Final Terminology Flashcards
1
Q
Attitudinal Meaning (Chap 9) (In-Class)
A
- The connotative meaning of a linguistic expression which takes the form of implicitly conveying a commonly held attitude or value judgement towards the referent of the expression
- Can change quickly and are highly dependent on the context
- Relate significantly to the speaker
2
Q
Associative Meanings (Chap 9) (In-Class)
A
- The connotative meaning of a linguistic expression which takes the form of attributing to the referent certain stereotypically expected properties culturally associated with that referent
- Words that have automatic associations
3
Q
Affective Meaning (Chap 9) (In-Class)
A
- The emotive effect worked on the addressee by the choice of a particular linguistic expression, in contrast with others that might have been used to express the same literal message
- Hints at the attitude of the speaker towards the addressee
4
Q
Reflective Meaning (Chap 9) (In-Class)
A
- The connotative meaning lent to a linguistic expression by the fact that its form (phonic, graphic, or both) is reminiscent of a homonymic or near-homonymic expression with a different literal meaning
- An echo of the literal meaning of some other expression that sounds or is spelt the same, or nearly the same, as a given expression
- The meaning is over and beyond the literal meaning
5
Q
Collocative Meaning (Chap 9) (In-Class)
A
- The connotative meaning lent to a linguistic expression by the meaning of some other expression with which it frequently or typically collocates in a grammatical context
- When words are part of overused phrases (clichés) or automatically evoke clichés
6
Q
Allusive Meaning (Chap 9) (In-Class)
A
- The connotative meaning of a linguistic expression which takes the form of evoking the meaning of an entire saying or quotation of which that expression is a part
- i.e. a recognizable fragment of a saying or quotation that implicitly carries the meaning of the entire ‘reconstructed’ saying or quotation
7
Q
Synonymy (Chap 8) (In-Class)
A
- The highest degree of semantic equivalence between two or more different linguistic expressions having exactly identical ranges of literal meaning
- Usually differ in connotative, and therefore in overall, meaning (unlikely to have perfectly identical meanings in textual contexts)
8
Q
Hypernym(y) (Chap 8) (In-Class)
A
- A linguistic expression whose literal meaning is inclusive of, but wider and less specific than, the range of literal meaning of another expression
- i.e. ‘parent’ is a(n) _____ of ‘mother’
- The formal term for the concept of generalization
9
Q
Hyponym(y) (Chap 8) (In-Class)
A
- A linguistic expression whose literal meaning is included in, but narrower and more specific than, the range of literal meaning of another expression
- i.e. ‘younger sister’ is a(n) _____ of ‘sibling’
- The formal term for the concept of particularization
- Appropriate when the TL offers no suitable alternative for an appropriate synonym of the SL
10
Q
Generic/Androcentric Masculine (Chap 8) (In-Class)
A
- The use of the masculine gender to refer to male and female referents, or to describe a mixed-gender group
- Allows Spanish authors to play with ambiguity in a way that is impossible in English
11
Q
Social Register (Chap 10) (In-Class)
A
- A style of speaking/writing appropriate to a given social situation, which may give grounds for inferring relatively detailed stereotypical information about the social identity (the stereotypical labeling that is a constant feature of social intercourse) of the speaker/writer
- Users choose forms of language appropriate for particular social situations or topics, with varying degrees of formality, different stylistic conventions and employing particular subsets of their vocabulary
- Choosing a form of language appropriate for particular social situations or topics
- How we talk between people, broadly measured by degrees of formality
12
Q
Tonal Register (Chap 10) (In-Class)
A
- A style of speaking/writing adopted as a means of conveying the affective attitudes of speakers/writers to their addressees
- Connotative meaning of features of this style is an affective meaning: it is conveyed by the choice of one out of a range of expressions capable of conveying a particular literary message
- Based on the idea that there are certain words with distinct and implicit meanings
13
Q
Dialect (Chap 10/11) (In-Class)
A
- A language variety with features of accent, vocabulary, syntax, and sentence formation characteristic, and therefore indicative, of the (geographical) regional provence of the user
- Provides geographical information
14
Q
Sociolect (Chap 10/11) (In-Class)
A
- A language variety with features of accent, vocabulary, syntax, and sentence formation characteristic of a particular social group, and therefore indicative, for example, of the class affiliations of its users
- A language spoken by one particular social group
- Provides sociological information
15
Q
Idiolect (Chap 11) (Only In-Class)
A
- Language features that are typical to one unique speaker
- i.e. families that have a word or phrase that is only used in that family and would not make sense in a wider language community
16
Q
Code Switching (Chap 11) (In-Class)
A
- The alternating use of two or more recognizably different language variants (varieties of the same language, or different languages) within the same text
- “Code-switching is a verbal skill requiring a large degree of linguistic competence in more than one language, rather than a defect arising from insufficient knowledge of one or the other… [R]ather than presenting deviant behavior, [it] is actually a suggestive indicator of degree of bilingual competence.”
17
Q
Reasons for Use of Code Switching (Chap 11) (Only in Class)
A
- To show solidarity (can come off as offensive)
- To reflect social status
- Relevance to the topic at hand (sometimes the desired word works better in one language than another)
- To express affection
18
Q
Nominalization (Chap 12) (Text)
A
- The use of a noun which, in the same language or in a TT, could be replaced by an expression not containing a noun
- Typical feature of technical texts
19
Q
Lexical Issues in Technical Translation (Chap 12) (Text) (Three Issues)
A
- Presence of terms not used in everyday, ordinary language which are, therefore, unfamiliar to the lay translator
- Presence of terms that have ordinary uses familiar to the translator, but which in the ST are manifestly used in some other, technically specialized way
- A term may have an ordinary, everyday sense that is not obviously wrong in the context
20
Q
Conceptual Issues in Technical Translation (Chap 12) (Text)
A
- Failure to understand the background assumptions and knowledge taken for granted by experts in a science, but not shared by non-specialists and not explicit in the ST
- Translating the development of new ideas, in which even a basic grasp of the background knowledge may be insufficient to save the translator from a conceptual impasse
- Confusion between closely similar technical names and the risk of choosing the wrong synonym
- Translation of mathematical formulae
