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Biology 182 > Final terms > Flashcards

Final terms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ecology

A

the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment

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2
Q

Abiotic

A

physical characteristics of environment

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3
Q

Biotic

A

living organisms of environment

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4
Q

Population

A

individuals in the same species, those that can interbreed, living in the same place at the same time

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5
Q

Habitat

A

resources and conditions that allow the population to grow or persist in the environment

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6
Q

Population Growth

A

size of population and how that size changes over time

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7
Q

Life Tables

A

catalog rates of survivorship and fecundity in cohorts of populations and enable estimation of population growth rate

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8
Q

Survivorship

A

proportion of individuals starting at age 0 that survive to any other age

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9
Q

Fecudity

A

average number of offspring per surviving adults per age class

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10
Q

Demographic population models

A

are used in the management of populations of interest (with mixed success in fisheries management)

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11
Q

Life history:

A

lifetime pattern of growth, reproduction, and survival

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12
Q

Type I survivorship curve

A

□ Most individuals survive to old age

Example: Dall mountain sheep

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13
Q

Type II survivorship curve

A

□ Individuals face a constant risk of mortality at all ages

Example: Song thrushes

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14
Q

Type III survivorship curve

A

□ Most individuals die young

Example: barnacles

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15
Q

Life history strategy

A

how evolution of traits informs population ecology

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16
Q

r-strategists

A

Species whose life history strategies allow for high population growth sizes

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17
Q

K-strategists

A

Species whose life history strategies allow them to persist or near the carrying capacity (K) of their environment

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18
Q

Antagonistic (+/-) interaction

A

in which each successful meal for a predator (increasing growth, survival, and reproduction) necessitates mortality (death) for one or more individuals in the prey population

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19
Q

Optimal foraging theory

A

Predators will forage in a manner that maximizes their energetic or nutritional gains per unit time.

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20
Q

Life-Dinner Principle

A

natural selection is stronger on anti-predator traits of prey than on prey-capture traits of predators because each predation event has greater fitness consequences for prey (death) than for predator (energy/nutrient gain)

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21
Q

Batesian mimicry:

A

® Mimic evolved traits that resemble the model, but not dangerous to predators
Looks like the warning signals of an aposematic species but is not actually dangerous

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22
Q

Mullerian mimicry:

A

® Multiple aposematic species with similar warning signals (convergent or parallel evolution)
® All have warning signals and toxicity to back it up
Predators only have to learn one basic warning signal to learn avoidance

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23
Q

keystone species:

A

relatively small population size in relation to its large effect on populations of other species

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24
Q

Amensalism

A

one species is negatively affected and the other species is not affected at all

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25
Q

Strength

A

is per capita effect of one species on population growth of another species

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26
Q

Symmetry

A

is how equal the strength of competition is in both directions.

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27
Q

Ecological Niche

A

set of abiotic and biotic conditions and resources that allow a population to persist indefinitely

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28
Q

Fundamental niche

A

defined by the organism’s physiological capabilities

All factors considered; broad; theoretical

29
Q

Realized niche

A

defined by interactions with other species, such as competition, but may also be determined by predation, parasitism, and mutualism
What actually happens in niche

30
Q

Competitive Exclusion

A

species or population cannot exist in the local environment because of competition with other species

31
Q

Symbiosis

A

the living together of two or more species in a prolonged and intimate relationship

32
Q

Facultative mutualism

A

interacting species benefit but do not depend specifically on the other

33
Q

Obligate mutualism

A

each species depends specifically on the other

34
Q

Ecological community

A

group of species living together at same place and time

35
Q

Ecological network

A

web of species and their interactions in a community

36
Q

Taxonomic affinity

A

all species in community of a given taxon (e.g., frogs and toads)

37
Q

Guild

A

group of species, often taxonomically distinct, that use similar resources

38
Q

Functional group

A

group of species, usually in same taxon, that function in similar ways but may or may not use similar resources

39
Q

Food web

A

how organisms are linked through trophic connections

40
Q

trophic interactions

A

Food webs and food chains

41
Q

Food chain

A

a linear subset of a food web showing the links between species of different trophic levels

42
Q

Indirect interactions

A

are rampant and reveal how real communities function, whereas direct interactions are important building blocks of networks but do not adequately capture community/network properties

43
Q

Species richness

A

the number of species living in a local community or subset of the community (e.g., frogs and toads)

44
Q

Species evenness

A

the abundance (number of individuals) of each species relative to others

45
Q

Community function

A

the efficiency of ecological processes performed by the community, such as plant biomass production, soil fertilization, water use, as well as interactions, such as predation.

46
Q

Community stability

A

the constancy of ecological processes over time and space in the face of environmental variation.

47
Q

Ecological complementarity

A

As species richness increases, there will be a linear increase in ecosystem/community function.

48
Q

Ecological redundancy

A

As species are added, the functional contribution of additional species reaches a threshold

49
Q

Idiosyncratic hypothesis

A

In this case, we see complementarity but unequal effects on community functioning (no overlap in functioning)

50
Q

Foundation species

A

such as trees, have large effects on their communities by virtue of their large size and abundance

51
Q

Ecosystem engineer

A

a species that creates, modifies, or maintains physical habitat for themselves and other species

52
Q

Ecological succession

A

change in community composition, structure, and dynamics over time

53
Q

Disturbance

A

abiotic event that is relatively sudden and physically or chemically injures or kills some individuals, creating opportunities for other individuals to grow and/or reproduce,

Example: volcanic eruption, hurricane, even trampling by elephants

54
Q

Stress

A

abiotic factor that reduces growth, reproduction, and/or survival of some individuals through a sustained effect

55
Q

Anthropogenic climate change

A

causes both disturbance and stress because it increases the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes (disturbance) and droughts (stress).

56
Q

Facilitation

A

species already present increase population growth of species that arrive later.

57
Q

Inhibition

A

species already present prevent colonization by species that arrive later, or, in some cases, reduce population size of species already present.

58
Q

Ecosystem

A

organisms living in a particular area together with the physical and chemical environment with which they interact.

59
Q

Gross primary productivity (GPP):

A

rate at which all primary producers in the ecosystem turn solar energy into stored chemical energy via photosynthesis

60
Q

Net primary productivity (NPP)

A

rate at which energy is incorporated into the primary producers’ bodies (measured as biomass), but some energy is lost through metabolism and respiration (as metabolic heat)

61
Q

Causes of lost energy

A

heat loss
biomass availability
indigestibility

62
Q

Mineralization

A

the process by which animals, bacteria, and fungi convert organic compounds into inorganic soluble nutrients

63
Q

Decomposition

A

the physical and chemical breakdown of detritus, dead organisms, by bacteria and detritivores leading to the release of nutrients and energy

64
Q

Heterotroph

A

organism that requires preformed organic molecules as food

65
Q

Autotroph

A

an organism that is capable of living exclusively in inorganic materials, water, and some energy source such as sunlight (photoautotrophs) or chemically reduced matter (chemoautotrophs)

66
Q

Provisioning services

A

provide products (goods): food, clean water, timber, fiber

67
Q

Regulating services

A

maintain ecosystem stability: pest and disease control, reducing impact of hurricanes, floods, regulating water and air quality

68
Q

Supporting services

A

form essential components of ecosystems: soil formation, carbon sequestration via NPP, nutrient cycling

69
Q

Cultural services

A

provide nonmaterial benefits: recreational activities, and aesthetic and spiritual enrichment

Biology 182 (2 decks)

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