Final Test Flashcards
Cancer
Diseases in which certain cells undergo uncontrolled growth.
Metastasis
Cancer cells leaving their place of origin, acquire the ability to get into blood vessels/pass through lymphatic wall and then find a comfortable home to establish a new cancer colony.
What process helps us determine whether cancer is malignant or benign?
Metastasis. Benign cancer will not metastasize.
Stage 0 cancer
Early form of cancer characterized by the cells being present only in the location where they had initially formed.
Stage 1 cancer
Localized to a single part of the body and have not grown into nearby tissues.
Stage 2 cancer
Still local, but more advanced
Stage 3 cancer
Locally advanced but involved lymph nodes being affected
Stage 4 cancer
Cancer that has metastasized
Treatments against cancer
- Surgery to remove cancerous mass
- Chemotherapy and radiation (causes damage to cancer cell DNA and inhibit enzymes needed for their growth)
Immune surveillance hypothesis
Immune system is on the alert for pathogens, when it finds something bad it goes into action
Sinoatrial node
Natural heart pacemaker - sets rate and timing for cardiac muscle cells to contract
Right atrium
Collection of de-oxygenated blood pumped from periphery (via the superior and inferior vena cavae) into right ventricle then to the lungs where CO2 is removed and O2 is added.
Left atrium
Receives oxygenated blood from lungs, pumps into left ventricle which then drives it to the body via the aorta.
Blood pressure
systolic bp/diastolic bp (typically 120/80)
Systolic bp
peak pressure in arteries when ventricles are contracting, pushing blood to the rest of body
Diastolic bp
Minimum pressure present when ventricles are filled with blood, before pressure of the heart is applied
Arteries
carries o2 blood to organs
veins
carries co2 blood to heart
stage 1 hypertension
bp = 140-159 over 90-99
stage 2 hypertension
bp = 160/100
secondary hypertension
hypertension caused by medical condition
essential hypertension
hypertension caused by unknown condition
hypertension
increased bp because of artery size constriction
Coronary artery disease
buildup of plaque in coronary arteries.
- plaque made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, waste products and fibrin (clotting factor)
artherosclerosis
thickening/hardening of the arteries
stable angina
myocardial ischemia is transient and resolves upon discontinuation of behaviour that places load on the heart (exercise)
unstable angina
angina present with minimum energy output/at rest
True or false: depression is highly predictive of CAD
True
Why is depression and CAD comorbid?
–> Could be a combo of chronic stress or internalized coping strats that instigate changes in physiological processes that promote heart disease.
–> cardiovascular reactivity view: vascular alterations arise in depressed individuals because they are highly reactive to stressful stimuli.
–> ** stressful experiences that accompany/lead to depression give rise to circulating inflammatory factors taht increase vulnerability to heart disease
Heart rate variability (HRV)
variation in the time between heart beats controlled by sympathetic and parasympathetic NS functioning
In response to stressors, HRV is ________
decreased
In response to diminished stress, HRV is _________
increased/normal
Treatments for hypertension
–> calcium channel blockers: dilate coronary artery to increase blood flow
–> angiotensin converting enzyme inhbitors/angiotesin2 receptor blockers: block angiotensin from being produced/binding to receptor which limits blood vessel constriction to improve blood flow.
Common elements of depression
- presence of poor mood or anhedonia
- need to show 3-4 additional symptoms on top of poor mood and anhedonia to be diagnosed
major depression with typical features
- eat less, sleep less, lots of rumination
major depression with atypical features
- reversed symptoms of typical: eat more, sleep more, reactive to environmental cues
melancholy depression
extreme version of typical depression (typical only)
Dysthymia
-chronic low grade depression which is neither severe nor intense.
- disrupts social functioning
- often goes with personality disorders
double depression
-depression occurs but then an event happens that makes their depression worse which makes depression hard to modify/treat.
3 classes of personality disorders associated with dysthymia
avoidant type, narcissistic type, and type in between
seasonal affective disorder
typical or atypical depression tied to circadian rhythms
Recurrent brief depression
intense depression that lasts a couple of days, occurs on average even 30-40 days but is not tied to any kind of cycle (menstrual for ex).
- associated with high impulsivity
Beck theoretical approach to depression
- challenged the idea that depression is learned, but rather people have different views of the worlds - some being very negative which causes hopelessness. they have a screwed up cognitive function and to fix their depression they need to fix their outlook on life (CBT therapy)
Hopelessness
believing that no one can change your scenario/make it better
Helplessness
believing that you cannot control your own situation
