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World History II A > Final Test Study Deck > Flashcards

Final Test Study Deck Flashcards

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1
Q

The Great War / WW1
* When did it take place?
* The two alliances?
* Why did it start?
* New military tech/strategies?

A
  • Took place from 1914 to 1918.
  • the Allies (France, Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, US.) vs the Central Powers ( Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire).
  • Started because of the assasination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in 1914
  • machine guns, tanks, chemical weapons, trench warfare
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2
Q

“War to end all Wars”
* Who said it?
* When was it said?
* What does it mean?
* Where was it written?

A
  • Said by 28th President Woodrow Wilson
  • Said in 1918, during WW1
  • Symbolizes the aspiration of ending the cycle of large-scale international conflicts and ushering in an era of lasting peace.
  • Written in his April War declaration
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3
Q

Nationalism
* What is it?
* Why is it significant?
* What corrupt political leaders believed in it?

A
  • An ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-state and holds that such obligations outweigh other individual or group interests.
  • A strong unifying force which brought people of a shared identity together under a centralized government during the 19th century
  • After WW1 Mussolini & Hitler heavily encouraged nationalism
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4
Q

Sarajevo
* Where is it?
* Why is the town significant?

A
  • Capital of Bosnia
  • The town is significant because Archduke Ferdinand & his wife was murdered there in 1914, whilst heading to inspect their army
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5
Q

Triple Alliance
* Who was in it?
* Why was it formed?
* What was the duration of the alliance?

A
  • Began as a dual alliance between Germany & Austria, Italy joined later
  • Formed to protect the countries from imperial powers
  • Formed on 20 May 1882 and renewed periodically until it expired in 1915
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6
Q

Triple Entente
* Who was in it?
* Why was it formed?
* What was the duration of the alliance?

A
  • Great Britain, France, and Russia
  • Formed to to counter the threat posed by the Triple Alliance
  • 1907 - 1917
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7
Q

Balfour Declaration
* What was it?
* When was it published?
* Who wrote it?

A
  • British government publicly declared its support for “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people.”
  • Written in 1917
  • Written by Arthur James Balfour, Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
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8
Q

Lenin
* What was Lenin’s goal?
* What revolution was he apart of?
* What did he do?

A
  • Lenins goal was to give power to the proletariat & overthrow the bourgeoise of RUSSIA
  • Lenin was a leading force of the Bolshevik Revolution
  • introduced widespread reforms, confiscated land for redistribution among the permitting non-Russian nations to declare themselves independent, improving labour rights, and increasing access to education.
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9
Q

Lusitania
* What happened & WHEN?
* Why is it significant?
* What does it have to do with propganda?

A
  • British Liner sunk by a German Submarine on May 7, 1915
  • It was one of the many reasons the U.S eventually decided to join the war due to a few american passangers being onboard
  • caused international outrage and helped turn public opinion against Germany with the use of propoganda
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10
Q

Treaty of Versailles
* When?
* Why is it significant?
* Who suffered the most

A
  • Signed on June 28, 1919
  • Formally ended World War One
  • Germany suffered the most (paid reparations, no airforce/navy + significantly smaller army)
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11
Q

Georges Clemenceau
* Who is he?
* Where was he?

A
  • French statesman who served as Prime Minister of France from 1906-1909 & 1917-1920
  • Represented France at the Paris Settlement (Treaty of Versailles)
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12
Q

Lloyd George
* Who is he?
* Where was he?

A
  • Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1922
  • Represented Great Britain at the Paris Settlement (treaty of versailles)
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13
Q

Maginot Line
* When was it built?
* Where is it (you’ll have your map)
* Why was it built?

A
  • Built in 1928
  • To prevent a German surprise attack, To deter a cross-border assault, To protect Alsace-Lorraine
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14
Q

Mein Kampf
* Who wrote it?
* Why is it significant?
* What does “Mein Kampf” mean?

A
  • Written by Hitler inbetween 1924-1925
  • Promoted the key components of Nazism: rabid antisemitism, a racist world view, and an aggressive foreign policy
  • Means “my struggle”
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15
Q

Aryans
* During what years was the term most used?
* Who popularized the term?
* What does it mean?

A
  • A term that reached an all time high during the years 1933-1945
  • Popularized by Hitler
  • In the hierarchy of Nazi racism, the “Aryans” were the superior race, destined to rule the world (Had blonde hair and blue eyes)
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16
Q

Richard Wagner
* Who was he?
* What years was he most popular?
* Who really liked his creations?

A
  • a German composer, theater director, debator, and conductor
  • Most popular during the late 1800s
  • Hitler enjoyed his music and works
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17
Q

Isolationism
* What is it?
* Who tried to use it?

A
  • National policy of avoiding political or economic entanglements/conflicts/dealings with other countries
  • Used by the U.S (not to get involved in wars + economic issues in Europe)
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18
Q

“Return to Normalcy”
* When?
* What does this mean?

A
  • By the middle of the 1920s some parts of economic normality had returned after the WW1
  • Degrees of Change - The year 1920 represented a return to normalcy
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19
Q

War Guilt Clause of the Treaty of Versailles
* When?
* What was it?

A
  • 1919
  • Forced Germany and other Central Powers to take all the blame for World War I
  • Meant a loss of territories, reduction in military forces, and reparation payments to Allied powers
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20
Q

Anschluss
* When?
* What was it?

A
  • On March 18, 1938,
  • Adolf Hitler announces a union between Germany and Austria, annexing the smaller nation into a greater Germany
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21
Q

Black Thursday
* When was it?
* What was it?
* Why was it significant?

A
  • Oct, 24, 1929
  • a wave of panic selling in NY caused stock prices to plummet
  • Thousands of people from varying social classes lost their life savings
  • Caused the Great Depression which lasted from 1929–1941
  • Countries like Japan + Germany that relied on exports suffered a lot
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22
Q

Flappers
* When?
* Why were they significant for women specifically?
* What was different about their clothes?

A
  • During the 1920s/Roaring 20s
  • considered the first generation of independent American women, flappers pushed barriers to economic, political and sexual freedom for women
  • Their dresses were much shorter than in the past, as long as their knees
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23
Q

Temperance
* When?
* What was it?
* What did it lead to?

A
  • Started in 1838
  • Urged moderation & encouraged drinkers to help each other to resist temptation
  • Led to the Prohibition Era
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24
Q

Prohibition
* When?
* What was it?
* Why was it significant?

A
  • 1919
  • U.S outlawed making or selling of alcohol
  • Caused rise in crime, illegal selling of alcohol + prominence of gangs
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25
Q

Unemployment Rate in 1933
* Why is it significant?

A
  • Unemployment rate spikes to 26% in 1933
  • During Great Depression, symbolized U.S struggle
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26
Q

John Maynard Keymes
* When was he popular?
* What did he do?

A
  • Ideology was very prominent during the 1950s
  • Spearheaded a revolution in economic
  • Keynes argued that inadequate overall demand could lead to prolonged periods of high unemployment
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27
Q

Fascism
* What 2 movements/genocides were caused & when?
* Who were the two most influential fascist leaders?
* What was fascism?

A
  • Italian Fascist Movement (1922-1943), German Fascist Movememnt/Holocaust(1933–1945)
  • Adolf Hitler in Geramny & Mussolini in Italy
  • a political movement that embraces far-right nationalism and the forceful suppression of any opposition, all overseen by an authoritarian government
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28
Q

FDR Quote “Fear…”
* When was it said?
* What piece of work was it said in?
* What does it mean?

A
  • Said in1933
  • Inaugural address of Franklin D. Roosevelt
  • The phrase means that the only thing holding the American people back from dealing with the Great Depression was fear (fear makes ppl incapable + it’s debilitating)
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29
Q

Mussolini
* What movement did he lead?
* Why did Mussolini leave the catholics alone & attack the Jews?
* What did Mussolini do with people who did not listen to him?
* What was Mussolini’s motto & it’s meaning?

A
  • Italian Fascist Movement (1922-1943)
  • Mussolini left the catholics alone because they made up 85% of the population
  • Mussolini used secret police to get rid of those who opposed him
  • Mussolini’s motto was “The trains will run on time” = Keeping order in Italy → threaten people into order and compliance
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30
Q

Hitler
* What movement did he lead?
* What is he known for?

A
  • German Fascist Movememnt/Holocaust(1933–1945)
  • Responsible for the death of six million jews, romani’s, and black people
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31
Q

Xenophobia
* When was it popularized?
* What does it mean?

A
  • Mostly prominent during the 1930s
  • A “fear” of foreign people
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32
Q

Swastika
* What was it?
* What did it symbolize for Hitler?
* When was it used?

A
  • Centerpiece for Hitler’s nazi flag
  • Good luck & emblem for the Aryan Race
  • Primarily used during 1933-1945
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33
Q

Militarism
* What is it?
* What was founded upon it?
* What political party believed in it?

A
  • belief/desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively
  • Used as a principle of Fascism
  • Nazis were determined that Germany be a militarist state
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34
Q

Nazi
* What is a Nazi?
* When was the term popularized?

A
  • Member of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or Nazi Party.
  • Used to describe followers of Hitlers Idealogies
  • Used primarily between 1922-1945 for the German & Italian Fascist movements
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35
Q

National Socialism
* What is it?
* When was it popular?

A
  • Refers to the tolitarian rule of the Nazi party
  • Popular during 1920 - 1950
36
Q

Anti-Semetism
* What is it?
* What is an example of it?

A
  • Hostility or prejudice against Jewish people.
  • The Holocaust/Nazi regime is an example
37
Q

Great Depression
* When and why?
* Result of it?

A
  • Took place during 1929–1941 - caused by Black Thursday
  • destroyed the international financial and commercial network of the capitalist economies
  • Resulted in lost jobs, savings, food, homes, dignity and hope
38
Q

Darwinism
* What inspired it?
* When was it popular?
* What was it?

A
  • Inspired by “The Origin of Species” written by Darwin published on November 24, 1859
  • Popular during the 19th and early 20th centuries
  • Applied the biological concepts of natural selection/survival of the fittest to the realities of HUMAN SOCIETY = caused racial hierarchy
39
Q

Racial Superiority
* What was it?
* What was it inspired by?
* When was it popular?

A
  • Belief that evolution was progressive, and that the white races (especially the Europeans) were evolutionarily more advanced than the black races
  • Inspired by Darwin
  • Popular during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
40
Q

Eugenics
* What was it inspired by?
* When was it popular?
* What political party practiced these beliefs?
* What was it?

A
  • Inspired by Darwin
  • Popular during the 19th & early 20th centuries?
  • Practiced by the Nazi party in Germany
  • Quality of biological production = You were STERILIZED if you had illnesses
  • Nazi’s systematically killed those who were deemed useless to society
41
Q

Propaganda
* What is it?
* What is an example of it?
* When was it primarily used?

A
  • Facts, arguments, rumors, half-truths, or lies—to influence public opinion
  • An example of this would be posters/fliers used to recruit people to the army during WW1/2
  • Primarily used during WW1/WW2
42
Q

Joseph Stalin
* When was he in power?
* Why is he significant?
* What did he do for Russia?

A
  • Held power between 1921 - 1953
  • Created First Five Year plan in 1923
  • Aim of the plan was to transform the Soviet Union from predominantly agricultural country to a leading industrial power’
43
Q

Capitalism
* What is an example of a Capitalist country?
* What is capitalism?
* Why is Capitalism good?

A
  • Capitalist countries are the U.S, Canada, Germany
  • Private people own and control property in accordance w/ interests and supply and demand
  • freely set prices in markets in a way that can serve the best interests of society
  • Industrial capitalism saw the rapid development of the factory system of production
44
Q

Axis Powers
* When?
* Who was apart of it?
* Who did they oppose?

A
  • One of the Major Alliances during World War II (1939-1945)
  • Germany, Italy, and Japan
  • opposed the Allied powers in World War II.
45
Q

Allied Powers
* When?
* Who was apart of it?
* Who did they oppose?

A
  • The construction of these global alliances took place over the course of the 1930s and early 1940s.
  • France, Great Britain + Commonwealth, Soviet Union, China, United States + Latin America
  • Opposed the Axis Power during WWII
46
Q

Rape of Nanjing
* When and where?
* What happened?

A
  • China -1937
  • residents of Nanjing became victims of Japanese troops inflamed by war passion and a sense of racial superiority.
  • Rape of 7000 women, murdered hundreds of thousands of unarmed soldiers and civilians, and burned one-third of the homes in Nanjing.
  • Japanese used bodies for bayonet practice
47
Q

Nuremberg Laws of 1935
* When and what?

A
  • Created in 1935
  • these deprived German-Jews of their citizenship and prohibited marriage and sexual intercourse between Jewish people and other Germans.
48
Q

Banking Failures (1929-1939)
* What happened?

A
  • Many of the small banks had lent large portions of their assets for stock market speculation and were virtually put out of business overnight
  • 9,000 banks failed–taking with them $7 billion in depositors’ assets.
49
Q

Kristallnacht
* When & where?
* What does Kristallnacht mean?
* What happened?

A
  • Germany (1938)
  • Night of broken glass
  • Nazis arranged for the destruction of thousands of Jewish stores, the burning of most synagogues, and the murder of more than one hundred Jews throughout Germany and Austria.
    * PLANNED ATTACK
50
Q

Appeasement at Munich
* When & where?
* What happened?
* Did Munich lead to WWII?

A
  • Munich, Germany in 1938
  • Leaders of Great Britain, France, and Italy agreed to allow Germany to annex certain areas of Czechoslovakia (IN EXCHANGE FOR HITLERS PROMISE OF PEACE)
  • British had no desire to fight
  • Hitler should have been stopped at Munich as it was obvious he would have wanted more power eventually and would go on his greedy conquest.
51
Q

Sudetenland Section of Czechoslovakia
* Why is it significant?

A
  • contained Czechoslovak Army’s defensive positions in event of a war with Germany
  • WAS GIVEN TO HITLER IN 1938 IN EXCHANGE FOR PEACE @ MUNICH CONFERENCE
52
Q

Neville Chamberlain
* Who was he?
* What did he say?

A
  • served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940
  • Ceded parts of Czechoslovakia to Hitler and is now the most popular example of the foreign policy known as appeasement
  • Afterwards said “peace for our time.”
53
Q

German Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
* When was it?
* What was it?

A
  • 1939
  • Paved the way for the joint invasion and occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union that September
  • The countries agreed that they would not attack each other and secretly divided the countries that lay between them
54
Q

Blitzkrieg
* What does it mean?
* What was it?
* When was it?

A
  • Means “lighting war”
  • method of offensive warfare designed to strike a swift, focused blow at an enemy using mobile, maneuverable forces, including armored tanks and air support
  • Used in 1935
55
Q

Luftwaffe
* What was it?
* Why were they significant?

A
  • The name of the German air force
  • They played a major role when attacking Britain.
56
Q

Battle of Britain
* When was it?
* What happened?
* How does it connect to operation Barbarossa?
* What technologies were invented?
* Who saved Britain?

A
  • 1940 - 1941
  • Had “dog fights” - back and forth attacking (Air battle fought over London)
  • Soviets now believed that they had a chance to win and the Germans had even more aerotechnologies to attack with
  • The Radar was invented
  • Royal Air force (RAF) saved England
57
Q

Operation Barbarossa
* When?
* Who attacked?
* What happened?
* What mistake did Hitler make?

A
  • 1941 - 1943
  • Attacked by German 6th Army (440,000 men)
  • Invasion of Leningrad, Moscow, & Stalingrad
  • Germans defeated at Stalingrad, Russia (February 1943)
  • Germans were put in prison camps and worked to the death, whole army division was GONE
  • GERMANS should NOT fight RUSSIA during icy Russian winter
58
Q

Lebensraum
* What does it mean?
* When was the term invented?

A
  • ‘Living Space” = need for Germany to acquire more territory.
  • a term coined by Friedrich Ratzel in 1901.
59
Q

Reichstag
* When was it built?
* What is it?
* What happened here?

A
  • The Reichstag was built between 1884 and 1894.
  • Germany’s parliament building.
  • Abolishment of constitutional protections which paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
60
Q

Rommel
* Who was he?
* When did he fight?
* What did Churchill say about his defeat?

A
  • German field marshal during World War II
  • Fought in WWI & WWII
  • “But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning.”
61
Q

Gertrude Stein
* Who was she?
* What did she say?
* What does the title she gave mean?

A
  • an American novelist, poet, playwright, and art collector
  • “You are all a lost generation”
  • Lost generation expressed in poetry and fiction the malaise and disillusion that characterized U.S and European thought post-ww1
62
Q

Auschwitz
* What was it?

A
  • Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust.
  • Close to a million were killed there.
  • Part of the “Final Solution”
63
Q

Pearl Harbor
* When did it happen?
* What happened?
* WHERE did it happen?

A
  • Happened on December 7th, 1941
  • Japanese hoped to destroy American naval capacity in the Pacific with an attack at Pearl Harbor and to clear the way for the conquest of southeast Asia
  • U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii
64
Q

Iwo Jima & Okinawa
* When?
* What happened?

A
  • April 1945
  • Fighting on Iwo Jima and Okinawa was savage
  • Innovative U.S amphibious (offensive, morally gray) tactics were matched by the vigor and sacrifice of Japanese soldiers and pilots
65
Q

Kamikaze
* When was it?
* What was it and when was it used?

A
  • In 1941
  • Japan let their armies suicide bomb (fly a plane full of dynamite with the intention of killing the American navy
66
Q

Hiroshima & Nagasaki
* When?
* What happened & why?

A
  • 6 and 9 August 1945
  • U.S used new weapon the atomic bomb against the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
  • vaporized or slowly killed by radiation, poisoning 200,000 +
  • Japan surrendered 7 days later
  • In RESPONSE to Pearl Harbor
  • Launched by President Truman
67
Q

Vichy
* When & what?
on map

A
  • June 22, 1940
  • divided France into two zones: one to be under German military occupation and one to be left to the French in full sovereignty
68
Q

D-Day
* When?
* What happened?
* What was the result?

A
  • June 6th, 1944
  • British and U.S. troops landed on the French coast of Normandy
  • A brutal street- by-street battle in Berlin between Germans and Russians, along with a British and U.S. sweep through western Germany
  • forced Germany’s unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945
  • France was liberated
69
Q

Holocaust
* When?
* What happened?

A
  • Took place during the Years of 1933-1945
  • Persecution and murder of the Jewish & Romani
  • “Never again” - Holocaust musuem
  • Jewish people were used a scapegoat
  • 6 million Jewish murdered in concentration camps and general hate crimes
70
Q

“Final Solution”
* What was it?

A
  • The final solution entailed the murder every living Jewish person
  • Death by Mustard gas, flamethrowers, grenades, electrocution, phenol injections, machine guns
71
Q

Wannsee Conference
* When?
* What happened?

A
  • Took place on January 20th, 1942
  • 15 Nazi bureaucrats gathered to discuss and coordinate the implementation of the final solution
  • Were transported by train to camps in Poland & the sick and elderly frequently died on the overcrowded trains
  • Jews were never told their destination
72
Q

Treblinka
* What was it and where was it?

A
  • Treblinka was an extermination camp
  • built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II
73
Q

W.A.V.E.S.
* When was it and what was it?

A
  • Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service
  • a division of the U.S. Navy created during World War II to free up male personnel for sea duty
74
Q

“Comfort Women”
* What were they?
* What conditions did they live in?

A
  • women who provided sexual services to Japanese Imperial Army troops during Japan’s militaristic period that ended with World War II
  • generally lived under conditions of sexual slavery.
75
Q

“Rosie the Riveter”
* When and what was it?

A
  • Created on May 29, 1943
  • A poster encouraging women to join the workforce and help with the war while the men were at work
76
Q

Cold War
* When was it and what happened?

A
  • 1947 – 1991
  • political tension and rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union from the end of World War II until the early 1990s.
  • characterized by a nuclear arms race, proxy wars, and ideological conflict between the capitalist and communist
  • ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, marking a significant shift in global power dynamics
77
Q

United Nations
* When was it established and whats the purpose?

A
  • Founded on October 24, 1945 in San Francisco
  • Purpose is maintain international peace, security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation
78
Q

Domino Theory
* What is it an whats an example of it?

A
  • The theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries (like a falling domino causing an entire row of upright dominoes to fall)
  • Ex: Hitler blamed Jewish people for Germany losing WW1 → everything in between → The Holocaus
79
Q

Fidel Castro
* Who is he and what did he do + when?

A
  • On January 8, 1959 Castro overthrew the autocratic Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar
    (whose regime had gone to great lengths to maintain the country’s traditionally subservient relationship with the U.S)
80
Q

Truman Doctrine
* What is it and when was it made?

A
  • American foreign policy that pledges American “support for democracies against authoritarian threats.”
  • March 12, 1947
81
Q

Détente
* What is it and whats an example?

A
  • The relaxation of strained relations or tensions (as between nations)
  • Examples : SALT I & SALT II (represented a period of improved relations and reduced tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.)
82
Q

Wehrmacht
* What is it & when?

A
  • The unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945
  • consisted of:
  • the Heer (army)
  • the Kriegsmarine (navy)
  • the Luftwaffe (air force)
83
Q

F. Scott Fitzgerald
* Who was he & what did he write?

A
  • Wrote the famous novel “The Great Gatsby” which depicts the luxurious lives of NYC socialites during the roaring 20s
  • Was published in 1925
84
Q

Scapegoat
* Whats a scapegoat and an example of one?

A
  • One that bears the blame for others or bears irrational hostility
  • Example: The Jewish were scapegoats for the Germans & Italians during WW2
85
Q

Cause & Effect
* Whats cause & effect + an example of it?

A
  • Cause-and-effect describes a relationship between actions or events in which at least one action or event is a direct result of the others
  • Literally cause → effect
  • Ex: Hitler is invades Poland → Hitler started WW2

World History II A (1 decks)

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