Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Crime & Society > Final Terms > Flashcards

Final Terms Flashcards

0
Q

Crime wave

A

An increase in crime or perception of an increase in crime in a particular period and place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Dark Figure of Crime

A

Crimes that are not reported and thus unknown to police

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hierarchy Rule

A

An old police method of counting only the most serious crime in a single incident involving multiple crimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Clearance Rate

A

The percentage of crimes that are solved versus crimes that are unsolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Crime Clock

A

A method used by the FBI to report how often crimes occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)

A

A primary source for criminal justice statistics that compiles reports on many aspects of the criminal justice system, including data about federal, state, and local criminal justice.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bail

A

Temporary release of the defendant prior to trial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Excessive Bail

A

Bail that is prohibited by the eighth amendment, but there’s no uniform standard as to what “excessive” is.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bench warrant

A

Is issued by Judge when a defendant violates the rules of the court.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bail bonds agent

A

And agent of private commercial business that has contracted with the court to act as a guarantor of a defendant’s return to court

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bounty hunter

A

A person that captures fugitives for a monetary reward (bounty)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Release on Recognizance (ROR)

A

To secure the pretrial release of the accused based merely on the defendants unsecured promise to appear at trial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Preventive detention

A

The practice of incarcerating accused individuals before trial on the assumption that the release would not be in the best entrance of society.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Civil law

A

Also called private law, the body of law concerned with the definition, regulation, and enforcement of rights and non-criminal cases in which both the person who has the right in the person who has the obligation or private individuals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Landmark cases

A

A US Supreme Court case that makes a significant change in the interpretation of the Constitution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Certiorari of power

A

The authority of the Supreme Court, based on agreement by four of its members that case might raise significant constitutional or federal issues, to select a case for review.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Appellate courts

A

State courts that have the authority to review the proceedings and verdicts of general trial courts for judicial errors and other significant issues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Court of last resort

A

A state court of final appeals that reviews lower court decisions and whose decisions can be appealed to the US Supreme Court

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Double jeopardy

A

The act of trying a person twice for the same offense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Grand jury

A

An alternative method, which is confidential, to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to charge the defendant with a crime.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Prosecutorial discretion

A

The power of a prosecutor to decide whether to charge a defendant and what the charge(s) will be, as well as to gather the evidence necessary to prosecute the defendant in a court of law.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

vior dire

A

The questioning a potential jurors to determine whether they have biases that would disqualify them from jury service.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bench trial

A

A trial in which the judge rather then a jury makes the determination of guilt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Indigent defense

A

The right to have an attorney provided free of charge by the state if a defendant cannot afford one, established in Gideon v. Wainwright.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Pro se (legal representation)
For one's own behalf; A party to a lawsuit who represents himself.
25
CSI effect
A phenomenon reported by prosecutors who claim that television shows based on scientific crime solving have made actual jurors reluctant to vote to convict when, as is typically true, forensic evidence is neither necessary nor available
26
Plea bargaining
A pretrial activity that involves the negotiation between defendant and prosecutor for a plea of guilty for which in return the defendant will receive some benefit, such as reduction of charges or dismissal of some charges.
27
Sentence bargaining
Negotiating with the prosecutor for a reduction and length of sentence, reduction from capital murder to imprisonment, probation rather than incarnation, or institution where the sentence is to be served in return for a guilty plea.
28
Statute of limitations
The length of time between the discovery of the crime and the arrest of the defendant
29
Corporal punishment
The administration of bodily pain as punishment for a crime.
30
Retribution
Deterrence based on the premise that criminals should be punished because they deserve it.
31
Deterrence
The philosophy and practices that emphasize making criminal behavior less appealing.
32
General deterrence
The concept based on the logic that people who witnessed the pain suffered by those who commit crimes want to avoid that pain and will refrain from criminal activity.
33
Specific deterrence
A concept based on the premise that a person is best deterred from committing future crimes by the specific nature of the punishment.
34
Incapacitation
Deterrence based on the premise that the only way to prevent criminals from reoffending is to remove them from society.
35
Banishment
The removal of an offender from the community.
36
Transportation
The 18th century practice by Great Britain of sending offenders to the American colonies and later to Australia.
37
Rehabilitation
Deterrence based on the premise that criminals can be "cured" of their problems and criminality and can be returned to society.
38
Habilitation
The process of supplying a person with the means to develop maximum independence in activities of daily living through training or treatment.
39
Restoration
Induction of a return to a previous state, as a return to health or replacement of a part to a normal position.
40
Restorative justice
A model of deterrence that uses restitution programs, community work programs, victim-offender mediation, and other strategies not only to rehabilitate the offender, but also to address the damage done to the community and the victim.
41
Legally sane
An assumption that a defendant knows right from wrong and that his or her behavior was willful.
42
Not guilty by reason of insanity
A verdict by which the jury finds that a defendant committed the crime but was insane.
43
Civil commitment examination
A Determination of whether the defendant should be released or confined to an institution for people with mental illness.
44
Guilty but mentally ill
A new type of verdict in which the jury finds the defendant mentally ill but sufficiently aware to be morally responsible for his or her criminal acts.
45
Presentence investigation
An in-depth interview and investigation into the background of a convicted defendant and the impact of his or her crime on victims and the community.
46
Presentence investigation report
A report that contains a recommendation for specific criminal sanctions, including a recommendation for prison time, probation, fines, community service, or other sanctions.
47
Sentencing hearing
A hearing at which the prosecution and the defense have the opportunity to challenge the recommended criminal sanctions.
48
Victim impact statement
Testimony by victims at a convicted offender's sentencing hearing
49
Indeterminate sentencing
A model of sentencing and which judges have nearly complete discretion in sentencing an offender
50
Determinate sentencing
A model of sentencing in which the offender is sentenced to a fixed term of incarceration.
51
Sentencing guidelines
A sentencing model in which crimes are classified cording to the seriousness, and a range of time to be served is mandatory for crimes within each category.
52
Mandatory sentencing
The strict application of full sentences and the determinate sentencing model.
53
Habitual offender laws
Sentencing laws that punish repeat offenders more harshly
54
Truth in sentencing
Legislation that requires the court to disclose the actual prison time the offender is likely to serve.
56
Capital punishment
The sentence of death.
57
Incarceration
the bodily confinement of a person in a jail or prison
58
penitentiary
a correctional institution based on the concept that could change in their criminality through reflection and penitence
59
chain gang
in the southern penal system a group of convicts chained together during outside labor
60
solitary confinement
the practice of confining an inmate such that there is no contact with other people
61
convict-lease system
the practice of some southern penal systems leasing prisoners to private contractors as laborers
62
prison industry
the sale of convict-made products and services
63
civil death
the legal philosophy that barred a prison inmate from bringing a lawsuit in a civil court related to his or her treatment while incarcerated or related to conditions of incarceration
64
prisoner classification
the reception and diagnosis of an inmate to decide the appropriate security level in which to place him or her and the services of placement
65
total institution
prisons that meet all of the inmate's basic needs discourage individuality, punish dissent, and segregate those who do not follow the rules
66
disproportionate confinement
the nonrandom distribution of people by race in correctional institutions. If the prison population reflected the same demographics as the general population, confinement would not reflect racial bias
67
correctional officer
uniformed jail or prison employees whose primary job is the security and movement of inmates
68
privatization
the trend to house inmates in privately administered prison
69
private prison
prisons that house local, states or federal inmates for a fee
70
prison rape elimination act of 2003
an act that required the Bureau of Justice Statistics to survey jails and prisons to determine the prevalence of sexual violence in correctional facilities
71
deinstiutionalization
the movement of mentally ill offenders from long term hospitalization to community based care
72
contraband
smuggled goods, such as drugs, cigarettes money and porn
73
prisonization
social into a distinct prison subculture with its own alues mores norms and sanctions
74
prison code
the informal ruels and expected behavior established by inmates. Often the prison code is is contrary to the official rules and policies of the prison. Violation of the prison code can be punished by the use of violence or even death
75
prison economy
the exchange of goods services and contraband by prisoners in place of money
76
parole
the release of an inmate before his or her maximum sentence has been served
77
parole board
individuals appointed to a body that meets in prisons to make decisions about granting parole release to inmates
78
mandatory release
the release of prisoners required by law after they have served the entire length of their maximum sentence
79
good time credit
a strategy of crediting with extra days served toward early release in an effort to encourage them to obey rules and participate in programs
80
executive pardon
an act by a governor or the president that forgives a prisoner for his or her sentence
81
commutation of sentence
a reduction in the severity or length of an inmate's sentence issued by a state governor or the president of the united states
82
community based corrections
prevention and treatment programs designed to promote the successful transition of offenders from prison to the community
83
intermediate sanctions
punishments that restrict offenders freedom without imprisoning them and that consist of community based prevention and treatment programs to promote the successful reansition of offenders from prison to the community
84
NIMBY
"not in my backyard" | Opposition to community corrections programs in one's neighborhood
85
Diversion
an alternative to criminal trial and a prison sentence such as a drug court, boot camp or a treatment program offered to a defendant
86
probation
the conditional release release of a convicted offender prior to his or her serving any prison time
87
intensive supervision probation
probation supervised by probation and parole fifers with smaller caseloads, placing a greater emphasis on compliance with the conditions of supervisoin
88
probation and parole officers
a state or federal professional employee who reports to the courts and supervises defendants released on probation
89
split sentence
an intermediate sanction where after a brief period of imprisonment the judge brings the offender back to court and offers the option of probation
90
halfway house
a transition program that allows inmates to move from prison to the community in steps
91
day reporting center
an intermediate sanction to provide a gradual adjustment to reentry under closely supervised conditions
92
home confinement
a court imposed sentence requiring offender to remain confined in their own residence
93
electronic GPS monitoring
an approach in home confinement programs that ensures compliance through electronic means
94
work release
a program that allows facilites to release inmates for paid work in the community
95
drug court
an approach that provides drug offender the opportuntiy for intermediate sanctions community treatment and intensive probation supervision instead of prison time
96
pseudofamilies
family like structures or make believe family on dyads
97
supermax prison
up to a 23- hour per day single cell confinement for an indefinite period of time. Minimal contact with staff or other prisoners
98
conjugal visits
a visit to a prisoner by the spouse of the prisoner especially for sexual relations
99
Correctional boot camps
short term residential programs that resemble military basic training and target convicted adult offenders
100
sex offender registry
a system in various states designed to allow government authorities to keep track of the residence and activities of sex offenders including those who have completed their criminal sentences

Crime & Society (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions