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Final Unit 3 Material Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functional unit of the CV system?

A

capillary

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2
Q

What is the Metarteriole?

A

The regulatable local bypass or shunt
eg. temp dependent flow at skin
allows blood to skip the capillary bed, good for temp control

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3
Q

Describe the movement/distribution of solutes during perfusion

A

-plasma proteins generally cannot cross the capillary wall due to size and charge
-hydrophobic solutes (lipid-soluble) pass through the endothelial cells (O2, CO2)
-hydrophilic solutes (small water soluble substances) pass through the pores or clefts (Na+, K+)
-exchangeable proteins move across via vesicular transport (exocytosis and endocytosis)

-

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4
Q

How is Bulk Flow calculated? What is it?

A

Bulk Flow = F - R , distributes and balances fluid volume between two compartments

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5
Q

What are the four starling forces?

A
  1. Pc - capillary hydrostatic pressure (pushes away)
  2. Pif - interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (pushes away)
  3. pi c - osmotic force due to plasma protein concentration (pulls towards)
  4. pi if - osmotic force due to interstitial fluid protein concentration ( pulls towards)
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6
Q

How is net filtration pressure calculated?

A

NFP = Pc +pi(if) - P(if) - pi(c)

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7
Q

Describe systemic veins

A
  1. Return blood to heart (big radius, low R), floppy, so resistance is not relevant
  2. Capacitance (“storage”)
  3. Low pressure for return
    - low resistance
    -high capacitance
    -very compliant
    - less elastic, floppy
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8
Q

What factors help with venous return by fighting against gravity?

A
  1. Sympathetic innervation
    -sympathetically mediated veno-constriction can substantially increase venous return (alpha 1 R)
  2. Skeletal Muscle “pump”
    -muscles squeeze large veins and force blood toward the heart
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9
Q

How much of the blood is in the veins at rest?

A

60 %

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10
Q

What are the valves in the veins analogous to?

A

SL valve

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11
Q

What four events can lead to an increase in venous pressure, and therefore an increase in stroke volume?

A
  1. increased activity of the sympathetic nerves to veins
  2. increased skeletal pump
  3. increase blood volume
  4. increased inhalation movements
    -respiratory pump sucks blood upward into thoracic cavity
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12
Q

What are the three mechanisms that induce lymph “flow”?

A

1- increased filtration at capillaries
2- smooth muscle & one-way valves
3- symp influence via NE

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13
Q

Where does all lymph end up?

A

back in plasma via large veins near the heart

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14
Q

What is lymph made of?

A

interstitial fluid + absorbed fats + escaped plasma proteins

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15
Q

What is the structure of a lymph vessel similar to?

A

veins (smooth muscle and valves)

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16
Q

When do lymph nodes enlarge?

A

when fighting infection

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17
Q

How much lymph does our body produce per day?

A

3-4 liters/day

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18
Q

What is elephantiasis? What does it cause?

A

blockage of the lymph flow due to infectious filaria worms (transmitted via mosquito bite) living in lymph nodes
edema:
-fluid retention
-swelling
-accumulating ISF
cannot recover

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19
Q

Compare the pressures (MAP) and resistance (TPR) of the systemic circulation vs. the pulmonary circulation

A

systemic has HIGH MAP and Large TPR
pulmonary has LOW MAP and LOW TPR

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20
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

-provides oxygen to the blood
-eliminates carbon dioxide from the blood
-regulates the blood’s [H+] aka regulates pH in coordination with the kidneys
-forms speech sounds (phonation)
-defends against inhaled microbes
-influences arterial concentrations of chemical messengers by removing some from pulmonary capillary blood and producing and adding others to this blood
-traps and dissolves blood clots arising from systemic veins such as those in the legs

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the ciliary escalator? Where does this happen?

A

-helps us remove particulate matter
-moves toward opening
-only happens in largest upper airways (trachea and large bronchi)
-smokers tend to have a dysfunctional ciliary escalator

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22
Q

What discharges the mucus for the ciliary escalator?

A

goblet cells

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23
Q

What is the conducting zone? What is included in it?

A

anatomical dead space where no gas exchange occurs
-trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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24
Q

What is the respiratory zone? What is included in it?

A

where most gas exchange occurs
-respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

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25
What are the functions of the conducting zone?
-provides a low-resistance pathway for airflow, resistance is physiologically regulated by changes in contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle and by physical forces acting upon the airways -defends against microbes, toxic chemicals, and other foreign matter -warms and moistens air -participates in sound production (vocal cords)
26
What performs the task of defense in the conducting zone?
cilia, mucus, and macrophages
27
Describe the intra-pleural space
small space and only contains a couple mLs of fluid to help reduce friction (lubrication)
28
What muscles are used during quiet breathing (inhale and exhale)?
inhale: -diaphragm (flattens/contracts) -external intercostals (lifts chest up) exhale -diaphragm (domes/relaxes) -external intercostals (relaxes, chest falls)
29
What muscles are used during active breathing (inhale and exhale)?
inhale: -diaphragm -external intercostals -scalenes and sternocleidomastoid (work together to elevate scapula and excessively elevate chest) exhale: -diaphragm -external intercostals -rectus abdominus -external abdominal obliques -internal intercostals(depress ribcage)
30
What happens when atmospheric pressure is greater that alveolar?
air flows into lungs, inhalation
31
What happens when atmospheric pressure is less than alveolar?
air flows out of lunges, exhale
32
What must exist if alveolar and atmospheric pressures are not the same?
pressure gradient, air flow
33
How is trans-pulmonary pressure calculated?
alveolar pressure minus intra-pleural pressure
34
What does pneumothorax mean?
air in chest cavity
35
What is atelectasis? What can cause it?
collapsed lung associated with trauma, disease, genetic pre-disposistion, infection, etc.
36
What does work describe when referring to the work of breating?
the effort, the metabolic cost, to expand lung volume, to move air, and sometimes even to quietly exhale
37
What is the normal cost of breathing? What is the cost of breathing with lung disease?
~3% of total metabolism ~30% of total metabolism
38
What is lung compliance? How is it calculated?
stretchability change in lung volume/ change in Ptp
39
Compared to normal compliance inhalation and exhalation, what happens with increased compliance? Increase elasticity?
increased compliance = easy inhale increased elasticity = easy exhale
40
What are the effects of... 1. floppy lung tissue 2. fibrous tissue and what is an example of each?
1. increases compliance (emphysema) 2. decreases compliance (cystic fibrosis)
41
Describe how surface tension and surfactant affect compliance?
surface tension is caused by attractive hydrogen bonding between water molecules, which would lead to a collapsed arteriole without the presence of surfactant, which prevents these hydrogen bonds form forming
42
What secretes surfactant?
type II alveolar cells
43
What increases the secretion of surfactant?
deep breaths (yawning and sighing)
44
What is the work of breathing determined by?
1. compliance 2. airway resistance
45
How is airway resistance calculated?
R = (8LEta)/ (pir^4)
46
What effects does asthma have on airways?
increases resistance due to constriction and inflammation
47
What does sympathetic activation lead to in the bronchioles, and how does this compare to the blood vessels?
dilates bronchioles (beta 2 R), constricts blood vessels (alpha-1 R)
48
What causes dilation of bronchioles vs constriction?
sympathetic Beta 2 causes dilation parasymp M-Ach causes constriction
49
What is the long calculation for air flow?
F = (deltaPxpixr^4) / (8xLxEta)
50
What are the two main cell types that make up the alveoli?
Type I: flat epithelial cell that makes up the majority of the alveolar sacs, 1 cell layer thick Type II: spherical cell that produces and secretes pulmonary surfactant
51
Describe the barrier between alveoli and capillaries
(0.2 micrometers in thickness) 1. Type I alveolar cell 2. basement membrane 3. interstitium 4. basement membrane of capillary 5. endothelial cell of capillary
52
What is tidal volume (TV)?
amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath (500 mL)
53
What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
amount of air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort
54
What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
amount of air in excess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort
55
What is residual volume (RV)?
amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration: keeps alveoli inflated between breaths and mixes with fresh air during next inspiration
56
What is vital capacity?
amount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after maximum inspiration (ERV + TV + IRV): used to assess strength of thoracic muscles as well as pulmonary function
57
What is inspiratory capacity (IC)?
max amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration (TV+IRV)
58
What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?
amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration (RV + ERV)
59
What is total lung capacity (TLC)?
maximum amount of air the lungs can contain (RV + VC)
60
Describe what happens in the anatomical deadspace
-when air is in the conducting airways, no gas exchange occurs -150 mL stays in alveoli after exhalation -only 350 mL of new air enters the alveoli to participate in gas exchange, old air also participates
61
What is minute ventilation? How is it calculated?
-how much air you are working to move through your entire system Freq x TV = MV
62
What is alveolar ventilation? How does it compare to minute ventilation? How is it calculated?
will always be less than minute ventilation, it is how much air actually participates in gas exhange Freq x (TV - DS) = AV
63
How would panting and slow breathing affect AV assuming that MV does not change?
panting would decrease TV and increase freq, MV stays the same but AV decreases to 0 slow breathing would increase TV but decrease freq, MV stays the same, AV increase
64
Why do we not typically use slow deep breathing if it increases alveolar ventilation?
takes too much energy
65
What are the typical amounts of O2 produces and CO2 consumed per minute? Which has a higher volume in the blood?
O2 = 250 mL CO2 = 200 mL CO2 has higher volume/concentration in the blood
66
Name the four physical properties of gases
1. collisions with walls determines pressure -pressure increases with increasing temperature and concentration of the gas 2. Dalton's Law: in a mixture of gases, the pressure each gas exerts is independent of the pressure others exert 3. Only unbound molecules can have collisions and therefore exert pressure -our chemoreceptors only sense unbound molecules 4. Henry's Law: The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid will be proportional to the partial pressure and the solubility coefficient of the gas with which the liquid is in equilibrium

Physiology (9 decks)

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