygiene; publications included a focus on alcoholism, crime, degeneration and hysteria
23
Q
Kurt Lewin
A
-Lewin’s Equation for behavior: B=ƒ(P,E) → nature and nurture interact
-Force field analysis:
helping or hindering forces
-Leadership climates
-Change process:
1 - unfreezing/overcoming inertia;
2 - change occurs;
3 - freezing of a new crystalized mindset
24
Q
Little Albert
A
- Watson & Rayner
- Conditioned fear of white rats w/ loud noise; only 7 pairings required; generalized fear response to rabbit, dog, cotton, & sealskin coat
25
Maxie Maultsby
-Ellis' student, developed Rational Behavior Therapy
```
-5 Criteria for Rational Behavior:
1 - objective reality,
2- life/health preserving,
3- goal producing,
4- minimize emotional content,
5-minimize environmental content)
```
26
Abraham Maslow
- Hierarchy of needs
- Major concepts: self-actualization, human motivation and the hierarchy of needs (1943), metaneeds, d-needs (deficiency needs: food, sex, etc.) and b-needs (being needs: self-actualization, etc.), peak experiences, “positive psychology”
27
Rollo May
- associated with humanistic psychology, existentialist philosophy, and existential psychotherapy
- Existential psychotherapy
- Anxiety as key to selfhood
28
Elton Mayo
-Human Relations:
Being nice to workers improves their morale and work
-Industrial democracy:
Employee participation increases motivation and decreases resistance
29
George Miller
- reemergence of cognitive psychology following WWII
- birth of psycholinguistics and cognitive science in general
- "Magic 7" - chunked info recall
30
Hugo Munsterberg
- Pioneers in applied psychology
- purpose-oriented functional psychology.
- On the Witness Stand (1908)-eyewitness testimony
- Psychology and Industrial Efficiency (1913); considering factors for good enviro+employee
31
Anna O. aka
| Bertha Pappenheim
- wealthy, orthodox, Viennese, spoke 6 languages, no edu past 16yo
- Tx by Bruerer w/ “talking cure”
- Lead the Jewish feminist movement & start the field of social work
32
Ivan Pavlov
-Classical conditioning; "conditioned reflex"
-4 types of dogs:
Sanguine, Melancholic, Choleric,Phlegmatic
33
Jean Piaget
-Piaget's theory of cognitive development and epistemological view are together called "genetic epistemology"
34
Rosalie Rayner
-research psychologist, assistant and later wife of Hopkins professor John B. Watson, with whom she carried out the famous Little Albert experiment.
35
Muzafer Sherif
-Studied social influence
-Autokinetic Effect:
phenomenon of visual perception where a stationary, small point of light in an otherwise dark or featureless environment appears to move
-Robber’s Cave
36
B.F. Skinner
- modern spokesperson for radical behaviorism; reaction against introspection
- developed Skinner box/operant conditioning apparatus
- Schedules of reinforcement
- Shaping
37
Beverly Prosser
-1st black woman to receive a psychology PhD (1933)
-Research:
school segregation & social adjustment
38
Carl Rogers
- Roger’s 19 propositions
- humanistic approach (or client-centered approach)
- Main concepts include: client/person-centered therapy, actualizing tendency, becoming, self, encounter groups, cross-cultural communication, and the Core conditions: empathy, Unconditional positive regard, Congruence, etc.
39
Deborah Skinner
-constructed alternative type of crib for her, like a large version of a hospital incubator → Deborah in box → rumored she committed suicide → false
40
Derald Sue
- Co-Founder & 1st President of the Asian American Psychological Assoc.
- Research: Multiculturalism, including microaggressions
- Served on Bill Clinton’s President’s Advisory Board on Race (1996)
41
Francis Cecil Sumner
- 1st black person to receive a psychology PhD (1920)
- Research: refuting racism & bias in theories used to conclude inferiority of AA. Financial challenges due to white agencies refusing funding
42
Frederick Winslow Taylor
- I/O; Created Scientific Management
- Rejected harvard acceptance to become a machinist
- Removing all inefficiency from the workplace
43
Edward Titchener
-Introspective analysis of the human mind; other areas as “impure”
-Structuralism:
conscious mind structure, generalized mind, sensation by introspection, and analyzing sum total of mental processes
-Introspection:
observing and integrating mental processes in terms of facts; stimulus error: when one describes event instead of mental process
44
Vygotsky
- Developed cultural-historical psychology
| - zone of proximal development
45
Margaret Floy Washburn
- 1st woman to receive a PhD in psychology (1894)
- Attended Columbia→ transferred to Cornell & studied under Titchener
- 2nd female APA president (1921)
- Research: Correlation between motor skills & mental processes
46
John Watson
- Behaviorist manifesto
- Aimed to replace earlier concerns about the structure & function of consciousness with the study of behavior; objective study of behavior rather than introspective study of consciousness
- Believed kids should be treated as mini adults (never sit on lap, etc.)
- Earned Chicago’s 1st psych Ph.D. (1903)
47
Lightner Witmer
- father of clinical psych
| - opened the first Psychological Clinic at the U.Penn
48
Wilhelm Wundt
- 3 Psych Branches:
Experimental, scientific metaphysics, products of highest mental process
- Structuralism (study of conscious experience) and introspection
- Research at U of Leipzig: reaction times, word associations, sensation & perception, attention, feeling (pleasure vs. displeasure)
- Common Wundt vs. James argument
49
Introverted vs. Extroverted
-Jung's Psychological Types: each person falls into one of two categories:
→ introvert like Apollo
→ extravert like Dionysus
50
Dream Analysis
- Freud 1900
- dreams as "royal road" to the unconscious; tool to probe the unconscious mind
- Distinguished btwn manifest content (events, situations, people dreamt about) & latent content (underlying meaning of elements, repressed wishes & desires)
51
Laissez faire vs.
Democratic vs.
Authoritarian
-Lewin, 1930s
Lewin’s Leadership climates:
1. Authoritarian: leader determines policy & is not involved in work
2. Democratic: collective determines policy with assistance from leader
3. Laissez-faire: group determines policy without input from leader
52
Neurosis
- 1895
- Freud believed hysterical & obsessional neuroses resulted from unconscious memories of sexual pleasure & excitation in childhood; “presexual sexual shock”
53
Relative Rank
- Cattell, 1906
- method for ranking according to merit, compiling the Biographical Directory of American Men of Science (1906); multiple editions. The book contained names of over 4,000 US scientists, ranked on regional distribution and achievements as seen by peers.
54
“Father of psychology”
- 1879
- Wundt opened Institute for Experimental Psychology at the U of Leipzig
- 1st lab psych, its opening is thought he beginning of modern psychology.
55
Albert Ellis’s therapy
- 1950s: developed RET in reaction to his dislike of the inefficiency & indirectness of psychoanalysis;
- he was also influenced by behaviorists;
- popularized the ABC model of emotions, later modified to the ABCDE approach (cognitive therapy)
- 1990s: Renamed it REBT
56
“The Talking Cure”
- Joseph Breuer used this technique in treating Anna O.’s hysteria, inspired Freud to investigate using this technique to treat hysteria
57
The Clark Conference
- 1909/1910
- Freud and Jung lectured for the first time in the US about psychoanalysis at Clark University, put psychoanalysis in US stage
58
Laboratory Movement
- 1880, Titcher
- In 1880s, lab was the public’s icon for natural science. But at the time, public imagined paranormal & occult objects when thinking of “psychology”
- Munsterberg insisted on replication of natural science lab at Harvard
- Fewer than 50 psych labs worldwide by 1900 (41 in US)
- Flaunted lab as evidence of worthy membership in fraternity of science
59
University of Leipzig
- 1879
- Emphasized "new science" was to be objective & experimental; used experimental techniques analogous to physiology
- Goal: to study conscious processes or "immediate experience"
- Munsterberg and Titchener got Ph.D.’s Univ. of Leipzig, studied under Wundt
- Housed many american students who wanted to study under Wundt
60
Freud’s stages of
| psychosexual development of personality development
- 1900s,
- oral, anal, phallic, latent,& genital stages, each characterized by conflict between gratification of instincts & limitations of external world
61
Erikson’s psychosocial stages
```
8 Stages:
●Trust v. mistrust (0-1)
●Autonomy v. shame (1-3)
●Initiative v. guilt (3-6)
●Industry v. inferiority (6-11)
●Identity v. role confusion (12-18)
●Intimacy v. isolation (18-35)
●Generativity v. stagnation (35-64)
●Ego integrity v. despair (65+)
```
62
Piaget’s stages of
| cognitive development
●Sensorimotor (birth-2yo)
●Preoperational (2-7yo)
●Concrete operational (7-12yo)
●Formal operational (12yo+)
63
Automatic negative thoughts
Beck
64
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
physiological, safety, love and belonging (social), esteem, and self-actualization.
65
Three categories of the mind
-Beck termed these cognitions “automatic thoughts,” and fell into three categories: negative ideas about themselves, the world, and the future.
66
Pope of American psychology
William James pope of the new world of psychology (of America),
Wundt pope of the old world of psychology
67
Magic Number 7
George Miller
68
Client-centered therapy
Carl Rogers
Person-centered therapy seeks to facilitate a client's self-actualizing tendency, "an inbuilt proclivity toward growth and fulfillment", via acceptance (unconditional positive regard), therapist congruence (genuineness), and empathic understanding.
69
Founder of clinical psychology
Lightner Witner
70
Introspection
●Structuralism basically ended with the death of Wundt's most devoted pupil, E.B. Titchener, in 1927.
■A rigorous, demanding technique of disinterested, experimental self-observation that Titchener learned from Wundt
■Process of observing, interrogating, and describing mental processes in terms of observed facts
71
Problems with eyewitness testimony
-Münsterberg alerted us about the fallibility of eyewitness memory; viewed could be distorted by subtle suggestions contained in questions about the event.
72
Scientific Management
-Frederick Winslow Taylor
- principles:
1) The most efficient way of doing a task should be worked out scientifically
2) Workers should be carefully selected and trained to do the work in this way
3) Workers should do their work under the close supervision and control of management and be paid a bonus for doing exactly what they say
4) Management should take over the planning and thinking part of the work
-Early 1900s: American businesses regularly used Taylor’s Scientific Management
73
Hawthorne Studies
- Mayo & Warner of Harvard to study the social effects of lighting changes
- Mayo wanted to study the effect of fatigue & monotony on work productivity but stumbled upon the principle of human motivation
- novelty of being research subjects and the increased attention from such could lead to temporary increases in workers' productivity.
74
Human Relations Approach
Elton Mayo:
Being nice to workers will improve their morale and improve their work
75
Industrial Democracy
Elton Mayo:
Employee participation increases motivation and decreases resistance
76
Robbers Cave Experiment
- Muzafer Sherif
- boys assigned arbitrary groups
- superordinate goals (goals so large that they require more than one group to achieve the goal) reduced conflict significantly more effectively than other strategies (e.g., communication, contact)
77
Lewin’s change process
1.Unfreezing:
overcoming inertia and dismantling the existing "mind set"
2.Change occurs:
period of confusion & transition
3.Freezing:
new mindset is crystallizing and one's comfort level is returning to previous levels
78
Fantasies vs.
Cognitions vs.
Observable
- fantasies=psychodynamic (totally not something you can objectively study)
- cognitions=gestalt psychology (interested in learning, problem solving etc)
- observable=behaviorism (focused on what can be seen)
79
Post WWII
- Development of psychotropics (live outside settings)
- psychologists for "shell shock"
- 1947 VA creates program to train clinical psychologists at PhD level
80
Hypnosis
- 1889 Freud turned to using hypnosis
- He became increasingly dissatisfied with hypnotism: Concluded that his relationship with each patient was of greater importance
81
The Source of Evil!
Rogers stated that evil was the result of cultural influences, while May stated that evil was a reflection of evil in ourselves
82
Behaviorist Manifesto
- Watson 1913 publication of his views:
1. Psych had failed to develop as a natural science; no one could agree on a definition of consciousness
2. Since consciousness cannot be studied, no need for introspection; must be replaced with objective, experimental methods
3. No longer need to study the mind, but to study behavior; goals to observe, predict & control behavior
83
Reinforcement Schedule
Discovered by Skinner:
*Fixed interval: Predictable time (mod)
* Variable interval: Unpredictable time intervals (mod)
* Fixed ratio: After predictable # of responses (high)
* Variable ratio: After unpredictable # of responses (high)
84
Classical conditioning
Pavlov
1. Unconditioned stimulus (US) = a stimulus that elicits a response without training = food
2. Unconditioned response (UR) = the response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus = salivating when food placed in mouth
3. Conditioned stimulus (CS) = a stimulus that through pairing with a US (i.e. after training) elicits a response = tone
4. Conditioned response (CR) = a response to the CS that occurs as a function of training = salivating to tone after tone (CS) was repeatedly paired with food (US)
(US) FOOD = SALIVATION (UR)
(CS) TONE + FOOD (US)
(CS) TONE = SALIVATION (CR)
