Final Test

Question 1

Cancer

Answer 1

Diseases in which certain cells undergo uncontrolled growth.

Question 2

Metastasis

Answer 2

Cancer cells leaving their place of origin, acquire the ability to get into blood vessels/pass through lymphatic wall and then find a comfortable home to establish a new cancer colony.

Question 3

What process helps us determine whether cancer is malignant or benign?

Answer 3

Metastasis. Benign cancer will not metastasize.

Question 4

Stage 0 cancer

Answer 4

Early form of cancer characterized by the cells being present only in the location where they had initially formed.

Question 5

Stage 1 cancer

Answer 5

Localized to a single part of the body and have not grown into nearby tissues.

Question 6

Stage 2 cancer

Answer 6

Still local, but more advanced

Question 7

Stage 3 cancer

Answer 7

Locally advanced but involved lymph nodes being affected

Question 8

Stage 4 cancer

Answer 8

Cancer that has metastasized

Question 9

Treatments against cancer

Answer 9

• Surgery to remove cancerous mass
• Chemotherapy and radiation (causes damage to cancer cell DNA and inhibit enzymes needed for their growth)

Question 10

Immune surveillance hypothesis

Answer 10

Immune system is on the alert for pathogens, when it finds something bad it goes into action

Question 11

Sinoatrial node

Answer 11

Natural heart pacemaker - sets rate and timing for cardiac muscle cells to contract

Question 12

Right atrium

Answer 12

Collection of de-oxygenated blood pumped from periphery (via the superior and inferior vena cavae) into right ventricle then to the lungs where CO2 is removed and O2 is added.

Question 13

Left atrium

Answer 13

Receives oxygenated blood from lungs, pumps into left ventricle which then drives it to the body via the aorta.

Question 14

Blood pressure

Answer 14

systolic bp/diastolic bp (typically 120/80)

Question 15

Systolic bp

Answer 15

peak pressure in arteries when ventricles are contracting, pushing blood to the rest of body

Question 16

Diastolic bp

Answer 16

Minimum pressure present when ventricles are filled with blood, before pressure of the heart is applied

Question 17

Arteries

Answer 17

carries o2 blood to organs

Question 18

veins

Answer 18

carries co2 blood to heart

Question 19

stage 1 hypertension

Answer 19

bp = 140-159 over 90-99

Question 20

stage 2 hypertension

Answer 20

bp = 160/100

Question 21

secondary hypertension

Answer 21

hypertension caused by medical condition

Question 22

essential hypertension

Answer 22

hypertension caused by unknown condition

Question 23

hypertension

Answer 23

increased bp because of artery size constriction

Question 24

Coronary artery disease

Answer 24

buildup of plaque in coronary arteries.
- plaque made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, waste products and fibrin (clotting factor)

Question 25

artherosclerosis

Answer 25

thickening/hardening of the arteries

Question 26

stable angina

Answer 26

myocardial ischemia is transient and resolves upon discontinuation of behaviour that places load on the heart (exercise)

Question 27

unstable angina

Answer 27

angina present with minimum energy output/at rest

Question 28

True or false: depression is highly predictive of CAD

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Why is depression and CAD comorbid?

Answer 29

–> Could be a combo of chronic stress or internalized coping strats that instigate changes in physiological processes that promote heart disease.
–> cardiovascular reactivity view: vascular alterations arise in depressed individuals because they are highly reactive to stressful stimuli.
–> ** stressful experiences that accompany/lead to depression give rise to circulating inflammatory factors taht increase vulnerability to heart disease

Question 30

Heart rate variability (HRV)

Answer 30

variation in the time between heart beats controlled by sympathetic and parasympathetic NS functioning

Question 31

In response to stressors, HRV is ________

Answer 31

decreased

Question 32

In response to diminished stress, HRV is _________

Answer 32

increased/normal

Question 33

Treatments for hypertension

Answer 33

–> calcium channel blockers: dilate coronary artery to increase blood flow
–> angiotensin converting enzyme inhbitors/angiotesin2 receptor blockers: block angiotensin from being produced/binding to receptor which limits blood vessel constriction to improve blood flow.

Question 34

Common elements of depression

Answer 34

• presence of poor mood or anhedonia
• need to show 3-4 additional symptoms on top of poor mood and anhedonia to be diagnosed

Question 35

major depression with typical features

Answer 35

• eat less, sleep less, lots of rumination

Question 36

major depression with atypical features

Answer 36

• reversed symptoms of typical: eat more, sleep more, reactive to environmental cues

Question 37

melancholy depression

Answer 37

extreme version of typical depression (typical only)

Question 38

Dysthymia

Answer 38

-chronic low grade depression which is neither severe nor intense.
- disrupts social functioning
- often goes with personality disorders

Question 39

double depression

Answer 39

-depression occurs but then an event happens that makes their depression worse which makes depression hard to modify/treat.

Question 40

3 classes of personality disorders associated with dysthymia

Answer 40

avoidant type, narcissistic type, and type in between

Question 41

seasonal affective disorder

Answer 41

typical or atypical depression tied to circadian rhythms

Question 42

Recurrent brief depression

Answer 42

intense depression that lasts a couple of days, occurs on average even 30-40 days but is not tied to any kind of cycle (menstrual for ex).
- associated with high impulsivity

Question 43

Beck theoretical approach to depression

Answer 43

• challenged the idea that depression is learned, but rather people have different views of the worlds - some being very negative which causes hopelessness. they have a screwed up cognitive function and to fix their depression they need to fix their outlook on life (CBT therapy)

Question 44

Hopelessness

Answer 44

believing that no one can change your scenario/make it better

Question 45

Helplessness

Answer 45

believing that you cannot control your own situation