Final True/False

Question 1

Alethic relativism is a psychological obstacle to critical thinking

Answer 1

False: it’s a philosophical obstacle

Question 2

Socrates argued for alethic relativism

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Protagoras advocated both alethic and moral relativism

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Gorgias advocated global skepticism

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Socrates argued that if everyone believed in global skepticism, then critical thinking would die out

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Socrates argued that if alethic relativism is true, then nobody can ever err

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Gorgias argued that the purpose of reasoning is to find the truth.

Answer 7

False

Question 8

Socrates believed that truth is a purely subjective matter.

Answer 8

False

Question 9

Gorgias believed that we can know objective truth.

Answer 9

False

Question 10

One problem with cultural moral relativism is that if it is true, then moral progress is impossible.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

One problem with individual moral relativism is that if it is true, then nobody has ever been mistaken on a moral matter.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

The individual form of moral relativism is called “moral subjectivism.”

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Socrates was a moral subjectivist.

Answer 13

False

Question 14

Socrates was a sophist.

Answer 14

False Protagoras and Gorgias were sophists

Question 15

Socrates held the belief that skepticism was a threat to freedom.

Question 16

On the JTB account, the justification of a belief must tie the belief to reality by giving a sufficient reason to believe the belief is true.

Question 17

Epistemology is the study of opinion.

Question 18

According to the JTB account of knowledge, the following three conditions are required for real knowledge, that is, Justification, truth, belief.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Background information never changes.

Answer 19

False

Question 20

According to the text, expert testimony should always be trusted.

Answer 20

False

Question 21

The principle of testimony states that testimony should be accepted unless we have good reason to doubt it.

Answer 21

Trye

Question 22

Thomas Reid advocated the principle of testimony.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Sense experience, such as the smell of a rose, and personal experience are one and the same thing.

Answer 23

False

Question 24

Personal experience can never be mistaken.

Answer 24

False

Question 25

According to the text, experts are generally trustworthy in every area of thought, including areas outside their area of expertise.

Answer 25

False

Question 26

Expert testimony is always infallible.

Answer 26

False

Question 27

Memory is infallible.

Answer 27

False

Question 28

An interested party is someone who is interested in a subject.

Answer 28

False: person that gains something if a claim is found to be true

Question 29

The cognitive biases have no effect on the way one interprets personal experiences.

Answer 29

False

Question 30

The text argues that expert testimony is never to be questioned.

Answer 30

False

Question 31

An expert in one area is usually a good source of knowledge in any other area as well.

Answer 31

False

Question 32

Tu quoque means, “you are another.”

Question 33

The tu quoque is a form of the ad hominem fallacy.

Question 34

A fallacy is an error in reasoning that may nevertheless, appear logical to some
people.

Question 35

Begging the question or Petitio Principii occurs when you offer someone money
to accept the conclusion

Question 36

The ad hominem fallacy attacks all human beings – It is antihuman.

Question 37

The basic problem with the appeal to the people fallacy is that “the people” are not always right about everything.

Question 38

If something is stated on a website, that is proof that it is definitely true.

Question 39

Advertisers are primarily motivated by a desire to inform consumers to make a better choice about what they need to buy.

Question 40

A euphemism is a word that tries to make something look worse than it is.

Question 41

A dysphemism is a word that tries to make something look better than it is.

Question 42

A weasel word is a word that makes something look worse than it is.

Question 43

One source of bias occurs when news reporters inject their opinions into a story.

Question 44

One of the factors influencing traditional news organizations is the need to make a profit.

Question 45

One source of manipulation occurs when political campaigns exploit the negativity bias

Question 46

When evaluating a website for accuracy, one question to ask is Who is the author.

Question 47

The authors of websites can be evaluated by many of the same criteria we use when we evaluate expert testimony.

Question 48

What is the criterion for assessing the morality of actions according to
Utilitarianism?

Question 49

Why is Utilitarianism called the greatest happiness principle?

Question 50

What is the difference between Act-utilitarianism and Rule utilitarianism?

Question 51

What is the criterion for assessing the morality of actions according to I. Kant?

Question 52

Give three meanings of goodwill according to Kant.

Question 53

Define ‘duty’ according to Kant.

Question 54

The two formulations of Kant’s categorical imperative deal with the universal law a.k.a. test of universalizability and respect for the person. Explain.