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Y2 T1 Biology 228 > Final Text > Flashcards

Final Text Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Laws of Thermodynamics

A

First: energy cannot be created or destroyed
second: with every energy transfer, some useful energy is lost-entropy increases

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2
Q

Energy exists in two forms

A

kinetic and Potential

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3
Q

If a reaction results in loss of potential energy it is ______ or _______

A

spontaneous of exergonic(many but not all expend heat:exothermic)

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4
Q

_______ reactions require an energy input to proceed

A

endergonic(many but not all absorb heat:endotherm)

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5
Q

entropy

A

form of energy that is incapable of doing further work

ex: burning wood

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6
Q

the higher the difference of CO2 content entering and leaving a chamber, the higher an estimate of ____

A

NPP

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7
Q

residence time

A

the mean time that energy persists in a trophic level

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8
Q

______(Mineral) strongly affects lake productivity

A

phosphorous

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9
Q

autochthonous carbon production

A

produced from within

  • from photosynthesis
  • dominate in large lakes
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10
Q

allochthonous carbon production

A

originates outside system

-more apparent in small water bodies

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11
Q

two general types of biogeochemical cycles

A
  1. Gaseous(Nitrogen and oxygen)-main pools are oceans and atmos
  2. Sedimentary(phosphorous)-major pool in the lithosphere: soil, rocks, and minerals
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12
Q

Sedimentary cycles

A

all have rock phase and a salt solution phase

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13
Q

_____ is a hybrid of gaseous and sedimentary cycles

A

sulphur-major pools in earths crust and atmosphere

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14
Q

All cycles share three aspects

A

inputs, internal cycling,outputs

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15
Q

dryfall

A

nutrients carried by airborne particles and aeosols

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16
Q

precipitation also washes in large ammounts of nutrients: this is called

A

wetfall

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17
Q

Throughfall

A

rain dripping through canopy

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18
Q

stemflow

A

rain runs down stems and picks up nutrients deposited as dust on leaves
=richer in Ca, Sodium(NA), potassium(K)

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19
Q

pyromineralization

A

ash from fire is mineralized in soil

20
Q

Net ecosystem productivity

A

is the difference between the rates of C uptake in photosynthesis and the C loss in respiration of both autotrophs and heterotrophs

21
Q

Largest source of Carbon is

A

CO2 in the air or water

22
Q

Global Carbon cycle

A

is usually considered gaseous, its large reservoirs in all spheres make it(like sulphur) a hybrid cycle

  • Earth contains 100 Million Gigatonnes of Carbon
  • Active C pool is an estimated 55000 GT
  • stuck in sedimentation = 10,000 GT
  • Oceans-Air interaction is a major site for C exchange
  • ocean sedimentation holds 38,000 GT
23
Q

Diffusion

A

transfer nutrients from water to air and so forth

24
Q

_____is the biggest CO2 sink

A

Ocean

25
Q

warming temperatures could turn C sinks into _____

A

sources

ex:tundra

26
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A

-available in two inorganic forms: Nitrate and Ammonium
.1st route: Enters ecosystem through atmospheric deposition(wetfall or dryfall)
.2nd route: nitrogen fixation-

27
Q

Atmos is almost __% nitrogen

A

80

28
Q

Biological fixation

A

is performed by symbiotic bacteria living in mutualistic association with plants, as well as by some lichens, free-living bacteria, and cyanobacteria. High energy needed is attained by photosynthetic partner.

29
Q

_____ bacteria are known as major N fixers

A

rhizobium

30
Q

volatilization

A

NH3(Ammonia) in alkaline or neutral soils where there is less H return to atmosphere

31
Q

ammonification

A

NH3 is released in microbrial decomposition

32
Q

In Nitrogen cycle the largest pool is

A

atmosphere

33
Q

dentrification

A

Denitrification is a microbially facilitated process of nitrate reduction (performed by a large group of heterotrophic facultative anaerobic bacteria) that may ultimately produce molecular nitrogen (N2) through a series of intermediate gaseous nitrogen oxide products

34
Q

chemical fertilizers strongly affect _____ cycle

A

nitrogen

35
Q

Phosphorous Cycle

A
  • a truly sedimentary cycle
  • only occurs in minute ammounts in atmos
  • P is lost via water and is not returned
  • Not much P around so if it is released huge growth spurts occur
  • occurs a lot in lakes that receive P-rich wastes
  • main pools are phosphate deposits and apatite rock
  • major process regulating P supply to plants is internal cycling from organic to inorganic forms
36
Q

Not much ___ around so if it is released huge growth spurts occur a lot in fresh lakes that receive __-rich wastees

A

P

37
Q

Main pools of P are _____ rock and phosphate deposits

A

apatite

38
Q

3 states of P in aaquatic system cycle

A
  1. particulate
  2. disolved organically bound phosphates
  3. inorganic phosphate
39
Q

mUCH OF P is locked in ______ and bottom sediments

A

hypolimnion

40
Q

Most P is held in _____,____,and _____ in that order

A

soils,ocean,mineable rock

41
Q

Global P cycle _____ significant atmospheric pool

A

has no

42
Q

Sulphur Cycle

A
  • hybrid
  • long term sedimentary cycle, short term gaseous in global circulation
  • enters atmosphere through anthropogenic and natual sources: release through decomp, volcanoes, ocean surface
  • Enters atmos as hydrogen sulphide
  • Most enters system through human extraction, mining
43
Q

Sulphur enters atmos as _________ and leaves as ______ in the form of acid precipitation

A

hydrogen sulphide

sulphur dioxide

44
Q

______ is often found overlying coal deposits

A

sulphur

45
Q

Oxygen Cycle

A

-has a gaseous cycle, atmos is major pool

-

Y2 T1 Biology 228 (6 decks)

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