Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Earth Dynamics > Final Stuff > Flashcards

Final Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

What are people using more of? What specifically?

A

Energy, Fossil fuels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How are most of our energy needs met?

A

Through things found and extracted from the Earth?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Is it getting harder or easier to extract resources from the Earth?

A

Harder. We have to go deeper to find what we are looking for

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are various forms of burned organic carbon initially produced by photosynthesis and chemically transformed by burial and heating?

A

Fossil fuels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What fossil fuel is derived from buried plant matter?

A

Coal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What fossil fuel is derived from buried algae?

A

Oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the earliest fossil fuel to be used? What percentage of total energy consumption does it account for?

A

Coal, 26%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In what type of environment does coal form?

A

Humid, swampy environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In what period did 60% of the world’s coal reserves form?

A

Carboniferous period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three requirements for oil and gas formation?

A

1: An organic rich source rock that has entered the oil window
2: A permeable reservoir rock that can collect and hold the hydrocarbons generated
3: An impermeable trap that allows hydrocarbons to accumulate/concentrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do oil and gas form?

A

1: Organic rich shales form in nutrient rich and/or oxygen poor waters, where organic matter is buried before it can decompose
2: When burial produces high enough temperatures and pressures, organic molecules react to generate mobile hydrocarbons that then migrate into reservoirs, traps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a structure that allows hydrocarbons to accumulate in a reservoir beneath or against an impermeable seal

A

hydrocarbon traps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a known supply of oil and gas held underground?

A

A hydrocarbon reserve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the association of source rock, migration pathway, reservoir rock, seal and trap geometry that leads to the occurrence of hydrocarbon reserve?

A

A hydrocarbon system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Are oil reservoirs young or old?

A

In geological time, they are relatively young.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Are oil reservoirs young or old?

A

In geological time, they are relatively young.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Has the success rate of drilling changed over time? Why?

A

No. Although oil is deeper, we can use seismic waves to find oil reserves. Before, it was closer to the surface but was hit or miss. But it is difficult to keep up with increases in oil demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Has the success rate of drilling changed over time? Why?

A

No. Although oil is deeper, we can use seismic waves to find oil reserves. Before, it was closer to the surface but was hit or miss. But it is difficult to keep up with increases in oil demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an example of unconventional reserves?

A

Going straight to the rocks (fracking, tarsands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an example of unconventional reserves?

A

Going straight to the rocks (fracking, tarsands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the two major types of minerals?

A

Metallic and non-metallic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does concentration mean for mineral resources?

A

A resource occurs where the material of interest occurs in a sufficient abundance and concentration to be economically extracted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some characteristics of metals?

A
  • opaque, shiny, smooth, conductive solid
  • metal properties derive from metallic chemical bonds
  • conductive because of delocalized electrons move from atom to atom easily
  • hard or soft
  • ductile (Able to be drawn into thin wires)
  • malleable (Able to be hammered into thin sheets)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do native metals occur naturally?

A

In a pure form. They are essential in modern industrial society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is an ore?

A

A rock composed of metal-rich minerals concentrated enough to be economic to mine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does concentration determines?

A

An ore’s grade

27
Q

What are magmatic ore deposits?

A

Formed in a cooling plutonic intrusion

-sulfide minerals crystalize early and sink in magma, forming massive sulfide deposits at the bottom of the chamber

28
Q

What are hydrothermal ore deposits?

A

Circulation of hot, chemically active water near intruding magmatic body

  • hot fluid leeches metal ions out of rock near plutons
  • minerals precipitate in lower P and T locations
  • often concentrated in veins
29
Q

What is secondary ore enrichment?

A

Groundwater leaches and oxidizes primary sulfide ores

-when reprecipitated, concentration is higher

30
Q

What is groundwater transport?

A

Referred to as Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) ores (From lead-zinc deposits in the Mississippi Valley)

  • organic belts squeegee hot water through deep basins
  • the hot water leaches minerals and carries them away
  • where basin brines surface and cool, they deposit metals
31
Q

What are sedimentary deposits?

A
  • form under special conditions
  • banded iron formations (layered gray iron oxides and red chert (jasper))
  • manganese nodules (rich in trace elements, these grow slowly on the sea floor)
32
Q

What are residual mineral deposits?

A
  • form via extreme chemical weathering in wet tropics
  • intense weathering strips almost everything out of soil
  • the residual soil is enriched in Fe and Al oxide
33
Q

What is bauxite?

A

Primary ore of aluminum

34
Q

What are placer deposits?

A

Concentrations of metal grains in stream sediment that develop when rocks containing native minerals erode and create a mixture of sand grains and metal fragments; the moving water of teh stream carries away lighter mineral grains

35
Q

Where are ore deposits formed?

A
  • tectonic processes are a dominant control
  • igneous/magmatic and hydrothermal activity occur (plate boundaries, rifts, hot spots)
  • tectonic effects are overprinted by the hydrological cycle
36
Q

What are nonmetallic resources called?

A

industrial minerals

37
Q

How do mineral resources form?

A

Through timely geological processes

38
Q

What does it mean if a system is stable?

A

Ball at the bottom of a hill, needs lots of energy

39
Q

What does it mean if a system is unstable?

A

Ball at the top of the hill, needs hardly any energy at all

40
Q

What does it mean if a system is quasi-stable?

A

Ball in a dip half-way down a hill, needs a little bit of energy

41
Q

What are the two forms of equilibrium and what do they mean?

A

Static-nothing happens because forces are in balance

Dynamic-no overall change because processes are occurring at the same rates

42
Q

What are positive/amplifying feedbacks?

A

Allow small initial changes to blow up into big ones (a mechanism that enhances the process that causes the mechanism in the first place)

43
Q

What are negative/stabilizing feedbacks?

A

Try to return system to the status quo (feedback that slows a process down or reverses it)

44
Q

What is the Earth system?

A

A set of interacting components which cycles energy and elements between various reservoirs

45
Q

Is the Earth continuously evolving?

A

Yes

46
Q

What kind of equilibrium is the Earth in?

A

Dynamic. Many different driving forces, changing one changes the earth (Add in the human race)

47
Q

What does the geological timescale reflect?

A

Transitions between quasi-stable equilibrium states

48
Q

What are unidirectional changes?

A

There is no going back

49
Q

What are cyclic changes?

A

Switching between two states

50
Q

What type of changes does Earth’s history consist of?

A

Unidirectional changes being modulated by cyclic ones

51
Q

Greenhouse gases are transparent to incoming solar radiation but absorb infrared radiation from Earth’s surface

A

Just know this

52
Q

What is the trapping of heat in the Earth’s atmosphere by carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which absorb infrared radiation?

A

The greenhouse effect

53
Q

Is the greenhouse effect entirely bad?

A

No, it helps maintain Earth’s warmth

54
Q

Which greenhouse gas has the longest residence time and what does that mean?

A

CO2. It means it is easier to changes its long-term atmospheric concentration *triggers warming

55
Q

How is humanity disrupting the carbon cycle?

A

By burning fossil fuels

56
Q

What kind of equilibrium is atmospheric CO2 in?

A

Dynamic with other reservoirs (ocean, biosphere)

57
Q

Is CO2 a part of the plate and tectonic rock cycles?

A

Yes. long-term changes in these processes can affect the atmospheric concentration

58
Q

What are paleoclimates?

A

the past climates of the Earth

59
Q

How are paleoclimates interpreted?

A

By datable Earth materials that are climate sensitive (depositional environments are often climate sensitive)

60
Q

How do growth rings work?

A

wetter, warmer=thicker

drier, colder=thinner

61
Q

What are humans doing to the climate?

A

Taking carbon from a geological reservoir and adding it to the atmosphere

62
Q

What is a rock (organic rich shale) containing raw materials from which hydrocarbons eventually form?

A

Source rock

63
Q

What is the narrow range of temperatures under which oil can form in a source rock?

A

Oil window

64
Q

What is a rock with high porosity and permeability so it can contain an abundant amount of easily accessible oil?

A

Reservoir rock

Earth Dynamics (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions