Final Test Flashcards
- What are the 4 values of health promotion?
- Empowerment: people take actions to achieve and maintain good health
- Social justice and equity: ensure the equitable access to food, income, employment, shelter, education and other factors that affect health
- Inclusion: the members of marginalized groups lack the opportunity to reap the health, social and economic benefits of full participation in society
- Respect: respect diversity and build sustainable relationships to achieve shared goals
- What are the 5 common features of health promotion?
- Taking a holistic view of health: move beyond the physical health statues of new and expectant mothers and children. Address the social and mental dimensions of health and well-being
- Using participatory approaches: direct involvement of community members
- Focusing on the determinants of health: address the social, economic and environmental factors contributing to health
- Building on existing strengths and assets: use existing community resources and facilities
- Using multiple, complementary strategies: use strategies for health education, community mobilization and advocacy
- What are some of the determinants of health?
- Income and social status
- Social support networks
- Employment and working conditions
- Education and literacy
- Social environments
- Physical environments
- Personal health practices and coping skills
- Healthy child development
- Biology and genetic endowment
- Health services
- Gender
- Culture
What is health promotion?
• The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health
What are some key strategies of health promotion?
- Health communication
- Health education
- Self-help/mutual aid
- Organizational change
- Community development and mobilization
- Advocacy
- Policy development
What are the 3 levels of public health prevention?
- Primary prevention: engaging in actions preventing the initial occurrence of disorders or diseases by focusing on the risk factor and risk conditions which are associated with, or cause increased susceptibility to, specific diseases
- Secondary prevention: stopping or slowing down the progress of a disease or disorder as soon as possible before medical treatment is required
- Tertiary prevention: reducing the occurrence of relapses of a chronic disease or disorder
What is harm reduction?
- Actions which decrease the adverse health, social and economic consequences of engaging in high-risk behaviors without requiring abstinence
- Its focus is much broader than high-risk behaviors
What is longevity of 2 health promotion strategies?
- Education encouraging healthy behaviors at the individual level
- The development of healthy public policies at the community level
What theories are used in health promotion?
- Psychology
- Sociology
- Marketing
- Consumer behavior
- Management
- Political science
What are some cautions about theories in health promotion?
- There are no right or wrong theories, just different ways of looking at health issues
- Theories should be viewed as guidelines for understanding change and developing appropriate programs, not absolute rules or laws governing how change takes place
- Many theories are based on narrow assumptions without taking into account for all determinants for health
- What are the four categories of theories underpinning health promotion
- Theories explain health behavior change in individuals
- Theories explaining change in communities
- Theories explaining change in organizations
- Theories explaining the development of health public policy
What are some theories in individual behavioural change?
Nutbeam & Harris developed the theory of planned behavior, which include:
• Attitudes towards behaviors (desired outcome)
• Subjective norms (normative beliefs)
• Perceived behavioral control (self efficacy)
What are some common elements of individual change theories?
- A strong positive intention to perform the behavior
- An absence of environmental barriers preventing the behavior
- Skills to perform the behavior
- Advantages of performing the behavior outweigh the disadvantages
- Social pressure to perform the behavior
What are community change theories?
Rothman’s Community Mobilization Framework:
• The key feature in this framework is the active involvement of community members in identifying their health priorities and developing appropriate actions to deal with these priorities
What are Rothman’s 3 approaches to health promotion in communities?
- Social planning
- Locality development
- Social action
What are 4 organizational change theories?
- Awareness raising
- Adoption
- Implementation
- Institutionalization
- What are the 3 models of health that influence health promotion?
- Biomedical model: views health as the absence of diseases or disorders
- Behavioral model: views health as the product of making healthy lifestyle choices
- Socio-environmental model: views health as the product of social, economic and environmental determinants that provide incentives and barriers to the health individuals and communities
What are 4 broad categories of theories?
- Theories explaining health behavior change in individuals
- Theories explaining change in communities
- Theories explaining change in organizations
- Theories explaining the development of healthy public policy
What are some considerations when reviewing theories?
- There are no ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ theories, just different ways of looking at health issues
- Theories should be viewed as ‘guidelines’ for understanding change and developing appropriate programs, not ‘absolute’ rules or laws governing how change takes place
What is the health belief model?
The Health Belief Model is one of the oldest theories designed to explain health behaviour; it argues that behaviour can best be understood if beliefs about health are clear. The model predicts that individuals will act to protect or promote their health if they believe that:
• They are susceptible to a condition or problem
• The consequences of the condition are severe
What are three different types of aboriginal people?
- First nations
- Metis
- Inuit
What are the 4 health disparities in aboriginal Canada?
- Social inequity
- Economic inequity
- Cultural inequity
- Political inequity
What are 4 historical and current issues of aboriginal communities?
- Removal of aboriginal rights and culture
- Destruction of aboriginal economies
- Dispossession of land
- High poverty, chronic illnesses and unemployment for aborginals
What are the 6 aspects of developing a national strategy for aboriginal children?
- Poverty/inequity
- Education
- Employment barriers
- Health care
- Culture
- Civil and political rights
What are Rothman’s 3 categorizations of community organization?
- Social planning
- Locality development
- Social action
What is community-based vs. community development practice?
- Community-Based Strategies: link programs and services to community groups. The health issue under consideration, usually related to the prevention of health-related risk factors (e.g., tobacco, physical inactivity), is identified by the sponsoring agency. Interventions are implemented according to defined timelines, and decision making power rests with the sponsoring organization, not community participants.
- Community Development Strategies: differ from community-based strategies in several respects. The problem or issue is defined by community residents rather than 22 the sponsoring organization. The process of planning and implementing the community development initiative is ongoing, based on continual negotiations between organizations and community groups, with the community worker serving as a liaison. Community development emphasizes enhanced community capacity (e.g., collective problem solving skills), not measurable changes in health risk factors, as the desired outcome
What are the 4 steps involved in policy development?
- Analyzing the problem
- Identifying stakeholders
- Describing effective policies
- Evaluating policy
What are some ways to identify stakeholders?
- Determine who should be consulted in the development of a policy
- Assess the degree of support and opposition for the policy among different groups
What are 3 advocacy tactics?
- Low profile: quiet negotiation, meeting civil servants, sharing information
- Medium profile: continued negotiation, public briefs, feed the opposition
- High profile: public criticism, P.R. and ad campaigns, information distribution
- How does Free the Children address aspects of health promotion (values, features and levels)?
Values:
- Empowerment: Free The Children empowers international change. WE make this change through our holistic, sustainable international development model, Adopt a Village
- Social justice and equity: fundraise for equal access to clean drinking water, school for children
Features:
- Using participatory approaches: involves community members and interested parties throughout the globe
- Using multiple complementary standards: advocate for change in developing countries
- How can you use concepts from the course to suggest future steps for Free the Children?
- Taking a holistic view of health: look beyond immediate necessities (food, water) and consider the long-term social and emotional outcomes of children in developing countries
- Policy development: advocate and implement government policies that are universally applicable to this demographic
- In 5-10 years, which understandings from the course could you apply to promote the health of ECE communities you will belong to?
- Inclusion: advocate to ensure that everyone in the community, no matter their SES status, is entitled to high-quality ECE services
- Building on existing strengths and assets: using approaches that already exist, while integrating progressive concepts and ideas
- In 5-10 years, which external resources could you establish partnerships with when enacting health promotion initiatives?
- UNICEF Canada
- AECEO
- Ministry of Education, Ontario
- Government of Ontario
- Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care
- Public Health Ontario
