Final Test Study Deck Flashcards
1
Q
The Great War / WW1
* When did it take place?
* The two alliances?
* Why did it start?
* New military tech/strategies?
A
- Took place from 1914 to 1918.
- the Allies (France, Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, US.) vs the Central Powers ( Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire).
- Started because of the assasination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in 1914
- machine guns, tanks, chemical weapons, trench warfare
2
Q
“War to end all Wars”
* Who said it?
* When was it said?
* What does it mean?
* Where was it written?
A
- Said by 28th President Woodrow Wilson
- Said in 1918, during WW1
- Symbolizes the aspiration of ending the cycle of large-scale international conflicts and ushering in an era of lasting peace.
- Written in his April War declaration
3
Q
Nationalism
* What is it?
* Why is it significant?
* What corrupt political leaders believed in it?
A
- An ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-state and holds that such obligations outweigh other individual or group interests.
- A strong unifying force which brought people of a shared identity together under a centralized government during the 19th century
- After WW1 Mussolini & Hitler heavily encouraged nationalism
4
Q
Sarajevo
* Where is it?
* Why is the town significant?
A
- Capital of Bosnia
- The town is significant because Archduke Ferdinand & his wife was murdered there in 1914, whilst heading to inspect their army
5
Q
Triple Alliance
* Who was in it?
* Why was it formed?
* What was the duration of the alliance?
A
- Began as a dual alliance between Germany & Austria, Italy joined later
- Formed to protect the countries from imperial powers
- Formed on 20 May 1882 and renewed periodically until it expired in 1915
6
Q
Triple Entente
* Who was in it?
* Why was it formed?
* What was the duration of the alliance?
A
- Great Britain, France, and Russia
- Formed to to counter the threat posed by the Triple Alliance
- 1907 - 1917
7
Q
Balfour Declaration
* What was it?
* When was it published?
* Who wrote it?
A
- British government publicly declared its support for “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people.”
- Written in 1917
- Written by Arthur James Balfour, Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
8
Q
Lenin
* What was Lenin’s goal?
* What revolution was he apart of?
* What did he do?
A
- Lenins goal was to give power to the proletariat & overthrow the bourgeoise of RUSSIA
- Lenin was a leading force of the Bolshevik Revolution
- introduced widespread reforms, confiscated land for redistribution among the permitting non-Russian nations to declare themselves independent, improving labour rights, and increasing access to education.
9
Q
Lusitania
* What happened & WHEN?
* Why is it significant?
* What does it have to do with propganda?
A
- British Liner sunk by a German Submarine on May 7, 1915
- It was one of the many reasons the U.S eventually decided to join the war due to a few american passangers being onboard
- caused international outrage and helped turn public opinion against Germany with the use of propoganda
10
Q
Treaty of Versailles
* When?
* Why is it significant?
* Who suffered the most
A
- Signed on June 28, 1919
- Formally ended World War One
- Germany suffered the most (paid reparations, no airforce/navy + significantly smaller army)
11
Q
Georges Clemenceau
* Who is he?
* Where was he?
A
- French statesman who served as Prime Minister of France from 1906-1909 & 1917-1920
- Represented France at the Paris Settlement (Treaty of Versailles)
12
Q
Lloyd George
* Who is he?
* Where was he?
A
- Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1922
- Represented Great Britain at the Paris Settlement (treaty of versailles)
13
Q
Maginot Line
* When was it built?
* Where is it (you’ll have your map)
* Why was it built?
A
- Built in 1928
- To prevent a German surprise attack, To deter a cross-border assault, To protect Alsace-Lorraine
14
Q
Mein Kampf
* Who wrote it?
* Why is it significant?
* What does “Mein Kampf” mean?
A
- Written by Hitler inbetween 1924-1925
- Promoted the key components of Nazism: rabid antisemitism, a racist world view, and an aggressive foreign policy
- Means “my struggle”
15
Q
Aryans
* During what years was the term most used?
* Who popularized the term?
* What does it mean?
A
- A term that reached an all time high during the years 1933-1945
- Popularized by Hitler
- In the hierarchy of Nazi racism, the “Aryans” were the superior race, destined to rule the world (Had blonde hair and blue eyes)
16
Q
Richard Wagner
* Who was he?
* What years was he most popular?
* Who really liked his creations?
A
- a German composer, theater director, debator, and conductor
- Most popular during the late 1800s
- Hitler enjoyed his music and works
17
Q
Isolationism
* What is it?
* Who tried to use it?
A
- National policy of avoiding political or economic entanglements/conflicts/dealings with other countries
- Used by the U.S (not to get involved in wars + economic issues in Europe)
18
Q
“Return to Normalcy”
* When?
* What does this mean?
A
- By the middle of the 1920s some parts of economic normality had returned after the WW1
- Degrees of Change - The year 1920 represented a return to normalcy
19
Q
War Guilt Clause of the Treaty of Versailles
* When?
* What was it?
A
- 1919
- Forced Germany and other Central Powers to take all the blame for World War I
- Meant a loss of territories, reduction in military forces, and reparation payments to Allied powers
20
Q
Anschluss
* When?
* What was it?
A
- On March 18, 1938,
- Adolf Hitler announces a union between Germany and Austria, annexing the smaller nation into a greater Germany
21
Q
Black Thursday
* When was it?
* What was it?
* Why was it significant?
A
- Oct, 24, 1929
- a wave of panic selling in NY caused stock prices to plummet
- Thousands of people from varying social classes lost their life savings
- Caused the Great Depression which lasted from 1929–1941
- Countries like Japan + Germany that relied on exports suffered a lot
22
Q
Flappers
* When?
* Why were they significant for women specifically?
* What was different about their clothes?
A
- During the 1920s/Roaring 20s
- considered the first generation of independent American women, flappers pushed barriers to economic, political and sexual freedom for women
- Their dresses were much shorter than in the past, as long as their knees
23
Q
Temperance
* When?
* What was it?
* What did it lead to?
A
- Started in 1838
- Urged moderation & encouraged drinkers to help each other to resist temptation
- Led to the Prohibition Era
24
Q
Prohibition
* When?
* What was it?
* Why was it significant?
A
- 1919
- U.S outlawed making or selling of alcohol
- Caused rise in crime, illegal selling of alcohol + prominence of gangs
25
**Unemployment Rate in 1933**
* Why is it significant?
* Unemployment rate spikes to 26% in 1933
* During Great Depression, symbolized U.S struggle
26
**John Maynard Keymes**
* When was he popular?
* What did he do?
* Ideology was very prominent during the 1950s
* Spearheaded a revolution in economic
* Keynes argued that inadequate overall demand could lead to prolonged periods of high unemployment
27
**Fascism**
* What 2 movements/genocides were caused & when?
* Who were the two most influential fascist leaders?
* What was fascism?
* Italian Fascist Movement (1922-1943), German Fascist Movememnt/Holocaust(1933–1945)
* Adolf Hitler in Geramny & Mussolini in Italy
* a political movement that embraces far-right nationalism and the forceful suppression of any opposition, all overseen by an authoritarian government
28
**FDR Quote “Fear…”**
* When was it said?
* What piece of work was it said in?
* What does it mean?
* Said in1933
* Inaugural address of Franklin D. Roosevelt
* The phrase means that the only thing holding the American people back from dealing with the Great Depression was fear (fear makes ppl incapable + it's debilitating)
29
**Mussolini**
* What movement did he lead?
* Why did Mussolini leave the catholics alone & attack the Jews?
* What did Mussolini do with people who did not listen to him?
* What was Mussolini's motto & it's meaning?
* Italian Fascist Movement (1922-1943)
* Mussolini left the catholics alone because they made up 85% of the population
* Mussolini used secret police to get rid of those who opposed him
* Mussolini's motto was "The trains will run on time" = Keeping order in Italy → threaten people into order and compliance
30
**Hitler**
* What movement did he lead?
* What is he known for?
* German Fascist Movememnt/Holocaust(1933–1945)
* Responsible for the death of six million jews, romani’s, and black people
31
**Xenophobia**
* When was it popularized?
* What does it mean?
* Mostly prominent during the 1930s
* A “fear” of foreign people
32
**Swastika**
* What was it?
* What did it symbolize for Hitler?
* When was it used?
* Centerpiece for Hitler’s nazi flag
* Good luck & emblem for the Aryan Race
* Primarily used during 1933-1945
33
**Militarism**
* What is it?
* What was founded upon it?
* What political party believed in it?
* belief/desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively
* Used as a principle of Fascism
* Nazis were determined that Germany be a militarist state
34
**Nazi**
* What is a Nazi?
* When was the term popularized?
* Member of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or Nazi Party.
* Used to describe followers of Hitlers Idealogies
* Used primarily between 1922-1945 for the German & Italian Fascist movements
35
**National Socialism**
* What is it?
* When was it popular?
* Refers to the tolitarian rule of the Nazi party
* Popular during 1920 - 1950
36
**Anti-Semetism**
* What is it?
* What is an example of it?
* Hostility or prejudice against Jewish people.
* The Holocaust/Nazi regime is an example
37
**Great Depression**
* When and why?
* Result of it?
* Took place during 1929–1941 - caused by Black Thursday
* destroyed the international financial and commercial network of the capitalist economies
* Resulted in lost jobs, savings, food, homes, dignity and hope
38
**Darwinism**
* What inspired it?
* When was it popular?
* What was it?
* Inspired by “The Origin of Species” written by Darwin published on November 24, 1859
* Popular during the 19th and early 20th centuries
* Applied the biological concepts of natural selection/survival of the fittest to the realities of HUMAN SOCIETY = caused racial hierarchy
39
**Racial Superiority**
* What was it?
* What was it inspired by?
* When was it popular?
* Belief that evolution was progressive, and that the white races (especially the Europeans) were evolutionarily more advanced than the black races
* Inspired by Darwin
* Popular during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
40
**Eugenics**
* What was it inspired by?
* When was it popular?
* What political party practiced these beliefs?
* What was it?
* Inspired by Darwin
* Popular during the 19th & early 20th centuries?
* Practiced by the Nazi party in Germany
* Quality of biological production = You were STERILIZED if you had illnesses
* Nazi’s systematically killed those who were deemed useless to society
41
**Propaganda**
* What is it?
* What is an example of it?
* When was it primarily used?
* Facts, arguments, rumors, half-truths, or lies—to influence public opinion
* An example of this would be posters/fliers used to recruit people to the army during WW1/2
* Primarily used during WW1/WW2
42
**Joseph Stalin**
* When was he in power?
* Why is he significant?
* What did he do for Russia?
* Held power between 1921 - 1953
* Created First Five Year plan in 1923
* Aim of the plan was to transform the Soviet Union from predominantly agricultural country to a leading industrial power'
43
**Capitalism**
* What is an example of a Capitalist country?
* What is capitalism?
* Why is Capitalism good?
* Capitalist countries are the U.S, Canada, Germany
* Private people own and control property in accordance w/ interests and supply and demand
* freely set prices in markets in a way that can serve the best interests of society
* Industrial capitalism saw the rapid development of the factory system of production
44
**Axis Powers**
* When?
* Who was apart of it?
* Who did they oppose?
* One of the Major Alliances during World War II (1939-1945)
* Germany, Italy, and Japan
* opposed the Allied powers in World War II.
45
**Allied Powers**
* When?
* Who was apart of it?
* Who did they oppose?
* The construction of these global alliances took place over the course of the 1930s and early 1940s.
* France, Great Britain + Commonwealth, Soviet Union, China, United States + Latin America
* Opposed the Axis Power during WWII
46
**Rape of Nanjing**
* When and where?
* What happened?
* China -1937
* residents of Nanjing became victims of Japanese troops inflamed by war passion and a sense of racial superiority.
* Rape of 7000 women, murdered hundreds of thousands of unarmed soldiers and civilians, and burned one-third of the homes in Nanjing.
* Japanese used bodies for bayonet practice
47
**Nuremberg Laws of 1935**
* When and what?
* Created in 1935
* these deprived German-Jews of their citizenship and prohibited marriage and sexual intercourse between Jewish people and other Germans.
48
**Banking Failures (1929-1939)**
* What happened?
* Many of the small banks had lent large portions of their assets for stock market speculation and were virtually put out of business overnight
* 9,000 banks failed--taking with them $7 billion in depositors' assets.
49
**Kristallnacht**
* When & where?
* What does Kristallnacht mean?
* What happened?
* Germany (1938)
* Night of broken glass
* Nazis arranged for the destruction of thousands of Jewish stores, the burning of most synagogues, and the murder of more than one hundred Jews throughout Germany and Austria.
*** PLANNED ATTACK**
50
**Appeasement at Munich**
* When & where?
* What happened?
* Did Munich lead to WWII?
* Munich, Germany in 1938
* Leaders of Great Britain, France, and Italy agreed to allow Germany to annex certain areas of Czechoslovakia (IN EXCHANGE FOR HITLERS PROMISE OF PEACE)
* British had no desire to fight
* Hitler should have been stopped at Munich as it was obvious he would have wanted more power eventually and would go on his greedy conquest.
51
**Sudetenland Section of Czechoslovakia**
* Why is it significant?
* contained Czechoslovak Army's defensive positions in event of a war with Germany
* WAS GIVEN TO HITLER IN 1938 IN EXCHANGE FOR PEACE @ MUNICH CONFERENCE
52
**Neville Chamberlain**
* Who was he?
* What did he say?
* served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940
* Ceded parts of Czechoslovakia to Hitler and is now the most popular example of the foreign policy known as appeasement
* Afterwards said “peace for our time.”
53
**German Soviet Non-Aggression Pact**
* When was it?
* What was it?
* 1939
* Paved the way for the joint invasion and occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union that September
* The countries agreed that they would not attack each other and secretly divided the countries that lay between them
54
**Blitzkrieg**
* What does it mean?
* What was it?
* When was it?
* Means "lighting war"
* method of offensive warfare designed to strike a swift, focused blow at an enemy using mobile, maneuverable forces, including armored tanks and air support
* Used in 1935
55
**Luftwaffe**
* What was it?
* Why were they significant?
* The name of the German air force
* They played a major role when attacking Britain.
56
**Battle of Britain**
* When was it?
* What happened?
* How does it connect to operation Barbarossa?
* What technologies were invented?
* Who saved Britain?
* 1940 - 1941
* Had “dog fights” - back and forth attacking (Air battle fought over London)
* Soviets now believed that they had a chance to win and the Germans had even more aerotechnologies to attack with
* The Radar was invented
* Royal Air force (RAF) saved England
57
**Operation Barbarossa**
* When?
* Who attacked?
* What happened?
* What mistake did Hitler make?
* 1941 - 1943
* Attacked by German 6th Army (440,000 men)
* Invasion of Leningrad, Moscow, & Stalingrad
* Germans defeated at Stalingrad, Russia (February 1943)
* Germans were put in prison camps and worked to the death, whole army division was GONE
* GERMANS should NOT fight RUSSIA during icy Russian winter
58
**Lebensraum**
* What does it mean?
* When was the term invented?
* 'Living Space” = need for Germany to acquire more territory.
* a term coined by Friedrich Ratzel in 1901.
59
**Reichstag**
* When was it built?
* What is it?
* What happened here?
* The Reichstag was built between 1884 and 1894.
* Germany's parliament building.
* Abolishment of constitutional protections which paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
60
**Rommel**
* Who was he?
* When did he fight?
* What did Churchill say about his defeat?
* German field marshal during World War II
* Fought in WWI & WWII
* "But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning."
61
**Gertrude Stein**
* Who was she?
* What did she say?
* What does the title she gave mean?
* an American novelist, poet, playwright, and art collector
* “You are all a lost generation”
* Lost generation expressed in poetry and fiction the malaise and disillusion that characterized U.S and European thought post-ww1
62
**Auschwitz**
* What was it?
* Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust.
* Close to a million were killed there.
* Part of the “Final Solution”
63
**Pearl Harbor**
* When did it happen?
* What happened?
* WHERE did it happen?
* Happened on December 7th, 1941
* Japanese hoped to destroy American naval capacity in the Pacific with an attack at Pearl Harbor and to clear the way for the conquest of southeast Asia
* U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii
64
**Iwo Jima & Okinawa**
* When?
* What happened?
* April 1945
* Fighting on Iwo Jima and Okinawa was savage
* Innovative U.S amphibious (offensive, morally gray) tactics were matched by the vigor and sacrifice of Japanese soldiers and pilots
65
**Kamikaze**
* When was it?
* What was it and when was it used?
* In 1941
* Japan let their armies suicide bomb (fly a plane full of dynamite with the intention of killing the American navy
66
**Hiroshima & Nagasaki**
* When?
* What happened & why?
* 6 and 9 August 1945
* U.S used new weapon the atomic bomb against the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
* vaporized or slowly killed by radiation, poisoning 200,000 +
* Japan surrendered 7 days later
* In RESPONSE to Pearl Harbor
* Launched by President Truman
67
**Vichy**
* When & what?
*on map*
* June 22, 1940
* divided France into two zones: one to be under German military occupation and one to be left to the French in full sovereignty
68
**D-Day**
* When?
* What happened?
* What was the result?
* June 6th, 1944
* British and U.S. troops landed on the French coast of Normandy
* A brutal street- by-street battle in Berlin between Germans and Russians, along with a British and U.S. sweep through western Germany
* forced Germany's unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945
* France was liberated
69
**Holocaust**
* When?
* What happened?
* Took place during the Years of 1933-1945
* Persecution and murder of the Jewish & Romani
* "Never again" - Holocaust musuem
* Jewish people were used a scapegoat
* 6 million Jewish murdered in concentration camps and general hate crimes
70
**“Final Solution”**
* What was it?
* The final solution entailed the murder every living Jewish person
* Death by Mustard gas, flamethrowers, grenades, electrocution, phenol injections, machine guns
71
**Wannsee Conference**
* When?
* What happened?
* Took place on January 20th, 1942
* 15 Nazi bureaucrats gathered to discuss and coordinate the implementation of the final solution
* Were transported by train to camps in Poland & the sick and elderly frequently died on the overcrowded trains
* Jews were never told their destination
72
**Treblinka**
* What was it and where was it?
* Treblinka was an extermination camp
* built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II
73
**W.A.V.E.S.**
* When was it and what was it?
* Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service
* a division of the U.S. Navy created during World War II to free up male personnel for sea duty
74
**“Comfort Women”**
* What were they?
* What conditions did they live in?
* women who provided sexual services to Japanese Imperial Army troops during Japan's militaristic period that ended with World War II
* generally lived under conditions of sexual slavery.
75
**“Rosie the Riveter”**
* When and what was it?
* Created on May 29, 1943
* A poster encouraging women to join the workforce and help with the war while the men were at work
76
**Cold War**
* When was it and what happened?
* 1947 – 1991
* political tension and rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union from the end of World War II until the early 1990s.
* characterized by a nuclear arms race, proxy wars, and ideological conflict between the capitalist and communist
* ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, marking a significant shift in global power dynamics
77
**United Nations**
* When was it established and whats the purpose?
* Founded on October 24, 1945 in San Francisco
* Purpose is maintain international peace, security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation
78
**Domino Theory**
* What is it an whats an example of it?
* The theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries *(like a falling domino causing an entire row of upright dominoes to fall)*
* Ex: Hitler blamed Jewish people for Germany losing WW1 → everything in between → The Holocaus
79
**Fidel Castro**
* Who is he and what did he do + when?
* On January 8, 1959 Castro overthrew the autocratic Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar
*(whose regime had gone to great lengths to maintain the country’s traditionally subservient relationship with the U.S)*
80
**Truman Doctrine**
* What is it and when was it made?
* American foreign policy that pledges American "support for democracies against authoritarian threats."
* March 12, 1947
81
**Détente**
* What is it and whats an example?
* The relaxation of strained relations or tensions (as between nations)
* Examples : SALT I & SALT II *(represented a period of improved relations and reduced tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.)*
82
**Wehrmacht**
* What is it & when?
* The unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945
* consisted of:
* the Heer (army)
* the Kriegsmarine (navy)
* the Luftwaffe (air force)
83
**F. Scott Fitzgerald**
* Who was he & what did he write?
* Wrote the famous novel “The Great Gatsby” which depicts the luxurious lives of NYC socialites during the roaring 20s
* Was published in 1925
84
**Scapegoat**
* Whats a scapegoat and an example of one?
* One that bears the blame for others or bears irrational hostility
* Example: The Jewish were scapegoats for the Germans & Italians during WW2
85
**Cause & Effect**
* Whats cause & effect + an example of it?
* Cause-and-effect describes a relationship between actions or events in which at least one action or event is a direct result of the others
* Literally cause → effect
* Ex: Hitler is invades Poland → Hitler started WW2
