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IPAP A&P I (MAJ French) > Final Test > Flashcards

Final Test Flashcards

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1
Q

What does stimulation of the following CNS components elicit?

A
  • Lower CNS: Simple responses like reflexes
  • Thalmus: Crude awareness of location and sensation type
  • Cerbral cortex: Precise location and type of stimulus
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2
Q

The conscious awareness and interpretation of the meaning of sensations

A

Perception

  • There is no perception of sensory impulses that do not reach the thalamus and cerebral cortex (e.g. BP and CO2)
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3
Q

Unique type of sensation such as touch, pain, vision, and hearing. What are the two classes of this?

A
  • Sensory modalities

- General and Special senses

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4
Q

Tactile, thermal, pain, proprioceptive, and dynamic sensations are this specific type of sense.

A
  • General senses (Somatic and Visceral)
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5
Q

Smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium are this type of sense.

A
  • Special Senses
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6
Q

Conversion of stimulus energy into electrical energy

A

Transduction of stimulus

  • Each type of sensory receptor transducers only one kind of stimulus (selectivity)
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7
Q

What are the different type of nerve microscopic appearances? (3)

A
  • Free nerve endings: Pain, thermal, tickle, itch, some touch
  • Encapsulated nerve endings: Pressure & vibration (lamellated), some touch (meisner)
  • Seperate cells: Hearing, equilibrium, photoreceptors, gustatory
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8
Q

What are the two types of graded potentials produced by sensory receptors?

A
  • Generator

- Receptor

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9
Q

Generator potentials

A
  • Free nerve endings
  • Encapsulated nerve endings
  • Receptive part of olfactory receptors
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10
Q

Receptor potentials

A
  • Trigger release of neurotransmitter
  • Hearing, equilibrium, taste, and sight
  • NOT the first order neuron
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11
Q

Sensations that arise from stimulation of sensory receptors embedded in the skin, subcutaneous, mucous membranes, muscle, tendons, joints, and inner ear

A
  • Somatic

- Tactile, thermal, pain, proprioceptive

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12
Q

What are the three cerebral cortex functional areas?

A
  • Motor area: Voluntary motor functions
  • Sensory area: Conscious awareness of sensation
  • Association area: Integrate diverse information for purposeful action
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13
Q

What are the sensations of the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway? (5)

A
  • Fine touch
  • Sterognosis: Recognize size, shape and texture by feeling it
  • Graphesthesia: Ability to feel and identify a symbol drawn on the body
  • Proprioception
  • Vibratory
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14
Q

Spinothalamic Pathway

A
  • Originates in the spinal cord and goes to cerebral cortex
  • AKA anterolateral pathway
  • Carries nerve impulses of pain, thermal, tickle, itch, vibration, and some touch
  • composed of three neuron sets
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15
Q

The impulses in this pathway are important for posture, balance, and coordination of skilled movement. It is not consciously perceived.

A

Somatic sensory pathway to cerebellum

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16
Q

Major motor pathways concerned with voluntary movement

A
  • Pyramidal tracts
  • Composed of lateral and anterior corticospinal tract
  • Also called direct motor pathways
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17
Q

Controls automatic movements of skeletal muscles and muscle tone

A

Basal ganglia

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18
Q

Abnormal condition in which movements are jerky and uncoordinated

A

Ataxia

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19
Q

Shaking that occurs during deliberate voluntary movement, especially during visually guided movement towards a target

A

Intention tremor

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20
Q

What are the two chemical senses?

A

Olfaction and gustation

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21
Q

Sites of olfactory transduction

A

Olfactory hairs (cilia projecting from dendrites)

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22
Q

This is the only sensation to reach the cerebral cortex without synapsids in the thalamus

A

Olfactory sensations

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23
Q

Reduced ability to smell

A

Hyposmia

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24
Q

Total lack of sense of smell

A

Anosmia

  • Can be caused by zinc deficiency
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25
Q

What are the three types of papillae that contain taste buds?

A
  • Vallate papillae
  • Fungiform papillae (mushroom shaped)
  • Foliate papillae (Mostly loss during childhood)
26
Q

What papillae does not contain taste buds?

A

Filiform papillae

27
Q

What is the order of taste threshold from lowest to highest?

A

Bitter < Sour < Remaining primary tastes

28
Q

What kind of potential is involved with the gustatory pathway?

A

Receptor potential

29
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the gustatory pathway?

A
  • Facial nerve (VII): Anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • Glossopharyngeal (IX): Posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • Vagus nerve (X): Throat and epiglottis
30
Q

What is the alternate name for eyelids?

A

Palpebra

31
Q

Misalignment of one eye so that its line of vision is to parallel with that of the other eye

A

Strabismus

32
Q

Rapid involuntary movement of the eyeballs

A

Nystagmus

  • Horizontal nystagmus occurs more often than vertical
33
Q

Cornea

A
  • Curved to focus light

- Three layers

34
Q

Sclera

A
  • White of the eye
  • Covers entire eyeball except cornea
  • Gives shape to eyeball
35
Q

Vascular tunic

A
  • Middle layer of eye

- Has three parts: Choroid, Ciliary body, and Iris

36
Q

Choroid

A
  • Highly vascular
  • Lines most of internal surface of sclera
  • Provides nutrients to posterior surface of sclera
37
Q

Ciliary body

A
  • Consist of process and muscle
38
Q

Loss of transparency of the lens

A

Cataracts

39
Q

Results from high intraocular pressure

A

Glaucoma

40
Q

Pressure from posterior chamber pushes the iris forward, closing the ocular angle

A

Primary closed angle glaucoma

41
Q

Ocular angle remains open, but abnormalities in the trabecular mesh work impede outflow of aqueous humor

A

Primary open angle glaucoma

42
Q

Near vision

A
  • AKA Accommodation

- Increase in the curvature of the lens

43
Q

Loss of elasticity of the lens with aging

A

Presbyopia

44
Q

Nearsightedness

A
  • Myopia
  • Eyeball is too long relative to focusing power of the cornea and lens
  • Fix is concave lens
45
Q

Farsightedness

A
  • Hypermetropia
  • Eyeball is too short relative to the focusing power of the cornea and lens
  • Fix is convex lens
46
Q

Irregular curvature of either the cornea or the lens

A
  • Astigmatism

- Fix is use of a lens that rotates the axis of the light going into the eye

47
Q

The medial movement of two eyeballs so that both are directed toward an object being viewed

A

Convergence

48
Q

Loss of vision in an otherwise normal eye

A

Amblyopia

49
Q

What does the outer ear consist of?

A
  • Auricle
  • External auditory canal
  • Eardrum
50
Q

What parts landmark the middle ear?

A

Separated front he external ear by the ear drum and from the inner ear by the oval window and the round window

51
Q

What does the middle ear consist of?

A

The auditory ossicles

  • Transmit vibrations
  • Malleus (Hammer), Incus (Anvil), and Stapes (Stirrup)
52
Q

What are the two muscles of the middle ear and what do they do?

A
  • Tensor tympani: Increases tension on eardrum to prevent damage from loud noises
  • Stapedius: Dampens vibrations of the stapes due to loud noises
53
Q

Abnormally sensitive hearing

A
  • Hyperacusia

- Usually result of paralysis of the stapedius muscles

54
Q

Connected the middle ear with the nasopharynx

A

Auditory tube AKA Eustachian tube

55
Q

Eustachian Tube

A
  • Normally closed but opens with swallowing and yawning
  • Equalized pressure in middle ear
  • Common pathway for pathogens
56
Q

What are the two main divisions of the inner ear?

A

Bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth

57
Q

This fluid found in the inner ear is chemically similar to CSF

A

Perilymph

*surrounds the membranous labyrinth

58
Q

Fluid within the membranous labyrinth

A

Endolymph

  • Has high levels of potassium for generation of auditory signals
59
Q

What are the two types of equilibrium?

A
  • Static: Position of body relative to gravity

- Dynamic: Position of body relative to sudden movements

60
Q

What makes up the vestibular apparatus?

A

Saccule, Utricle, Semicircular ducts

IPAP A&P I (MAJ French) (1 decks)

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