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Bilingualism > Final terms > Flashcards

Final terms Flashcards

1
Q

Metalinguistic Awareness

A

Looking at formal properties rather than intended meaning of utterance (sensitivity to grammaticality, synonymy, rhyming etc.)

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2
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A
  • Paralyzed patient couldn’t speak but had other normal functions
  • Lesion on left frontal lobe
  • Concept of cerebral dominance of language in left hemisphere
  • Halting, slow, speech timing and normal sentence intonation are disturbed
  • Substitution of one sound for another
  • +zero morphology languages omit morphology, -zero morphology languages substitute morphologies
  • No problem with lexicon
  • Agrammatism- lack of syntax, diminished morphology
  • Not merely speech deficit or production deficit, rather loss of morphosyntactic competence
  • Semantic irreversibility- patient’s ability to reverse syntax (the girl is loved by the boy) is impaired
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3
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A
  • Affects posterior cortex in left hemisphere (between parietal and temporal)- second langauge area
  • Fluent speech but made no sense, lack of comprehension
  • Meaningless neologisms- paraphasia
  • Difficulty recalling lexical items especially nouns (anomia)
  • Reading and writing very impaired
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4
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A

Like Wernicke’s aphasia but with good comprehension- semantically anomalous

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5
Q

Function of left hemisphere

A

Reasoning, math, logic, language

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6
Q

Function of right hemisphere

A

holistic function (pattern matching, face recognition), spacial abilities, processing of non-linguistic sounds, pragmatic knowledge

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7
Q

Manner of Acquisition hypothesis

A

-Formally learned languages are not less lateralized than the native language

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8
Q

Stage hypothesis

A

Initial stages of language have more RH movement, growing proficiency leads to L2 being more left lateralized

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9
Q

Modified stage hypothesis

A

L2 is less lateralized only in adults learning L2 in a naturalistic setting without formal instruction (no evidence)

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10
Q

Amnesia vs. Aphasia

A
  • Amnesia- explicit knowledge is affected

- Aphasia- implicit knowledge is affected

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11
Q

Motivation

A

In L1 and informally learned L2, limbic system is highly involved because of high motivation/ emotion, more long term memory of language. Not present in formally learned L2.

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12
Q

Selective Aphasia

A

symptoms only in 1 language

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13
Q

Parallel recovery

A

all languages recovered to same extent

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14
Q

Selective recovery

A

only one language is recovered

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15
Q

Differential recovery

A

one language is recovered better

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16
Q

Antagonistic recovery

A

Languages are not concurrently available- as L2 becomes available, L1 regresses and disappears

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17
Q

Blending recovery

A

Patient unable to speak one language at a time, mixes both

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18
Q

Differential Aphasia

A

Proposed by Albert and Obler, Silverberg and Gordon, patients show one type of aphasia in one language and another type in another- Paradis is skeptical that this exists. More like differenetial recovery

19
Q

Bilingual Aphasia test

A

Test which measures language ability- attention to cross language equivalence, adapted

20
Q

Alternating Antagonism

A

available and unavailable languages switch more than once over time

21
Q

Procedural declarative memory model

A

In dementia and alzheimers patients, more damage to L2, in aphasia patients more damage to L1, lexical in both cases- structural difference between languages has no effect on recovery from aphasia

22
Q

Activation threshold model

A

-Item is activated when sufficient amount of positive neural impulses have reached its neural substrate, amount of impulses necessary to activate the item constitutes activation threshold, when item is activated its threshold has to be lower than competitors from other languages. Production is more difficult because of self activation. Without use, threshold rises again. Different thresholds can represent different recovery patterns.

23
Q

Inhibitory control model

A

different excitatory and inhibitory resources are involved in selection or deselection of a lang- executive control- in charge of inhibiting or activating one language over the other. Language task schemas- charged with inhibiting or activating of output of lexicosemantic system depending on whether it is compatible with the schema- charged with selection of appropriate lexical item- same types of recovery but with inhibition instead of threshold

24
Q

Atypical behavior in translation

A
  • inability of aphasia patients to translate despite good control of two languages
  • involuntary translation- paradoxical translation- can only translate between more prof to less prof lang- opposite from most bilings, translation without comprehension- can translate info patient cannot understand- dissociation between production/ comprehension and translation
25
Q

Insertional code mixing

A
  • Associated with myers scotton
  • Matrix language frame
  • Insertion of word or phrases from one language into another
26
Q

Flagging

A

indication that a code switch is about to occur

27
Q

Alternation

A
  • Associated with Poplack
  • Two language alternate, true switch of grammar and lexicon
  • Switch points, typically adjunctions, peripheral elements
28
Q

Congruent lexicalization

A
  • Languages share grammatical structure which can be filled lexically with elements from either language
  • Rules common to both langauges
  • Switched fragments not constituents
29
Q

What are some constraints on language and construction in code mixing?

A
  • Aux and main verb must be in the same language
  • Subject and object pronouns in the same language
  • No switching within PP
  • Not really true
30
Q

Linear Equivalence Constraint

A
  • Switching is free to occur between any two sentence elements iff both langs have the same word order- order of constituents adjacent to switch points must be grammatical
  • Imperfect
31
Q

Free morpheme constraint

A
  • Switch may not occur between bound morpheme and lexical form unless form has been phonologically integrated into the affix- violated in agglutinating languages, not in fusional
  • Exceptions are not usually exceptions, just nonce borrowng
32
Q

Morpheme order principle

A

Matrix language determines order of elements in mixed languages

33
Q

System morpheme principles

A

functional elements cannot be inserted, only drawn from matrix language

34
Q

Regression

A

Jakobson
Last in/ first out- idea that attrition involves acquisition
-Last things acquired in L1 aq are the first thing to go- not supported

35
Q

Features of AAE

A
  • Double negation
  • Omission of be- he nice
  • habitual be
36
Q

Ebonics debate

A

Oakland school board resolution 1996

  • Motivation- correct below average performance of AA students
  • Required school to participate in Standard English proficiency program
  • AAE has roots in west african languages
  • Uproar by both sides
37
Q

Subtractive vs. Additive approach

A

Racist vs. Less racist

38
Q

Muysken 2000

A
  • Three types of code switching aren’t mutually exclusive
  • Nonce borrowing is just noun insertion or P insertion
  • Categorical equivalence principle- when language differ greatly in functional categories, least categorical equivalence
  • Categorical or linear equivalence are tied closely to functional or grammatical skeleton
39
Q

Bobaljik 1998

A
  • Language death is social, political, and economic not linguistic
  • Stop being racist
  • Language death vs evolution
  • Looked at Itelmen vs Russian etc.
40
Q

Allen 2007

A
  • Code mixing between English and Inuktitut
  • Prestige of English and French vs. Inuktitut
  • Children mix at same rate as adults
  • School policy is additive bilingualism
41
Q

Coppieters

A
  • Native and near native speakers have same underlying grammar
  • Does a language impose a grammar on its speakers
  • Adult native and near native French speakers- near native speakers had different L1s
  • Big gap between native and near native speech grammar, but not evident in performance
  • Given language DOES NOT impose grammar on speakers
  • Definition of a speaker is constructed, not endowed with underlying ling system
42
Q

Paradis 2004

A
  • Activation threshold hypothesis

- Recovery patterns

43
Q

McSwan

A

word order of verb and subject in respect to object
SVO (TSVO T=tensed) and VSO
verb from lang A and S from lang B, word order determined by properties of tensed verb in lang A
language of tensed verb always determines VSO or SVO
doing this purely without special principles applying to codemixing other than grammar of two langs
restructuring- when can aux and diff verbs come from diff languages
hard or impossible to have code mixing at PF level
PF-exactly what you say, derived by syntax and thats how you say it, v surface, can’t interpret semantic things and will crash (don’t need to know)
LF-more abstract, interfaces with bullshit and is more semantic, no phonological features at all
restructuring is not possible so this sentence is ungrammatical

Bilingualism (2 decks)

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