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EARTH SCI > final test > Flashcards

final test Flashcards

1
Q

breaking of rocks into smaller pieces:

A

Weathering

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2
Q

Types of Weathering:

A

Mechanic Weathering
Chemical Weathering

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3
Q

without a change in their composition.

A

Mechanic Weathering

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4
Q

Water freezes in a crack of a rock.

A

Frost Wedging

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5
Q

tectonic forces lift deeply buried rocks close to the surface.

A

Pressure-release

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6
Q

grinding and rounding of rock surfaces by friction.

A

Abrasion

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7
Q

crack in the rock is expanded by plant roots or broken by animals and human activities.

A

Organic Activity

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8
Q

temperature changes rapidly, causing the surface of the rock to heat or cool.

A

Thermal expansion and Contraction

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9
Q

change rock’s composition.

A

Chemical Weathering

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10
Q

rock dissolves in water.

A

Dissolution

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11
Q

mineral reacts with water to form a new mineral

A

Hydrolysis

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12
Q

mineral decomposes when it reacts with oxygen

A

Oxidation

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13
Q

removal of rock particles. It is due to some agents such as water, wind, waves, rain and ice.

A

Soil erosion

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14
Q

removal of rocks and soil.

A

Erosion

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15
Q

There are three ways of load to be transported:

A

In Solution (Dissolved Load)
In Suspension (Suspended Load)
Scooting or rolling Along the Bottom (Bed Load)

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16
Q

acquired by dissolving rocks along the stream’s course.

A

In Solution (Dissolved Load)

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17
Q

during floods, larger particles are also transported.

A

In suspension (Suspended Load)

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18
Q

coarser particles that move along the bottom of the stream by rolling, sliding.

A

Scooting or Rolling Along the Bottom (Bed Load)

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19
Q

Types of Erosion:

A

Splash erosion
Sheet erosion
Rill erosion
Gully erosion

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20
Q

is the movement of rocks, soil, and regolith downward
It occurs on both terrestrial and submarine slopes.
It is called slope movement.

A

Mass Wasting

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21
Q

Mass wasting is triggered and controlled by the following factors:

A

Water
Over Steepened Slopes
Vegetation Removal
Earthquakes

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22
Q

If soil and regolith dominate

A

Debris, Mud or Earth

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23
Q

Common form of movement on very steep slopes

A

Rocks

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24
Q

When movement involves the free-fall of detached individual pieces of any size.

A

Fall

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25
Q

when material remains fairly coherent and moves along a well-defined surface.

A

Slide

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26
Q

when a material moves downslope as a viscous fluid and most are saturated with water and typically move as lobes or tongue.

A

Flow

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27
Q

Downward sliding of a mass of rock or unconsolidated material moving as a unit along a curved surface.

A

Slump

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28
Q

Rapid slide of a mass of rock downslope.

A

Rockslide

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29
Q

Involves a flow of soil and regolith containing a large amount of water and also called mudflows or lahar if it occurs on slopes of volcanoes.

A

Debris Flow

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30
Q

Quite viscous so it moves slower than debris flow and a special type is called liquefaction.

A

Earthflow

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31
Q

gradual downhill movement of soil and regolith

A

Creep

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32
Q

occurs in a zone above the permafrost called the active layer, which thaws in summer and refreezes in winter.

A

Solifluction

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33
Q

Earth’s interior:

A

Crust
Mohorovicic
Mantle
- Upper layer
- Lower Layer
Gutenberg
Outer core
Lehman
Inner core

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34
Q

Thinnest and the outermost layer of the Earth.
Extends from the surface to about 32 km below
Thickness extends to 72 km
Consist of 2 layers: upper layer (composed of granite and found in the continental crust only); lower layer ( composed of basalt and found under continents and oceans)
Composed of continental and oceanic crust

A

Crust

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35
Q

Mostly 30-40 km in thickness
Found under land masses
Made of less dense rocks such as granite

A

Continental Crust

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36
Q
  • 7-10 km in thickness
    • Found under ocean floor
    • Made of dense rocks
    • Heavier than continental crust
A

Oceanic crust

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37
Q

beneath the crust
Extends about 2900 km from the earth’s surface
Makes up to 80 % of the earth’s total volume and about 68 % of its total mass
is solid because P and S waves pass through it
Lower part of the mantle consist of more iron than the upper part
Lower mantle is denser than the upper portion

A

Mantle

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38
Q

It consist of two different layers:
Litosphere- the rigid zone which is the upper mantle
Asthenosphere
Mesosphere- lower layer

A

Mantle

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39
Q

region separates the crust and the mantle.
named after Andrija Mohorovicic, a scientist from Yugoslavia

A

Mohorivicic

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40
Q

It is 2900 km below the earth’s surface
It is 2250 km thick
Has temperature reaches up to 2000 degrees Celsius
It is molten based on the seismic data analysis and magnetic field strength of the earth
Thought by scientists to be liquid

A

Outer Core

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41
Q

Has a radius of 1300 km
Has a temperature reaches up to 5000 degrees Celsius
Boundary between the outer core and inner core was discovered by Inge Lehman

A

Inner core

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42
Q

process of mineral assemblage and texture variation that results from the physical-chemical changes of solid rock.

A

Metamorphism

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43
Q

is usually characterised by low temperature and high pressure conditions.

A

Regional metamorphism

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44
Q

usually occurs under higher temperature conditions.

A

Contact metamorphis

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45
Q

when sediments are buried deeply enough that the heat and pressure cause minerals to begin to recrystallize

A

Burial metamorphism

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46
Q

the presence of magma near the surface of the Earth leads to the circulation of hot water through the upper crust.

A

Hydrothermal metamorphism

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47
Q

mainly along the plate boundaries, the zones that are not stable.

A

Faulting and Folding

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48
Q

When two forces push towards each other from opposite sides.
Large-scale folds are found mainly along destructive plate boundaries.

A

Folding

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49
Q

is the fracturing and displacement of more brittle rock strata along a fault plane.

A

Faulting

50
Q

A break in rock

A

Fault

51
Q

line of fault which appears on land surface.
These lines are often lines of weakness

A

Fault line

52
Q

line of fault which appears on land surface.
These lines are often lines of weakness

A

Fault line

53
Q

Types of Faulting:

A

Normal Fault
Reverse Fault
Tear Fault

54
Q

the block above the fault has moved downward

A

Normal Fault

55
Q

the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall.

A

Reverse Fault

56
Q

the motion is predominantly horizontal.

A

Tear Fault

57
Q

the motion is predominantly horizontal.

A

Tear Fault

58
Q

most common type of mountain. The world’s largest mountain ranges are fold mountains.

A

Fold Mountains

59
Q

are formed when two plates collide head on, and their edges crumbled.

A

Fold mountains

60
Q

The upward folds are known as

A

anticlines

61
Q

the downward folds are

A

synclines

62
Q

Examples of fold mountains include:

A

Himalayan Mountains in Asia
Alps in Europe
Andes in South America
Rockies in North America
Urals in Russia

63
Q

when cracks in the earth’s crust force some materials or blocks of rock up and others down. The earth’s crust fractures (pulls apart).

A

Fault-block Mountains

64
Q

Examples of fault-block mountains include:

A

Sierra Nevada mountains in North America
Harz Mountains in Germany

65
Q

result of a great amount of melted rock (magma) pushing its way up under the earth crust.
The uplifted area created by rising magma is called a dome

A

Dome Mountains

66
Q

formed by volcanoes. Formed when magma deep
erupts, and piles upon the surface.

A

Volcanic Mountains

67
Q

when magma breaks through the earth’s crust.

A

Lava

68
Q

Examples of volcanic mountains include:

A

Mount St. Helens in North America
Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines
Mount Kea and Mount Loa in Hawaii

69
Q

formed by erosion.

A

Plateau Mountains

70
Q

large flat areas that have been pushed above sea level.

A

Plateaus

71
Q

Examples of plateau mountains:

A

The mountains in New Zealand

72
Q

Continental Jigsaw Puzzle
Fossils Match across the Seas
Rocks and Types Structure Match
Ancient Climate (Coal Deposits)

A

Continental Drift Theory:

73
Q

Convergent Boundaries
Divergent Boundaries
Transform Boundaries

A

The Plate Tectonic Theory

74
Q

Convection Current Hypothesis
Slab-push and Slab-pull Hypothesis
Hot plumes Hypothesis

A

Driving Mechanism

75
Q

Continental Drift Theory

A

Evidence #1. Continental Jigsaw Puzzle
Evidence #2. Fossils Match across the Seas
Evidence #3. Rocks and Types Structure Match
Evidence #4: Ancient Climate (Coal Deposits)

76
Q

States that the Earth’s solid outer crust, the lithosphere, is separated into plates.

A

The Plate Tectonic Theory

77
Q

two plates are colliding.
Where oceanic crust meets ocean crust
Where oceanic crust meets continental crust
Where continental crust meets continental crust

A

Convergent boundaries

78
Q

two plates are moving apart.
On land
Under the sea

A

Divergent boundaries

79
Q

plates slide passed each other.

A

Transform boundaries

80
Q

The soul of Sea Floor Spreading theory
The heat source for these currents is heat from Earth’s core and from the mantle itself.
Hot columns of mantle material rise slowly.
At the top of the asthenosphere, the hot material spreads out and pushes the cooler material out of the way.
This cooler material sinks back into the asthenosphere.
Convection currents like these have been moving inside Earth for more than 4 billion years.

A

Convection Current Hypothesis

81
Q

are thought to be the major forces driving the motion of oceanic plates.

A

Slab-push and slab-pull Hypothesis

82
Q

is caused by the potential energy gradient

A

Ridge push

83
Q

is caused by the negative buoyancy of the subducting plate.

A

Slab pull

84
Q

postulates that this melt rises to the surface and erupts to form “hot spots”.

A

Hot Plumes Hypothesis

85
Q

envisages the feeder structures to be fixed relative to one another,
The hypothesis thus predicts that time-progressive chains of volcanoes.

A

Hotspot volcanic chains

86
Q

professor of geology at Princeton University in the 1960’s
played a key role in the development of the Theory of Plate Tectonics.
He and his crew conducted sonar test to map the seafloor, then found in his new hypothesis of Seafloor Spreading.

A

Harry Hess

87
Q

This document was an important contribution to the development of Plate Tectonics.

A

History of Ocean Basins

88
Q

means that the scientists could see that the magnetic pull had changed

A

Magnetic striping

89
Q

science of determining the relative order of past events without necessarily determining their absolute age.

A

Relative dating

90
Q

study of layered sedimentary rocks.

A

Stratigraphy

91
Q

This section discusses principles of relative time used in all of geology:

A

Principle of Superposition
Principle of Original Horizontality
Principle of Lateral Continuity
Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Fossil Succession

92
Q

the layers on the bottom are the oldest and layers above them are younger.

A

Principle of Superposition

93
Q

Layers of rocks deposited from above are originally laid down horizontally.

A

Principle of Original Horizontality

94
Q

Layers of rocks deposited from above are originally laid down horizontally.

A

Principle of Original Horizontality

95
Q

Within the depositional basin, strata are continuous in all directions

A

Principle of Lateral Continuity

96
Q

Deformation events like folds, faults and igneous intrusions that cut across rocks are younger than the rocks they cut across.

A

Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships

97
Q

When one rock formation contains pieces of another rock, the included rock is older than the host rock.

A

Principle of Inclusions

98
Q

Evolution has produced a succession of unique fossils that correlate to the units of the geologic time scale.
Assemblages of fossilsgroups of several unique fossils occurring together.

A

Principle of Fossil Succession

99
Q

occurs when sedimentary rock is deposited on top of igneous and metamorphic rocks.

A

Unconformities

100
Q

Types of unconformity:

A

Disconformity
Nonconformity
Angular unconformity

101
Q

break or stratigraphic absence between strata

A

Disconformity

102
Q

sedimentary strata are deposited on crystalline rocks.

A

Nonconformity

103
Q

sedimentary strata that have been deformed by tilting, folding, and/or faulting.

A

Angular unconformity

104
Q

Process of determining an age on a specified chronology
scientists prefer the terms chronometric or calendar dating, as use of the word “absolute” implies an unwarranted certainty of accuracy.
Radiometric Dating

A

Absolute Dating

105
Q

Often called radioactive dating, is a technique used to determine the age of materials

A

Radiometric Dating

106
Q

is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon.

A

Carbon Dating

107
Q

Published the first geologic time scale that included absolute dates in 1913
published the world-renowned book The Age of the Earth in which he estimated Earth’s age to be at least 1.6 billion years.

A

Arthur Holmes

108
Q

“calendar” for events in Earth history.
It subdivides all time into named units of abstract time: (in descending order of duration)
Eons
Eras
Periods
Epochs
Ages

A

Geologic time scale

109
Q

One of the most widely used standard charts showing the relationships between the various intervals of geologic time which is maintained by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS).

A

International Chronostratigraphic Chart

110
Q

Additional information: What era are we living in today?

A

Phanerozoic eon
Cenozoic era
Quaternary period
Holocene Epoch (Recent epoch)

111
Q

preserved remains, or traces of remains, of ancient organisms.
they are rocks.

A

Fossils

112
Q

Types of Fossils

A

Body Fossils
Molds and Casts
Per mineralization and Petrification Fossils
Footprint and Trackways
Fossilized Feces

113
Q

entire remains of prehistoric organisms
bones and teeth – are the most common types of fossils.

A

Body Fossils

114
Q

is an imprint left by the shell of a hard skeleton on surrounding rock.
may be internal or external.

A

Molds

115
Q

Replicas of molds

A

Casts

116
Q

fossils form in the original shape of the organism, but the composition is different, and it is heavier.

A

Per mineralization.

117
Q

organic matter is entirely replaced by minerals and turns to stone.

A

Petrification fossils

118
Q

Footprints, trackways, trails and burrows through mud sometimes harden and become fossils known as trace fossils.
These give information about how animals behaved when they were alive.

A

Footprints and Trackways

119
Q

several footprints together.

A

Trackways

120
Q

also known as dung-stone
give clues to where certain animals lived and what they ate.
are rare because feces usually decay quickly.
The most common coprolites are of sea organisms, particularly fish and reptiles.

A

Fossilized Feces

EARTH SCI (1 decks)

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