Final Test Study Deck Flashcards
The Great War / WW1
* When did it take place?
* The two alliances?
* Why did it start?
* New military tech/strategies?
- Took place from 1914 to 1918.
- the Allies (France, Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, US.) vs the Central Powers ( Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire).
- Started because of the assasination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in 1914
- machine guns, tanks, chemical weapons, trench warfare
“War to end all Wars”
* Who said it?
* When was it said?
* What does it mean?
* Where was it written?
- Said by 28th President Woodrow Wilson
- Said in 1918, during WW1
- Symbolizes the aspiration of ending the cycle of large-scale international conflicts and ushering in an era of lasting peace.
- Written in his April War declaration
Nationalism
* What is it?
* Why is it significant?
* What corrupt political leaders believed in it?
- An ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-state and holds that such obligations outweigh other individual or group interests.
- A strong unifying force which brought people of a shared identity together under a centralized government during the 19th century
- After WW1 Mussolini & Hitler heavily encouraged nationalism
Sarajevo
* Where is it?
* Why is the town significant?
- Capital of Bosnia
- The town is significant because Archduke Ferdinand & his wife was murdered there in 1914, whilst heading to inspect their army
Triple Alliance
* Who was in it?
* Why was it formed?
* What was the duration of the alliance?
- Began as a dual alliance between Germany & Austria, Italy joined later
- Formed to protect the countries from imperial powers
- Formed on 20 May 1882 and renewed periodically until it expired in 1915
Triple Entente
* Who was in it?
* Why was it formed?
* What was the duration of the alliance?
- Great Britain, France, and Russia
- Formed to to counter the threat posed by the Triple Alliance
- 1907 - 1917
Balfour Declaration
* What was it?
* When was it published?
* Who wrote it?
- British government publicly declared its support for “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people.”
- Written in 1917
- Written by Arthur James Balfour, Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lenin
* What was Lenin’s goal?
* What revolution was he apart of?
* What did he do?
- Lenins goal was to give power to the proletariat & overthrow the bourgeoise of RUSSIA
- Lenin was a leading force of the Bolshevik Revolution
- introduced widespread reforms, confiscated land for redistribution among the permitting non-Russian nations to declare themselves independent, improving labour rights, and increasing access to education.
Lusitania
* What happened & WHEN?
* Why is it significant?
* What does it have to do with propganda?
- British Liner sunk by a German Submarine on May 7, 1915
- It was one of the many reasons the U.S eventually decided to join the war due to a few american passangers being onboard
- caused international outrage and helped turn public opinion against Germany with the use of propoganda
Treaty of Versailles
* When?
* Why is it significant?
* Who suffered the most
- Signed on June 28, 1919
- Formally ended World War One
- Germany suffered the most (paid reparations, no airforce/navy + significantly smaller army)
Georges Clemenceau
* Who is he?
* Where was he?
- French statesman who served as Prime Minister of France from 1906-1909 & 1917-1920
- Represented France at the Paris Settlement (Treaty of Versailles)
Lloyd George
* Who is he?
* Where was he?
- Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1922
- Represented Great Britain at the Paris Settlement (treaty of versailles)
Maginot Line
* When was it built?
* Where is it (you’ll have your map)
* Why was it built?
- Built in 1928
- To prevent a German surprise attack, To deter a cross-border assault, To protect Alsace-Lorraine
Mein Kampf
* Who wrote it?
* Why is it significant?
* What does “Mein Kampf” mean?
- Written by Hitler inbetween 1924-1925
- Promoted the key components of Nazism: rabid antisemitism, a racist world view, and an aggressive foreign policy
- Means “my struggle”
Aryans
* During what years was the term most used?
* Who popularized the term?
* What does it mean?
- A term that reached an all time high during the years 1933-1945
- Popularized by Hitler
- In the hierarchy of Nazi racism, the “Aryans” were the superior race, destined to rule the world (Had blonde hair and blue eyes)
Richard Wagner
* Who was he?
* What years was he most popular?
* Who really liked his creations?
- a German composer, theater director, debator, and conductor
- Most popular during the late 1800s
- Hitler enjoyed his music and works
Isolationism
* What is it?
* Who tried to use it?
- National policy of avoiding political or economic entanglements/conflicts/dealings with other countries
- Used by the U.S (not to get involved in wars + economic issues in Europe)
“Return to Normalcy”
* When?
* What does this mean?
- By the middle of the 1920s some parts of economic normality had returned after the WW1
- Degrees of Change - The year 1920 represented a return to normalcy
War Guilt Clause of the Treaty of Versailles
* When?
* What was it?
- 1919
- Forced Germany and other Central Powers to take all the blame for World War I
- Meant a loss of territories, reduction in military forces, and reparation payments to Allied powers
Anschluss
* When?
* What was it?
- On March 18, 1938,
- Adolf Hitler announces a union between Germany and Austria, annexing the smaller nation into a greater Germany
Black Thursday
* When was it?
* What was it?
* Why was it significant?
- Oct, 24, 1929
- a wave of panic selling in NY caused stock prices to plummet
- Thousands of people from varying social classes lost their life savings
- Caused the Great Depression which lasted from 1929–1941
- Countries like Japan + Germany that relied on exports suffered a lot
Flappers
* When?
* Why were they significant for women specifically?
* What was different about their clothes?
- During the 1920s/Roaring 20s
- considered the first generation of independent American women, flappers pushed barriers to economic, political and sexual freedom for women
- Their dresses were much shorter than in the past, as long as their knees
Temperance
* When?
* What was it?
* What did it lead to?
- Started in 1838
- Urged moderation & encouraged drinkers to help each other to resist temptation
- Led to the Prohibition Era
Prohibition
* When?
* What was it?
* Why was it significant?
- 1919
- U.S outlawed making or selling of alcohol
- Caused rise in crime, illegal selling of alcohol + prominence of gangs
Unemployment Rate in 1933
* Why is it significant?
- Unemployment rate spikes to 26% in 1933
- During Great Depression, symbolized U.S struggle
John Maynard Keymes
* When was he popular?
* What did he do?
- Ideology was very prominent during the 1950s
- Spearheaded a revolution in economic
- Keynes argued that inadequate overall demand could lead to prolonged periods of high unemployment
Fascism
* What 2 movements/genocides were caused & when?
* Who were the two most influential fascist leaders?
* What was fascism?
- Italian Fascist Movement (1922-1943), German Fascist Movememnt/Holocaust(1933–1945)
- Adolf Hitler in Geramny & Mussolini in Italy
- a political movement that embraces far-right nationalism and the forceful suppression of any opposition, all overseen by an authoritarian government
FDR Quote “Fear…”
* When was it said?
* What piece of work was it said in?
* What does it mean?
- Said in1933
- Inaugural address of Franklin D. Roosevelt
- The phrase means that the only thing holding the American people back from dealing with the Great Depression was fear (fear makes ppl incapable + it’s debilitating)
Mussolini
* What movement did he lead?
* Why did Mussolini leave the catholics alone & attack the Jews?
* What did Mussolini do with people who did not listen to him?
* What was Mussolini’s motto & it’s meaning?
- Italian Fascist Movement (1922-1943)
- Mussolini left the catholics alone because they made up 85% of the population
- Mussolini used secret police to get rid of those who opposed him
- Mussolini’s motto was “The trains will run on time” = Keeping order in Italy → threaten people into order and compliance
Hitler
* What movement did he lead?
* What is he known for?
- German Fascist Movememnt/Holocaust(1933–1945)
- Responsible for the death of six million jews, romani’s, and black people
Xenophobia
* When was it popularized?
* What does it mean?
- Mostly prominent during the 1930s
- A “fear” of foreign people
Swastika
* What was it?
* What did it symbolize for Hitler?
* When was it used?
- Centerpiece for Hitler’s nazi flag
- Good luck & emblem for the Aryan Race
- Primarily used during 1933-1945
Militarism
* What is it?
* What was founded upon it?
* What political party believed in it?
- belief/desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively
- Used as a principle of Fascism
- Nazis were determined that Germany be a militarist state
Nazi
* What is a Nazi?
* When was the term popularized?
- Member of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or Nazi Party.
- Used to describe followers of Hitlers Idealogies
- Used primarily between 1922-1945 for the German & Italian Fascist movements
National Socialism
* What is it?
* When was it popular?
- Refers to the tolitarian rule of the Nazi party
- Popular during 1920 - 1950
Anti-Semetism
* What is it?
* What is an example of it?
- Hostility or prejudice against Jewish people.
- The Holocaust/Nazi regime is an example
Great Depression
* When and why?
* Result of it?
- Took place during 1929–1941 - caused by Black Thursday
- destroyed the international financial and commercial network of the capitalist economies
- Resulted in lost jobs, savings, food, homes, dignity and hope
Darwinism
* What inspired it?
* When was it popular?
* What was it?
- Inspired by “The Origin of Species” written by Darwin published on November 24, 1859
- Popular during the 19th and early 20th centuries
- Applied the biological concepts of natural selection/survival of the fittest to the realities of HUMAN SOCIETY = caused racial hierarchy
Racial Superiority
* What was it?
* What was it inspired by?
* When was it popular?
- Belief that evolution was progressive, and that the white races (especially the Europeans) were evolutionarily more advanced than the black races
- Inspired by Darwin
- Popular during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Eugenics
* What was it inspired by?
* When was it popular?
* What political party practiced these beliefs?
* What was it?
- Inspired by Darwin
- Popular during the 19th & early 20th centuries?
- Practiced by the Nazi party in Germany
- Quality of biological production = You were STERILIZED if you had illnesses
- Nazi’s systematically killed those who were deemed useless to society
Propaganda
* What is it?
* What is an example of it?
* When was it primarily used?
- Facts, arguments, rumors, half-truths, or lies—to influence public opinion
- An example of this would be posters/fliers used to recruit people to the army during WW1/2
- Primarily used during WW1/WW2
Joseph Stalin
* When was he in power?
* Why is he significant?
* What did he do for Russia?
- Held power between 1921 - 1953
- Created First Five Year plan in 1923
- Aim of the plan was to transform the Soviet Union from predominantly agricultural country to a leading industrial power’
Capitalism
* What is an example of a Capitalist country?
* What is capitalism?
* Why is Capitalism good?
- Capitalist countries are the U.S, Canada, Germany
- Private people own and control property in accordance w/ interests and supply and demand
- freely set prices in markets in a way that can serve the best interests of society
- Industrial capitalism saw the rapid development of the factory system of production
Axis Powers
* When?
* Who was apart of it?
* Who did they oppose?
- One of the Major Alliances during World War II (1939-1945)
- Germany, Italy, and Japan
- opposed the Allied powers in World War II.
Allied Powers
* When?
* Who was apart of it?
* Who did they oppose?
- The construction of these global alliances took place over the course of the 1930s and early 1940s.
- France, Great Britain + Commonwealth, Soviet Union, China, United States + Latin America
- Opposed the Axis Power during WWII
Rape of Nanjing
* When and where?
* What happened?
- China -1937
- residents of Nanjing became victims of Japanese troops inflamed by war passion and a sense of racial superiority.
- Rape of 7000 women, murdered hundreds of thousands of unarmed soldiers and civilians, and burned one-third of the homes in Nanjing.
- Japanese used bodies for bayonet practice
Nuremberg Laws of 1935
* When and what?
- Created in 1935
- these deprived German-Jews of their citizenship and prohibited marriage and sexual intercourse between Jewish people and other Germans.
Banking Failures (1929-1939)
* What happened?
- Many of the small banks had lent large portions of their assets for stock market speculation and were virtually put out of business overnight
- 9,000 banks failed–taking with them $7 billion in depositors’ assets.
Kristallnacht
* When & where?
* What does Kristallnacht mean?
* What happened?
- Germany (1938)
- Night of broken glass
- Nazis arranged for the destruction of thousands of Jewish stores, the burning of most synagogues, and the murder of more than one hundred Jews throughout Germany and Austria.
* PLANNED ATTACK
Appeasement at Munich
* When & where?
* What happened?
* Did Munich lead to WWII?
- Munich, Germany in 1938
- Leaders of Great Britain, France, and Italy agreed to allow Germany to annex certain areas of Czechoslovakia (IN EXCHANGE FOR HITLERS PROMISE OF PEACE)
- British had no desire to fight
- Hitler should have been stopped at Munich as it was obvious he would have wanted more power eventually and would go on his greedy conquest.
Sudetenland Section of Czechoslovakia
* Why is it significant?
- contained Czechoslovak Army’s defensive positions in event of a war with Germany
- WAS GIVEN TO HITLER IN 1938 IN EXCHANGE FOR PEACE @ MUNICH CONFERENCE
Neville Chamberlain
* Who was he?
* What did he say?
- served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940
- Ceded parts of Czechoslovakia to Hitler and is now the most popular example of the foreign policy known as appeasement
- Afterwards said “peace for our time.”
German Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
* When was it?
* What was it?
- 1939
- Paved the way for the joint invasion and occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union that September
- The countries agreed that they would not attack each other and secretly divided the countries that lay between them
Blitzkrieg
* What does it mean?
* What was it?
* When was it?
- Means “lighting war”
- method of offensive warfare designed to strike a swift, focused blow at an enemy using mobile, maneuverable forces, including armored tanks and air support
- Used in 1935
Luftwaffe
* What was it?
* Why were they significant?
- The name of the German air force
- They played a major role when attacking Britain.
Battle of Britain
* When was it?
* What happened?
* How does it connect to operation Barbarossa?
* What technologies were invented?
* Who saved Britain?
- 1940 - 1941
- Had “dog fights” - back and forth attacking (Air battle fought over London)
- Soviets now believed that they had a chance to win and the Germans had even more aerotechnologies to attack with
- The Radar was invented
- Royal Air force (RAF) saved England
Operation Barbarossa
* When?
* Who attacked?
* What happened?
* What mistake did Hitler make?
- 1941 - 1943
- Attacked by German 6th Army (440,000 men)
- Invasion of Leningrad, Moscow, & Stalingrad
- Germans defeated at Stalingrad, Russia (February 1943)
- Germans were put in prison camps and worked to the death, whole army division was GONE
- GERMANS should NOT fight RUSSIA during icy Russian winter
Lebensraum
* What does it mean?
* When was the term invented?
- ‘Living Space” = need for Germany to acquire more territory.
- a term coined by Friedrich Ratzel in 1901.
Reichstag
* When was it built?
* What is it?
* What happened here?
- The Reichstag was built between 1884 and 1894.
- Germany’s parliament building.
- Abolishment of constitutional protections which paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
Rommel
* Who was he?
* When did he fight?
* What did Churchill say about his defeat?
- German field marshal during World War II
- Fought in WWI & WWII
- “But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning.”
Gertrude Stein
* Who was she?
* What did she say?
* What does the title she gave mean?
- an American novelist, poet, playwright, and art collector
- “You are all a lost generation”
- Lost generation expressed in poetry and fiction the malaise and disillusion that characterized U.S and European thought post-ww1
Auschwitz
* What was it?
- Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust.
- Close to a million were killed there.
- Part of the “Final Solution”
Pearl Harbor
* When did it happen?
* What happened?
* WHERE did it happen?
- Happened on December 7th, 1941
- Japanese hoped to destroy American naval capacity in the Pacific with an attack at Pearl Harbor and to clear the way for the conquest of southeast Asia
- U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii
Iwo Jima & Okinawa
* When?
* What happened?
- April 1945
- Fighting on Iwo Jima and Okinawa was savage
- Innovative U.S amphibious (offensive, morally gray) tactics were matched by the vigor and sacrifice of Japanese soldiers and pilots
Kamikaze
* When was it?
* What was it and when was it used?
- In 1941
- Japan let their armies suicide bomb (fly a plane full of dynamite with the intention of killing the American navy
Hiroshima & Nagasaki
* When?
* What happened & why?
- 6 and 9 August 1945
- U.S used new weapon the atomic bomb against the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
- vaporized or slowly killed by radiation, poisoning 200,000 +
- Japan surrendered 7 days later
- In RESPONSE to Pearl Harbor
- Launched by President Truman
Vichy
* When & what?
on map
- June 22, 1940
- divided France into two zones: one to be under German military occupation and one to be left to the French in full sovereignty
D-Day
* When?
* What happened?
* What was the result?
- June 6th, 1944
- British and U.S. troops landed on the French coast of Normandy
- A brutal street- by-street battle in Berlin between Germans and Russians, along with a British and U.S. sweep through western Germany
- forced Germany’s unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945
- France was liberated
Holocaust
* When?
* What happened?
- Took place during the Years of 1933-1945
- Persecution and murder of the Jewish & Romani
- “Never again” - Holocaust musuem
- Jewish people were used a scapegoat
- 6 million Jewish murdered in concentration camps and general hate crimes
“Final Solution”
* What was it?
- The final solution entailed the murder every living Jewish person
- Death by Mustard gas, flamethrowers, grenades, electrocution, phenol injections, machine guns
Wannsee Conference
* When?
* What happened?
- Took place on January 20th, 1942
- 15 Nazi bureaucrats gathered to discuss and coordinate the implementation of the final solution
- Were transported by train to camps in Poland & the sick and elderly frequently died on the overcrowded trains
- Jews were never told their destination
Treblinka
* What was it and where was it?
- Treblinka was an extermination camp
- built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II
W.A.V.E.S.
* When was it and what was it?
- Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service
- a division of the U.S. Navy created during World War II to free up male personnel for sea duty
“Comfort Women”
* What were they?
* What conditions did they live in?
- women who provided sexual services to Japanese Imperial Army troops during Japan’s militaristic period that ended with World War II
- generally lived under conditions of sexual slavery.
“Rosie the Riveter”
* When and what was it?
- Created on May 29, 1943
- A poster encouraging women to join the workforce and help with the war while the men were at work
Cold War
* When was it and what happened?
- 1947 – 1991
- political tension and rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union from the end of World War II until the early 1990s.
- characterized by a nuclear arms race, proxy wars, and ideological conflict between the capitalist and communist
- ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, marking a significant shift in global power dynamics
United Nations
* When was it established and whats the purpose?
- Founded on October 24, 1945 in San Francisco
- Purpose is maintain international peace, security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation
Domino Theory
* What is it an whats an example of it?
- The theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries (like a falling domino causing an entire row of upright dominoes to fall)
- Ex: Hitler blamed Jewish people for Germany losing WW1 → everything in between → The Holocaus
Fidel Castro
* Who is he and what did he do + when?
- On January 8, 1959 Castro overthrew the autocratic Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar
(whose regime had gone to great lengths to maintain the country’s traditionally subservient relationship with the U.S)
Truman Doctrine
* What is it and when was it made?
- American foreign policy that pledges American “support for democracies against authoritarian threats.”
- March 12, 1947
Détente
* What is it and whats an example?
- The relaxation of strained relations or tensions (as between nations)
- Examples : SALT I & SALT II (represented a period of improved relations and reduced tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.)
Wehrmacht
* What is it & when?
- The unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945
- consisted of:
- the Heer (army)
- the Kriegsmarine (navy)
- the Luftwaffe (air force)
F. Scott Fitzgerald
* Who was he & what did he write?
- Wrote the famous novel “The Great Gatsby” which depicts the luxurious lives of NYC socialites during the roaring 20s
- Was published in 1925
Scapegoat
* Whats a scapegoat and an example of one?
- One that bears the blame for others or bears irrational hostility
- Example: The Jewish were scapegoats for the Germans & Italians during WW2
Cause & Effect
* Whats cause & effect + an example of it?
- Cause-and-effect describes a relationship between actions or events in which at least one action or event is a direct result of the others
- Literally cause → effect
- Ex: Hitler is invades Poland → Hitler started WW2
