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Crime & Society > Final Terms > Flashcards

Final Terms Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Crime wave

A

An increase in crime or perception of an increase in crime in a particular period and place.

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1
Q

Dark Figure of Crime

A

Crimes that are not reported and thus unknown to police

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2
Q

Hierarchy Rule

A

An old police method of counting only the most serious crime in a single incident involving multiple crimes

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3
Q

Clearance Rate

A

The percentage of crimes that are solved versus crimes that are unsolved

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4
Q

Crime Clock

A

A method used by the FBI to report how often crimes occur

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5
Q

Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)

A

A primary source for criminal justice statistics that compiles reports on many aspects of the criminal justice system, including data about federal, state, and local criminal justice.

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6
Q

Bail

A

Temporary release of the defendant prior to trial

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7
Q

Excessive Bail

A

Bail that is prohibited by the eighth amendment, but there’s no uniform standard as to what “excessive” is.

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8
Q

Bench warrant

A

Is issued by Judge when a defendant violates the rules of the court.

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9
Q

Bail bonds agent

A

And agent of private commercial business that has contracted with the court to act as a guarantor of a defendant’s return to court

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10
Q

Bounty hunter

A

A person that captures fugitives for a monetary reward (bounty)

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11
Q

Release on Recognizance (ROR)

A

To secure the pretrial release of the accused based merely on the defendants unsecured promise to appear at trial

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12
Q

Preventive detention

A

The practice of incarcerating accused individuals before trial on the assumption that the release would not be in the best entrance of society.

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13
Q

Civil law

A

Also called private law, the body of law concerned with the definition, regulation, and enforcement of rights and non-criminal cases in which both the person who has the right in the person who has the obligation or private individuals.

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14
Q

Landmark cases

A

A US Supreme Court case that makes a significant change in the interpretation of the Constitution.

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15
Q

Certiorari of power

A

The authority of the Supreme Court, based on agreement by four of its members that case might raise significant constitutional or federal issues, to select a case for review.

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16
Q

Appellate courts

A

State courts that have the authority to review the proceedings and verdicts of general trial courts for judicial errors and other significant issues.

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17
Q

Court of last resort

A

A state court of final appeals that reviews lower court decisions and whose decisions can be appealed to the US Supreme Court

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18
Q

Double jeopardy

A

The act of trying a person twice for the same offense

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19
Q

Grand jury

A

An alternative method, which is confidential, to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to charge the defendant with a crime.

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20
Q

Prosecutorial discretion

A

The power of a prosecutor to decide whether to charge a defendant and what the charge(s) will be, as well as to gather the evidence necessary to prosecute the defendant in a court of law.

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21
Q

vior dire

A

The questioning a potential jurors to determine whether they have biases that would disqualify them from jury service.

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22
Q

Bench trial

A

A trial in which the judge rather then a jury makes the determination of guilt.

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23
Q

Indigent defense

A

The right to have an attorney provided free of charge by the state if a defendant cannot afford one, established in Gideon v. Wainwright.

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24
Q

Pro se (legal representation)

A

For one’s own behalf; A party to a lawsuit who represents himself.

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25
Q

CSI effect

A

A phenomenon reported by prosecutors who claim that television shows based on scientific crime solving have made actual jurors reluctant to vote to convict when, as is typically true, forensic evidence is neither necessary nor available

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26
Q

Plea bargaining

A

A pretrial activity that involves the negotiation between defendant and prosecutor for a plea of guilty for which in return the defendant will receive some benefit, such as reduction of charges or dismissal of some charges.

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27
Q

Sentence bargaining

A

Negotiating with the prosecutor for a reduction and length of sentence, reduction from capital murder to imprisonment, probation rather than incarnation, or institution where the sentence is to be served in return for a guilty plea.

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28
Q

Statute of limitations

A

The length of time between the discovery of the crime and the arrest of the defendant

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29
Q

Corporal punishment

A

The administration of bodily pain as punishment for a crime.

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30
Q

Retribution

A

Deterrence based on the premise that criminals should be punished because they deserve it.

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31
Q

Deterrence

A

The philosophy and practices that emphasize making criminal behavior less appealing.

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32
Q

General deterrence

A

The concept based on the logic that people who witnessed the pain suffered by those who commit crimes want to avoid that pain and will refrain from criminal activity.

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33
Q

Specific deterrence

A

A concept based on the premise that a person is best deterred from committing future crimes by the specific nature of the punishment.

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34
Q

Incapacitation

A

Deterrence based on the premise that the only way to prevent criminals from reoffending is to remove them from society.

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35
Q

Banishment

A

The removal of an offender from the community.

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36
Q

Transportation

A

The 18th century practice by Great Britain of sending offenders to the American colonies and later to Australia.

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37
Q

Rehabilitation

A

Deterrence based on the premise that criminals can be “cured” of their problems and criminality and can be returned to society.

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38
Q

Habilitation

A

The process of supplying a person with the means to develop maximum independence in activities of daily living through training or treatment.

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39
Q

Restoration

A

Induction of a return to a previous state, as a return to health or replacement of a part to a normal position.

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40
Q

Restorative justice

A

A model of deterrence that uses restitution programs, community work programs, victim-offender mediation, and other strategies not only to rehabilitate the offender, but also to address the damage done to the community and the victim.

41
Q

Legally sane

A

An assumption that a defendant knows right from wrong and that his or her behavior was willful.

42
Q

Not guilty by reason of insanity

A

A verdict by which the jury finds that a defendant committed the crime but was insane.

43
Q

Civil commitment examination

A

A Determination of whether the defendant should be released or confined to an institution for people with mental illness.

44
Q

Guilty but mentally ill

A

A new type of verdict in which the jury finds the defendant mentally ill but sufficiently aware to be morally responsible for his or her criminal acts.

45
Q

Presentence investigation

A

An in-depth interview and investigation into the background of a convicted defendant and the impact of his or her crime on victims and the community.

46
Q

Presentence investigation report

A

A report that contains a recommendation for specific criminal sanctions, including a recommendation for prison time, probation, fines, community service, or other sanctions.

47
Q

Sentencing hearing

A

A hearing at which the prosecution and the defense have the opportunity to challenge the recommended criminal sanctions.

48
Q

Victim impact statement

A

Testimony by victims at a convicted offender’s sentencing hearing

49
Q

Indeterminate sentencing

A

A model of sentencing and which judges have nearly complete discretion in sentencing an offender

50
Q

Determinate sentencing

A

A model of sentencing in which the offender is sentenced to a fixed term of incarceration.

51
Q

Sentencing guidelines

A

A sentencing model in which crimes are classified cording to the seriousness, and a range of time to be served is mandatory for crimes within each category.

52
Q

Mandatory sentencing

A

The strict application of full sentences and the determinate sentencing model.

53
Q

Habitual offender laws

A

Sentencing laws that punish repeat offenders more harshly

54
Q

Truth in sentencing

A

Legislation that requires the court to disclose the actual prison time the offender is likely to serve.

56
Q

Capital punishment

A

The sentence of death.

57
Q

Incarceration

A

the bodily confinement of a person in a jail or prison

58
Q

penitentiary

A

a correctional institution based on the concept that could change in their criminality through reflection and penitence

59
Q

chain gang

A

in the southern penal system a group of convicts chained together during outside labor

60
Q

solitary confinement

A

the practice of confining an inmate such that there is no contact with other people

61
Q

convict-lease system

A

the practice of some southern penal systems leasing prisoners to private contractors as laborers

62
Q

prison industry

A

the sale of convict-made products and services

63
Q

civil death

A

the legal philosophy that barred a prison inmate from bringing a lawsuit in a civil court related to his or her treatment while incarcerated or related to conditions of incarceration

64
Q

prisoner classification

A

the reception and diagnosis of an inmate to decide the appropriate security level in which to place him or her and the services of placement

65
Q

total institution

A

prisons that meet all of the inmate’s basic needs discourage individuality, punish dissent, and segregate those who do not follow the rules

66
Q

disproportionate confinement

A

the nonrandom distribution of people by race in correctional institutions. If the prison population reflected the same demographics as the general population, confinement would not reflect racial bias

67
Q

correctional officer

A

uniformed jail or prison employees whose primary job is the security and movement of inmates

68
Q

privatization

A

the trend to house inmates in privately administered prison

69
Q

private prison

A

prisons that house local, states or federal inmates for a fee

70
Q

prison rape elimination act of 2003

A

an act that required the Bureau of Justice Statistics to survey jails and prisons to determine the prevalence of sexual violence in correctional facilities

71
Q

deinstiutionalization

A

the movement of mentally ill offenders from long term hospitalization to community based care

72
Q

contraband

A

smuggled goods, such as drugs, cigarettes money and porn

73
Q

prisonization

A

social into a distinct prison subculture with its own alues mores norms and sanctions

74
Q

prison code

A

the informal ruels and expected behavior established by inmates. Often the prison code is is contrary to the official rules and policies of the prison. Violation of the prison code can be punished by the use of violence or even death

75
Q

prison economy

A

the exchange of goods services and contraband by prisoners in place of money

76
Q

parole

A

the release of an inmate before his or her maximum sentence has been served

77
Q

parole board

A

individuals appointed to a body that meets in prisons to make decisions about granting parole release to inmates

78
Q

mandatory release

A

the release of prisoners required by law after they have served the entire length of their maximum sentence

79
Q

good time credit

A

a strategy of crediting with extra days served toward early release in an effort to encourage them to obey rules and participate in programs

80
Q

executive pardon

A

an act by a governor or the president that forgives a prisoner for his or her sentence

81
Q

commutation of sentence

A

a reduction in the severity or length of an inmate’s sentence issued by a state governor or the president of the united states

82
Q

community based corrections

A

prevention and treatment programs designed to promote the successful transition of offenders from prison to the community

83
Q

intermediate sanctions

A

punishments that restrict offenders freedom without imprisoning them and that consist of community based prevention and treatment programs to promote the successful reansition of offenders from prison to the community

84
Q

NIMBY

A

“not in my backyard”

Opposition to community corrections programs in one’s neighborhood

85
Q

Diversion

A

an alternative to criminal trial and a prison sentence such as a drug court, boot camp or a treatment program offered to a defendant

86
Q

probation

A

the conditional release release of a convicted offender prior to his or her serving any prison time

87
Q

intensive supervision probation

A

probation supervised by probation and parole fifers with smaller caseloads, placing a greater emphasis on compliance with the conditions of supervisoin

88
Q

probation and parole officers

A

a state or federal professional employee who reports to the courts and supervises defendants released on probation

89
Q

split sentence

A

an intermediate sanction where after a brief period of imprisonment the judge brings the offender back to court and offers the option of probation

90
Q

halfway house

A

a transition program that allows inmates to move from prison to the community in steps

91
Q

day reporting center

A

an intermediate sanction to provide a gradual adjustment to reentry under closely supervised conditions

92
Q

home confinement

A

a court imposed sentence requiring offender to remain confined in their own residence

93
Q

electronic GPS monitoring

A

an approach in home confinement programs that ensures compliance through electronic means

94
Q

work release

A

a program that allows facilites to release inmates for paid work in the community

95
Q

drug court

A

an approach that provides drug offender the opportuntiy for intermediate sanctions community treatment and intensive probation supervision instead of prison time

96
Q

pseudofamilies

A

family like structures or make believe family on dyads

97
Q

supermax prison

A

up to a 23- hour per day single cell confinement for an indefinite period of time. Minimal contact with staff or other prisoners

98
Q

conjugal visits

A

a visit to a prisoner by the spouse of the prisoner especially for sexual relations

99
Q

Correctional boot camps

A

short term residential programs that resemble military basic training and target convicted adult offenders

100
Q

sex offender registry

A

a system in various states designed to allow government authorities to keep track of the residence and activities of sex offenders including those who have completed their criminal sentences

Crime & Society (2 decks)

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