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Bio 3321 Evolution > Final Vocabulary > Flashcards

Final Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

historical biogeography

A

the study of the geographical distributions of plants and animals in relation to their evolutionary history

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2
Q

Plate tectonics

A

is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of Earth’s subterranean movements.

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3
Q

autochthonous

A

to say that something is native to an area. If kane toads originated in your area, then they’re an autochthonous species.
-they evolved in situ (in place) there from a unique assemblage of ancestors

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4
Q

Anagenesis vs. Cladogenesis

A

Anagenesis involves evolution within a single lineage.
Cladogenesis, on the other hand, involves evolution in a branching pattern, with many new species evolving from a single parent species.

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5
Q

Orogeny

A

a process in which a section of the earth’s crust is folded and deformed by lateral compression to form a mountain
range

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6
Q

Sweepstakes Dispersal

A

is one where an organism crosses a vast area of inhospitable habitat or some other barrier by rare chance events, to colonize a distant
location. organisms capable of this include animals that can fly, seeds that can float, etc. areas that require this
may have disharmonic biotas (plants and animals whose colonizing ancestors were good dispersers)

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7
Q

Center of Origin

A

Geographical area where a species is believed to have evolved through natural selection from ancestors.
-where groups originate

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8
Q

young earth creationist

A

reject the scientific fact that the Earth is ancient (4.5 Billion Years) and has experienced many geological and biological changes through its history. Believe the earth is 6,000 years old and assume that creation of all life came at the same time as the Earth and that majority consisted contemporarily (e.g. dinosaurs and humans). Believe creation of different life forms came after the great flood, which also explains structures found in the grand canyon.

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9
Q

Fossil

A

A trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock.

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10
Q

Palimpsests

A

evolutionary history can be observed in the bodies of organisms.

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11
Q

Pseudogene

A

A DNA segment very similar to a real gene but which does not yield a functional product; a gene that has become inactivated in a particular species because of mutation by may be operative in their close relative (dead genes

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12
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of a species or group of species.

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13
Q

Regulatory Genes

A

(about 3% of the genome) regulate the when, where, and how much of the gene is expressed.

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14
Q

Homologous Genes

A

two or more genes derived from the same ancestral gene

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15
Q

Homologous Characters

A

characters in different organisms that are similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor that also had that character
Ex: An example of __________ __________ is the four limbs of tetrapods. Birds, bats, mice, and
crocodiles all have four limbs.

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16
Q

Gene Duplication

A

This mutation causes the duplication of a short stretch of DNA creating an additional copy of a gene on a chromosomal segment.

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17
Q

ecological biogeography

A

processes today that are affecting organisms.

-interactions between organisms and their physical and biotic environment

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18
Q

Biogeographic lines

A

boundaries between major biogeographical regions

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19
Q

Land bridge

A

a strip of land that connects two larger landmasses, enabling migration of plants and animals to new areas

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20
Q

Cladogenesis/branching evolution

A

New species branches out from parent species

21
Q

Biogeographic Disharmony

A

a discrepancy ( lack of similarity) of species populations representation in disjunct areas.

22
Q

Stochastic

A

by chance

23
Q

Generalized Track

A

are dispersal routes from centers of origin

24
Q

Old Earth Creationists

A

Earth is old like science says but was created by a superior being but evolution took place to what we see today

25
Q

Principle of Superposition

A

states that older rocks are located toward the bottom, under the younger rocks
-proposed by a Danish scientist and mathematician Nicolaus Steno

26
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

Structures adaptively useful to ancestral forms, but are no longer valuable to a descendent species as originally intended can be retained in those species, but not in the functional way as found in their ancestor

27
Q

Convergent Mutation

A

when different organisms independently evolve similar traits. For example, sharks and dolphins look relatively similar despite being entirely unrelated

28
Q

Biogenetic Law

A

ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny—i.e., you can see evolutionary steps of an organism’s lineage in their embryonic development.
-By Ernst Haeckle in 1866

29
Q

Homeobox Genes

A

Homeobox genes are a type of homeotic gene that consists of homeoboxes (short, nearly identical DNA
sequences) that encode proteins that bind to DNA; these proteins tell cells in various segments of the developing embryo what type of structures to make.

30
Q

Point Mutation

A

a random change in the base sequence in the DNA molecule during DNA synthesis, or a random error in the repair sites damaged by chemical mutagens, which leads to a base-pair substitution when it duplicates prior to the cell division.
-a mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence.

31
Q

Polyploidy

A

is the result of a complete set of chromosomes being added to a daughter cell during Meiosis.

  • It usually happens when there is an error in meiosis causing an entire set of chromosomes to move to one cell instead of dividing in half, so the gamete ends up being diploid instead of haploid.
  • zygote becomes triploid and it can produce viable organisms (hermaphroditic)
32
Q

Phylogeography

A

is the science of interpreting geographical distributions primarily based on genetic analysis of populations in space.

33
Q

in situ

A

happens in its original place

34
Q

Allochthonous

A

formed or produced elsewhere or externally

35
Q

area of endemism

A

are often defined as an area with two or more endemic species living in them, presenting substantial congruence among their range limits.
-the substantial overlapping in their ranges determines __________

36
Q

Waif Dispersal

A

arrival by chance, terrestrial animals reach distant islands based on wind, ocean currents, flying off course, floating on debris, etc

37
Q

Expansion Dispersal (diffusion)

A

is when populations slowly spread into new areas after barriers break down, allowing species to expand their new
ranges into areas that can accommodate for them.

38
Q

Intelligent Design

A

believe that life forms are too complex for creation by a progression of random genetic changes driven to fixation by non-random natural selection

39
Q

Theistic Evolution

A

The theory that God used the process of evolution to bring about all of the life forms on earth.

40
Q

Transitional Fossil

A

Fossils that provide patterns of evolutionary change from the early ancestors to modern life forms.

41
Q

Atavisms

A

Are people believed to be biological throwbacks to a pre human species
-are throwback traits from an ancestor that occasionally appear in some individuals of the descendants. `

42
Q

Ontogeny

A

Is the term used for the development and differentiation of organisms from fertilization to the stage of a fully
reproductively fertile adult.

43
Q

Developmental Genes

A

regulatory genes that control genes for animal body shapes, patterns, and origins

  • critical for pattern formation and cell fate specification during the development of multicellular organisms.
  • code for developmental process observed in ontogeny
44
Q

Homeodomain

A

A highly conserved family of sequences, 60 amino acids in length and found within a large number of transcription factors, that can form helix-turn-helix structures and bind DNA in a sequence-specific manner. transcription factors that play major roles in many developmental processes of animals and plants by regulating the expression of other
genes during development and differentiation and are responsible for mating-type switching in yeast.

45
Q

chromosomal inversion

A

When part of the chromosome becomes oriented in the reverse of its usual direction

46
Q

living fossils

A

An organism that has persisted, essentially unchanged, since its first appearance

47
Q

Microevolution

A

s genetic frequency changes in traits that are already present

48
Q

Macroevolution

A

is the evolution of new characters or character states

Bio 3321 Evolution (2 decks)

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