Final True/False Flashcards
Alethic relativism is a psychological obstacle to critical thinking
False: it’s a philosophical obstacle
Socrates argued for alethic relativism
False
Protagoras advocated both alethic and moral relativism
True
Gorgias advocated global skepticism
True
Socrates argued that if everyone believed in global skepticism, then critical thinking would die out
True
Socrates argued that if alethic relativism is true, then nobody can ever err
True
Gorgias argued that the purpose of reasoning is to find the truth.
False
Socrates believed that truth is a purely subjective matter.
False
Gorgias believed that we can know objective truth.
False
One problem with cultural moral relativism is that if it is true, then moral progress is impossible.
True
One problem with individual moral relativism is that if it is true, then nobody has ever been mistaken on a moral matter.
True
The individual form of moral relativism is called “moral subjectivism.”
True
Socrates was a moral subjectivist.
False
Socrates was a sophist.
False Protagoras and Gorgias were sophists
Socrates held the belief that skepticism was a threat to freedom.
On the JTB account, the justification of a belief must tie the belief to reality by giving a sufficient reason to believe the belief is true.
Epistemology is the study of opinion.
According to the JTB account of knowledge, the following three conditions are required for real knowledge, that is, Justification, truth, belief.
True
Background information never changes.
False
According to the text, expert testimony should always be trusted.
False
The principle of testimony states that testimony should be accepted unless we have good reason to doubt it.
Trye
Thomas Reid advocated the principle of testimony.
True
Sense experience, such as the smell of a rose, and personal experience are one and the same thing.
False
Personal experience can never be mistaken.
False
According to the text, experts are generally trustworthy in every area of thought, including areas outside their area of expertise.
False
Expert testimony is always infallible.
False
Memory is infallible.
False
An interested party is someone who is interested in a subject.
False: person that gains something if a claim is found to be true
The cognitive biases have no effect on the way one interprets personal experiences.
False
The text argues that expert testimony is never to be questioned.
False
An expert in one area is usually a good source of knowledge in any other area as well.
False
Tu quoque means, “you are another.”
The tu quoque is a form of the ad hominem fallacy.
A fallacy is an error in reasoning that may nevertheless, appear logical to some
people.
Begging the question or Petitio Principii occurs when you offer someone money
to accept the conclusion
The ad hominem fallacy attacks all human beings – It is antihuman.
The basic problem with the appeal to the people fallacy is that “the people” are not always right about everything.
If something is stated on a website, that is proof that it is definitely true.
Advertisers are primarily motivated by a desire to inform consumers to make a better choice about what they need to buy.
A euphemism is a word that tries to make something look worse than it is.
A dysphemism is a word that tries to make something look better than it is.
A weasel word is a word that makes something look worse than it is.
One source of bias occurs when news reporters inject their opinions into a story.
One of the factors influencing traditional news organizations is the need to make a profit.
One source of manipulation occurs when political campaigns exploit the negativity bias
When evaluating a website for accuracy, one question to ask is Who is the author.
The authors of websites can be evaluated by many of the same criteria we use when we evaluate expert testimony.
What is the criterion for assessing the morality of actions according to
Utilitarianism?
Why is Utilitarianism called the greatest happiness principle?
What is the difference between Act-utilitarianism and Rule utilitarianism?
What is the criterion for assessing the morality of actions according to I. Kant?
Give three meanings of goodwill according to Kant.
Define ‘duty’ according to Kant.
The two formulations of Kant’s categorical imperative deal with the universal law a.k.a. test of universalizability and respect for the person. Explain.
