Final Studying (Multiple Choice) Flashcards by Morgan comey

Which one of the following is most likely to be classified as a teleological approach to thinking about moral rightness?
A. Doing what God commands
B. Doing what the law requires
C. Doing what is consistently universalizable
D. Doing what is expected to have the best consequences
E. Doing what is consistent with the customs, traditions, and morals of the society of which one is a member or visitor

D. Doing what is expected to have the best consequences

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Which one of the following is the best characteristic of virtue ethics?
A. Virtue ethics is the branch of ethics that makes prescriptions about how one should go about deciding what is or would be the morally right course of action
B. Virtue ethics is the non-prescriptive branch of ethics that analyzes the meaning of moral terms and critically examines concepts and forms of argument used in moral reasoning
C. Virtue ethics is the branch of ethics of ethics that focuses on the conditions under which it makes sense to hold people morally responsible for their actions
D. Virtue ethics is the branch of prescriptive ethics that focuses on the qualities of a virtuous person or person of good character, and on how the ideals of virtue should be cultivated within organizations and society
E. Virtue ethics is the branch of ethics that engages primarily on the critique of macroeconomic policies

D. Virtue ethics is the branch of prescriptive ethics that focuses on the qualities of a virtuous person or person of good character, and on how the ideals of virtue should be cultivated within organizations and society

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Which one of the following best describes the difference between teleological and deontological theories of ethics?
A. Teleological theories focus on maximizing pleasure in people’s lives; deontological theories on maximizing knowledge
B. Teleological theories focus on treating people fairly; deontological theories on maximizing human well-being
C. Teleological theories associate right actions with good consequences; deontological theories associate right actions with considerations other than consequences
D. Teleological theories focus on maximizing preference satisfaction in society; deontological theories on maximizing liberty

C. Teleological theories associate right actions with good consequences; deontological theories associate right actions with considerations other than consequences

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Which one of the following best characterizes the meaning of moral responsibility?
A. Acquiring wealth and maximizing profit potential
B. Holding oneself and others accountable for choices and actions
C. Claiming a benefit as an entitlement
D. Being an honest person
E. Treating people without discrimination

B. Holding oneself and others accountable for choices and actions

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Which one of the following was not identified by the instructor as a basic concept in ethics?
A. Right choice
B. Rights entitlement
C. Responsibility
D. Empirical inquiry
E. Fairness

D. Empirical Inquiry

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Which one of the following best characterizes the distinction between negative and positive rights?
A. Negative rights protect freedoms; positive rights preserve nurturing relationships
B. Negative rights are associated with welfare rights; positive rights are associated with natural rights
C. Negative rights define entitlements not to be harmed; positive rights define entitlements to benefits
D. Negative rights are backed by custom; positive rights are backed by coercion

C. Negative rights define entitlements not to be harmed; positive rights define entitlements to benefits

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Which of the following is the best characterization of conduct ethics?
A. Conduct ethics is a branch of prescriptive ethics that focuses on the qualities of a virtuous person or person of good character, and on how ideals of virtue should be cultivated within organizations and society
B. Conduct ethics is the branch of ethics that engages primarily on the critique of macroeconomic policies
C. Conduct ethics is the branch of ethics that makes prescriptions about how one should go about deciding what is or would be the morally right course of action
D. Conduct ethics is the non-prescriptive branch of ethics that analyzes the meaning of moral terms and critically examines the concepts and forms of argument used in moral reasoning
E. Conduct ethics is the branch of ethics that focuses on the conditions under which it makes sense to hold people morally responsible for their actions.

C. Conduct ethics is the branch of ethics that makes prescriptions about how one should go about deciding what is or would be the morally right course of action

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Which one of the following is the best example of a moral rule (as opposed to a rule of etiquette, a rule of logic, or a procedural convention without harmful consequences or implications)?
A. Parking permits should be displayed on the lower right side of the vehicle’s rear window
B. Human artifacts should play a minor role in landscape paintings
C. Agreements that have been entered into voluntarily should be kept
D. One should reply to letters of inquiry within two days
E. Committees should be chaired by members with the greatest seniority

C. Agreements that have been entered into voluntarily should be kept

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Which of the following is the best characteristics or metaethics (analytic ethics)?
A. Metaethics is the branch of ethics that focuses on the conditions under which it makes sense to hold people morally responisble for their actions
B. Metaethics is the branch of ethics that makes prescriptions about how one should go about deciding what is or would be the morally right course of action
C. Metaethics is the branch of descriptive ethics that focuses on identifying basic moral beliefs within cultures and highlighting cultural differences
D. Metaethics is the branch of descriptive ethics that analyzes the meaning of moral terms and critically
examines concepts and forms of argument used in moral reasoning
E. Metaethics is the branch of prescriptive ethics that focuses on the qualities of a virtuous person or person of good character, and on how the ideals of virtue should be cultivated within organizations and society

D. Metaethics is the branch of descriptive ethics that analyzes the meaning of moral terms and critically examines concepts and forms of argument used in moral reasoning

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Which of the following approaches to ethics requires developing an account of what constitutes well-being in human life (a theory of value), in terms of which consequences can be evaluated?
A. Divine command ethics
B. Utilitarian ethics
C. Relativistic ethics
D. Nomadic ethics

B. Utilitarian ethics

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Which one of the theory best characterizes the meaning of “intrinsic value”?
A. An intrinsic value is a value that leads to an abundance of other values
B. An intrinsic value is the value that is universally valued
C. An intrinsic value is something that is good in and of itself, i.e. something that is good for its own sake
D. An intrinsic value is something that is good as a means to some other value

C. An intrinsic value is something that is good in and of itself, i.e. something that is good for its own sake

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Which one of the following best characterizes the theory of value termed “hedonism”?
A. Pleasure in an intrinsic value and the criterion of other intrinsic values
B. Blind pursuit of immediate pleasure often leads to pain and suffering
C. The experience of pleasure is a good but not an adequate measure of human excellence
D. Pleasure is better than pain

A. Pleasure in an intrinsic value and the criterion of other intrinsic values

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Gus Speth identified four basic trends related to pollution and declining environmental health. Which one of the following is NOT one of these trends?
A. From modest to huge quantities
B. From gross insults to microtoxicity
C. From adequate to inadequate media coverage
D. From First World to Third World
E. From local effects to global effects

C. From adequate to inadequate media coverage

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Gus Speth identified four basic "drivers" of environmental and ecological decline. Which one of the following is not one of these drivers?
A. Population growth
B. Economic growth
C. Market failure
D. Radical religious beliefs
E. Political failure

D. Radical religious beliefs

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Which one of the following is the best estimate of global human population growth over the 20th century?
A. An increase of 10%
B. An increase of 80%
C. A two-fold increase (doubling)
D. A three-fold increase (tripling)
E. A four-fold increase (quadrupling)

E. A four-fold increase (quadrupling)

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Which of the following is the best estimate of the magnitude of increase of worldwide economic output during the 20th century?
A. A two-fold increase
B. A three-fold increase
C. A five-fold increase
D. A twenty-fold increase

D. A twenty-fold increase

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According to William Rees, the "ecological footprint" of Vancouver, B.C. is estimated to be how many times greater than available resources within this metropolitan to meet regional demand?
A. 2 times greater
B. 5 times greater
C. 12 times greater
D. 100 times greater

C. 12 times greater

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Which of the following best characterizes the meaning of the term “net primary production”?
A. The amount of energy required to sustain human life
B. The amount of energy in Earth’s biosphere
C. The amount of energy produced by photosynthesizing organisms in excess of what those organisms require for their own growth and development

C. The amount of energy produced by photosynthesizing organisms in excess of what those organisms require for their own growth and development

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Who is the author of the following: "All the problems we face can be dealt with using existing technologies. And almost everything we need to do to move the world economy onto an environmentally sustainable path has been done in one or more countries"?
A. Gus Speth
B. Lester Brown
C. Donald Duck
D. President Obama

B. Lester Brown

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According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, what taxonomic group of vertebrates faces the greatest threat of extinction?
A. Amphibians
B. Mammals
C. Birds
D. Rainforests

A. Amphibians

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The World Wide Fund for Nature warns that the bio-regenerative capacity of the planet has already been exceeded. According to this international organization, if the current level of demand on Earth's natural resources remains the same, how many "Earth's" would be required to meet human wants and needs by 2050?
A. 1/2 Earth
B. 1 Earth
C. 1.5 Earth
D. 5 Earths

C. 1.5 Earths

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The author of the text suggests that environmental and ecological decline will likely go unabated without a much needed “counter-driver.” What counter-driver does the author single out as most needed?
A. A worldwide government capable of instituting and enforcing environmental protection measures
B. Renewal of the faith that science and technology are capable of solving all the problems we face
C. Greater consensus among scientists that global warming is occurring and is primarily caused by human activity
D. A widely held attitude of respect for nature

D. A widely held attitude of respect for nature

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Which one of the following is the definition of “wildlands” provided by Conservation International?
A. Lands that retain 70% of their original vegetation and have a human population of less than 5 people per km
B. Lands that pose significant risk to visiting humans
C. Lands that retain at least 90% of their original vegetation and have no human inhabitants
D. Lands that exhibit conditions much the same as those that existed at the dawn of human civilization
E. Lands that are legally protected

A. Lands that retain 70% of their original vegetation and have a human population of less than 5 people per km

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Who is the author of this statement: "In wildness is the preservation of the world"?
A. Gus Speth
B. Lester Brown
C. Henry David Thoreau
D. Benjamin Franklin

C. Henry David Thoreau

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``` Which one of the following Christian saints wrote the following: "We conclude, then, that lifeless beings exist for living beings, plants for animals, and the latter for man. The whole of material nature exists for man, inasmuch as he is a rational animal"? A. Saint Thomas Aquinas B. Saint Francis of Assisi C. Saint Augustine D. Saint Joan of Arc E. Saint Byron of Boise ```

A. Saint Thomas Aquinas

``` Which one oft eh following Enlightenment philosophers developed a dualistic ontology-- the view that there are two irreducibly different kinds of reality, mind and matter-- and argued that the existence of one's own mind can be known with certainty? A. John Locke B. Rene Descartes C. David Hume D. Jean Jacques Rousseau E. Charles Darwin ```

B. Rene Descartes

Which one of the following is NOT a line of criticism against the definition of "nature" given in the Wilderness Act of 1964 (as 'places untrammeled by man, without permanent improvement and human habitation, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain')? A. Wilderness thus conceived dilutes responsibility for protecting areas that are less than pristine B. Wilderness thus conceived requires intensive and continuous human management C. Wilderness thus conceived flies in the fact that change and adaptability to change are basic dynamics in evolving ecosystems, not constancy D. Wilderness thus conceived is ethnocentric and deprives people living in undeveloped countries the opportunity to achieve the standards of living achieved by people living in developed countries E. Wilderness thus conceived will inevitably hasten the destruction of rain forests and other valuable ecosystems

E. Wilderness thus conceived will inevitably hasten the destruction of rain forests and other valuable ecosystems

Which one of the following is NOT a line of criticism against the view that any conception of nature is inescapably a cultural construct and fails to reveal nature as it "really is"? A. Postmodernism traps itself in a contradiction; it inconsistently privileges own conception of nature as non-relativist truth B. Rigorous on-going science is capable of revealing physical reality as it "really is" C. It is misleading to erect a sharp distinction between perception and what is perceived - between knowing subjects and known objects, between culture and nature - and then to construct a reductive explanation of one in terms of the other D. However nature is or has been represented to be, it is just that: a representation that reflects cultural ways of perceiving and understanding

D. However nature is or has been represented to be, it is just that: a representation that reflects cultural ways of perceiving and understanding

``` Which of the following Christian saints wrote the following: "They do not consider how admirable these things [plants and animals] are in their own places, how excellent in their own natures, how beautifully adjusted to the rest of creation, how much grace they contribute to the universe by their own contributions, as to a commonwealth."? A. Saint Thomas Aquinas B. Saint Augustine C. Saint Joan of Arc D. Saint Johnson of New York ```

B. Saint Augustine

``` Which one of the following writers wrote the following: "As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive; and, as, consequently, there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence, it follows that any being, if it varies however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life, will have a better chance of surviving, and thus be naturally selected"? A. Lester Brown B. Charles Darwin C. Francis Bacon D. Sir Isaac Newton E. Rene Descartes ```

B. Charles Darwin

Which one of the following is NOT true of Francis Bacon? A. He was an Enlightenment thinker B. He saw science as a necessary tool for controlling nature for human benefit C. He formulated the rudiments of the scientific method D. He is famous for arguing "I think, therefore I am."

D. He is famous for arguing "I think, therefore I am."

``` Which one of the following theologians wrote the following: "Be praised, my Lord, with all your creatures... Be praised my Lord, for our Sister Mother Earth, who nourishes and governs us, and produces various fruits with many-colored flowers and herbs... Praise and bless the Lord, and give thanks and serve him with great humility."? A. Saint Francis of Assisi B. Martin Luther C. John Calvin D. Joseph Smith ```

A. Saint Francis of Assisi

Which one of the following is NOT (according to the instructor) a primary factor in contributing to a respectful attitude toward nature? A. Rekindling felt connections B. Telling life's epic story C. Understanding complex systems D. Taking stock of nature's manifold value E. Reaffirming faith in human technological capability to solve environmental and ecological problems

E. Reaffirming faith in human technological capability to solve environmental and ecological problems

Which one of the following best describes what is meant by the term "ecological services"? A. The services performed by microbial and other non-human organisms B. The services that are priced and accounted for in the financial systems C. The services performed by waste disposal companies D. The services performed by pest extermination companies

A. The services performed by microbial and other non-human organisms

``` If the history of life on Earth were condensed in a movie lasting one year, the first human agricultural communities would appear at about what time? A. About May 15 B. With about a month left C. With about two days left D. With less than two minutes left ```

D. With less than two minutes left

Which of the following statements best conveys the meaning of Gary Snyder's poem "The Call of the Wild"? A. The coyote's howl is in danger of being silenced by the advance of civilization B. Loss of the coyote's call is a loss of wildness not only in nature but in our psyches as well C. Loss of the coyote is a gain for cattlemen but a loss for ecosystems in which the coyote is the top predator D. Reintroduction of the coyote in Yellowstone National Park is imperative

B. Loss of the coyote's call is a loss of wildness not only in nature but in our psyches as well

According to Jeanine Benyus in her book, Biomimicry, which of the following is NOT one of nature's ways? A. Nature runs on sunlight B. Nature fits form to function C. Nature is like a clock designed by a designer to keep perfect time D. Nature recycles everything and wastes nothing E. Nature banks on diversity

C. Nature is like a clock designed by a designer to keep perfect time

Which one of the following best characterizes what Edmund Burke called the experience of the sublime? A. An appreciation of beauty B. A feeling of sheer terror when one is confronted by menacing forces that one cannot control C. A powerful and strangely pleasing emotion produced in the human mind by "terrible objects," objects whose magnitude of power is so great that they evoke a sense of awe and the realization that ones own existence is tenuous, limited, or small in comparison D. A feeling of thankfulness for nature's bounty

C. A powerful and strangely pleasing emotion produced in the human mind by "terrible objects," objects whose magnitude of power is so great that they evoke a sense of awe and the realization that ones own existence is tenuous, limited, or small in comparison

``` Which one of the following writers is the author of the following: "In creating the planet Earth, its living forms, and its human intelligence, the universe has found, so far as we know, the most elaborate manifestation of its deepest mystery. Here, in human form, the universe is able to reflect on and celebrate itself in a unique mode of conscious self-awareness."? A. Holmes Rolston B. Thomas Berry C. Edmund Burke D. Martin Heidegger E. Charles Darwin ```

B. Thomas Berry

The mechanistic-deterministic model posits that predictive certainty is, in principle, possible, and that phenomena studied in psychology can, in principle, be fully explained by phenomena studied in physics, chemistry, and biology. Is this statement true or false?

True

Which author played a key role in the development of the chaos-complexity theory?

Edward Lorenz (B)

Which one of the following best describes James Lovelock's "Gaia hypothesis"? A. Earth's processes are designed to maximize diversity and complexity B. Earth is a very large self-organizing entity capable of regulating the mix and concentration of atmospheric gases in ways that make life possible C. Earth was created by the Greek goddess, Gaia D. Earth's processes are fully explicable in terms of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

A. Earth's processes are designed to maximize diversity and complexity

Per the instructor, an entity is not reasonably regarded as being morally considerable in its own right unless several conditions are met. Which one of the following is NOT one of these conditions? A. That a candidate entity is self-regulating B. That a candidate entity is capable of being harmed C. That a candidate entity is capable of moral agency D. That a candidate entity possess or exhibit a characteristic that is of value to the entity in question and is deserving of respect

C. That a candidate entity is capable of moral agency

Per the definition of "moral standing" given by the instructor, which one of the following statements is NOT entailed by the claim that any entity, X, has moral standing? A. Any obligation owed to X is an obligation owed directly to X B. The question of the permissibility of harm to X is a relevant moral question, whether or not any human is harmed thereby C. Harm to X is never morally justified

C. Harm to X is never morally justified

Which one of the following best characterizes the "antropocentrist's" position on moral standing? A. All and only humans have moral standing B. Humans and sentient animals have moral standing C. All organisms have moral standing D. All organisms and their genomic kinds (species) have moral standing

A. All and only humans have moral standing

Which writer formulated the "convergence hypothesis" and is regarded as a leading proponent of "soft" anthropocentrism?

Bryan Norton (A)

Which of the following arguments is not a line of criticism against antropocentrism? A. It is impossible to formulate a rationality criterion that includes all humans and excludes all non-humans B. Anthropocentrism is "speciesism" and no less discriminatory than racism and sexism C. An ethic that begins with the premise that non-human life and life systems lack moral standing will inevitably favor humans and will, ipso facto, lead to inevitable long-term degradation of nature D. No justifactory arguments for environmental stewardship can be made from an anthropocentric perspective

D. No justifactory arguments for environmental stewardship can be made from an anthropocentric perspective

Which one of the following statements could NOT be made consistently by an antropocentric theorist? A. Animals should not be mistreated because such treatment leads to the cruel treatment of human beings B. Only the interests of human beings are relevant in moral decision making C. Pollution should be controlled for the benefit of future generations of human beings D. My obligation not to be cruel to Sue's dog is an obligation owed to Sue E. My obligation not to be cruel to Sue's dog is an obligation owed to both Sue and her dog

E. My obligation not to be cruel to Sue's dog is an obligation owed to both Sue and her dog

Which writer is the author of the following: "Ecofeminists insist that the sort of logic of domination used to justify the domination of humans by gender, racial, ethnic, or class status is also used to justify the domination of nature."?

Karen Warren (A)

Which one of the following best describes the distinction between "hard" and "soft" anthropocentrism? A. The "hard" antropocentrist maintains that humans are superior to non-human biotic entities; the "soft" anthropocentrist maintains that the policy implications of a broadly formulated and farsighted antropocentrism and non-anthropocentrism will be identical B. "Hard" anthropocentrism presupposes a Darwinian theory of human origins; "soft" anthropocentrism is compatible with a creationist account of human origins C. "Hard" anthropocentrism is too hard; "soft" anthropocentrism is too soft

A. The "hard" antropocentrist maintains that humans are superior to non-human biotic entities; the "soft" anthropocentrist maintains that the policy implications of a broadly formulated and farsighted antropocentrism and non-anthropocentrism will be identical

The instructor contends that the concept of moral standing and the concept of moral significance are one and the same concept. Is this statement true or false?

False

The instructor uses the predicates "has moral standing," "counts morally," and "is morally considerable" synonymously? Is this statement true or false?

True

Which one of the following best characterizes the vertebracentric position on moral standing? A All living beings have moral standing B. All living beings and the species of which they are members have moral standing C. All sentient animals that are capable of feeling pleasure and pain have moral standing D. Only humans have moral standing

C. All sentient animals that are capable of feeling pleasure and pain have moral standing

Which writer is the author of the following: "The question is not whether animals can think? Nor can they talk? But can they suffer?

Jeremy Bentham (C)

Which of the following is the best statement of Peter Singer's criterion of moral standing? A. The capacity to be an experiencing subject of life B. The capacity to know the difference between right and wrong and take responsibility for one's actions C. The capacity to anticipate death D. The capacity to experience pain and suffering E. The capacity to reason.

D. The capacity to experience pain and suffering

Which one of the following is the best characterization of Tom Regan's criterion of moral standing? A. The capacity to be an experiencing subject of a life. B. The capacity to develop moral theories and systems of law C. The capacity to predict future events D. The capacity to experience pain and suffering E. The capacity to solve complex math problems

A. The capacity to be an experiencing subject of a life.

Which writer emphasizes that sympathetic caring is the wellspring of moral response, and that such caring dictates who or what should be regarded as being morally considerable?

Iris Murdoch (B)

A "vertabracentrist" contends that both humans and sentient animals should be regarded as having moral standing, whereas an "anthropocentrist" argues that only humans should be regarded as having moral standing. Is this a reasonably accurate characterization of the two positions?

Yes

Which writer is the author of the following: "So to conclude: there are no good reasons, scientific or philosophical, for denying that vertebrate animals feel pain. If we do not doubt that others feel pain, we should not doubt that other animals do so too... Animals can feel pain."?

Peter Singer (A)

Which writer is the author of the following: "If a being suffers, there can be no moral justification for refusing to take that suffering into consideration. No matter what the nature of the being, the principle of equality requires that its suffering be counted equally with the like suffering - insofar as rough comparisons can be made - of any other being."?

Peter Singer (A)

Peter Singer argues that the moral requirement of giving like consideration to like interests in moral deliberation also requires that entities having like interests always be treated identically. Is this statement true or false?

False

Fewer animals would be regarded as having moral standing under Regan's criterion than under Singer's. Is this statement true or false?

True

Which writer is the author of the following: "What's wrong- what's fundamentally wrong- with the way animals are treated isn't the details that vary from case to case..? The fundamental wrong is the system that allows us to view animals as our resources, here for us - to be eaten, or surgically manipulated, or put in our crosshairs for sport or money"?

Tom Regan (A)

DeGrazia distinguishes three ways in which sentient animals may be said to have moral rights, i.e., three meanings of the term "rights" when rights are ascribed to sentient animals. Which one of the following is NOT one of these meanings (senses)? A. The moral status sense: the claim that the question of the moral justifiability of harm to a sentient animal is a relevant moral question B, The equal consideration sense: the claim that equal consideration should be given to comparable human and non-human harms C. The utility-trumping sense: the claim that certain types of harm (e.g., confinement and death) to certain sentient animals (e.g., Great Apes and dolphins) are never morally justified by associated human benefits D. The divine commandment sense: the claim that God has ordained that certain animals not be harmed in certain ways

D. The divine commandment sense: the claim that God has ordained that certain animals not be harmed in certain ways

DeGrazia suggest that there are three basic ways is which human actions can harm animals. Which one of the following is NOT one of these ways? A. The harm of suffering B. The harm of confinement C. The harm of death D. The harm of not protecting prey from predators

D. The harm of not protecting prey from predators

Which one of the following is not one of DeGrazia's fifteen moral norms? A. Don't cause uneccessary harm to any sentient animal B. Make every reasonable effort not to provide financial support for institutions that cause or support unecessary harm to sentient animals C. Don't cause significant suffering to any sentient animal for the sake of your or others' enjoyment D. The presumption against killing humans, Great Apes, and dolphins is virtually absolute E. The keeping of wild animals as pets is morally permissible if and only if their needs are fully met by their human owners

E. The keeping of wild animals as pets is morally permissible if and only if their needs are fully met by their human owners

None of DeGrazia's fifteen moral norms presuppose the principle of equal consideration. Is this statement true or false?

False

Singer argues that the eating of farm animals is morally acceptable on utilitarian grounds if they are reared and killed painlessly without suffering. Is this statement true or false?

True

Who wrote the following in a debate with Singer in an on-line magazine Slate: "When kindness toward animals is levered into a duty of weighting the pains of animals and people equally, bizarre vistas of social engineering are opened up"?

Judge Richard Posner (C)

Which writer is the author of the following; "I have argued that equal consideration for animals is more reasonable than its denial, given the failure of opponents of equal consideration to meet their burden of proof"?

David DeGrazia (C)

Which one of the following is NOT a line of criticism against Tom Regan's animal ethics? A. An ethics that would totally eliminate the use of animals in science, commercial animal agriculture, and sport hunting is too extreme and cannot be take seriously B. Regan does not provide a convincing explanation of his claim that being a subjective center of life is an inherent value C. Regan's ethics is incapable of making a needed distinction between domestic and wild animals, or between invasive and native(endemic) species D. Regan's ethics denies that some vertebrates other than mammals experience pain and suffering

D. Regan's ethics denies that some vertebrates other than mammals experience pain and suffering

Singer contends that sex with animals is morally permissible if the relationship is mutually satisfying and if no cruelty is involved. Is this statement true or false?

True

Which one of the following best describes the "biocentric" position on moral standing? A. The capacity to reason - to think and communicate symbolically, to know the truth, to discern right and wrong to take responsibility for one's actions, to create and appreciate works of aesthetic value - is the only acceptable criterion of moral considerability B. The capacity to feel pleasure and pain -- to feel delight, joy, and contentment as well as discomfort, distress, and frustration - is what makes a living being morally considerable in its own right C. The capacity to self-actualize - to realize a good-of-a-kind, to progress developmentally toward a valued end-state, to track and realize value, to actualize biological potential, to process vast amounts of information directing life paths, to be value-able in this way - is what makes an entity morally considerable in its own right

C. The capacity to self-actualize - to realize a good-of-a-kind, to progress developmentally toward a valued end-state, to track and realize value, to actualize biological potential, to process vast amounts of information directing life paths, to be value-able in this way - is what makes an entity morally considerable in its own right

Who wrote "Nothing more than the condition of being alive seems to me to be a plausible and non-arbitrary criterion of moral considerability," and suggested that "The core of moral concern lies in respect for self-sustaining organization and integration in the face of pressures toward high entropy"?

Kenneth Goodpaster (B)

Which writer is the author of the following, " A sentient valuer is not necessary for value.... The axiological scales we construct do not constitute value, any more than the scientific scales we erect create what we thereby measure"?

Holmes Rolston (C)

Paul Taylor argued that all living beings ("all teleological centers of activity") have equal inherent value. Is this statement true or false?

True

All biocentrists argue that species as well as individual members of species are real biological entities whose independent moral standing ought to be acknowledged. True or False?

False

Which one of the following is NOT a central belief in what Taylor calls "a biocentric outlook on nature"? A. The belief that humans are an integral part of nature B. The belief that all living beings exist in a system of interdependence C. The belief that all organisms are teleological centers of activity that pursue their own good in their own way D. The belief that all humans are not inherently superior to other living beings E. The belief that humans are inherently superior to all other living beings

E. The belief that humans are inherently superior to all other living beings

``` Which one of the following is NOT one of the prima facie duties that Taylor argues that humans owe to non-human individuals? A. The duty of nonmaleficence B. The duty of noninterference C. The duty of fidelity D. The duty of supererogation E. The duty of restitutive justice ```

D. The duty of supererogation

Which one of the following best describes (per Taylor) the duty of fidelity? A. The duty not to harm any entity that has a good of its own B. The duty to refrain from placing restriction on the freedom of an entity having a good of its own and interfering with processes that occur naturally in species-populations and ecosystems C. The duty not to break a trust with any wild animal capable of being deceived or misled, particularly when the trust has been establish as a result of past human behavior D. The duty to restore the balance of justice between a moral agent and a moral subject: between a human perpetrator of harm and a non-human victim of harm

C. The duty not to break a trust with any wild animal capable of being deceived or misled, particularly when the trust has been establish as a result of past human behavior

Which writer is the author of the following: "If, in this world of uncertain moral convictions, it makes any sense to claim that one ought not to kill individuals, without justification, it makes more sense to claim that one ought not to superkill the species, without justification"?

Holmes Rolston (C)

Which one of the following is NOT a line of criticism leveled at Paul Taylor's biocentric ethics? A. His principle of minimum wrong contradicts his principle of equal inherent worth B. His principle of distributive justice - requiring that equal shares of a critically needed resouce be allocated to all affected lives when human activity is directly responsible for a resource shortage - is so radical and so disadvantageous to humans that it cannot be taken seriously C. Taylor's biocentric individualism fails to recognize the central role and moral significance of collective wholes in nature (species and ecosystems) D. Taylor's biocentric individualism fails to provide rules intended to resolve conflicts between human and non-human interests

C. Taylor's biocentric individualism fails to recognize the central role and moral significance of collective wholes in nature (species and ecosystems)

Which writer is the author of A Sand Country Almanac, the last section of which is titled "The Land Ethics"?

Aldo Leopold (D)

``` Which of the following was NOT a pioneer in the emerging science of ecology during the 20th Century? A. Frederick Clements B. Charles Elton C. Arthur Tansley D. Baird Callicott ```

D. Baird Callicott

Which writer likened the work of an ecologist to that of a doctor?

Frederick Clements (A)

Which writer described the work of late 20th century ecologist as "ecology of chaos"?

Donald Worster (A)

Which writer stated "The land ethic changes the role of Homo sapiens from the conqueror of the land-community to plain member and citizen of it. It implies respect for his fellow members and also respect for the community as such"?

Aldo Leopold (A)

Which one of the following beliefs is LEAST likely to be held by an ecocentric theorist? A. The belief that the science of ecology should play a role in moral decision making B. The belief that communities of life have moral standing C. The belief that the good of individuals takes precedence over the good of the whole D. The belief that the good of both members (parts) and the larger biotic community (the whole) ought to be taken into moral consideration

C. The belief that the good of individuals takes precedence over the good of the whole

Which writer is the author of the following: "While I agree with Callicott's identification of 'integrity' as the key concept in environmental ethics and management, we nevertheless differ strongly regarding how to interpret this conceptual centerpiece of the land ethic"?

Bryan Norton (E)

Which writer is the author of the following: "A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community... [and] wrong when it tends otherwise"?

Aldo Leopold (A)

Gifford Pichnot championed the proposal to dam the Hetch Hetchy River in a valley adjacent to Yosemite National Park as a source of water for San Francisco; John Muir opposed this project. True or False

True

The Hetch Hetchy Dam was built. True or False

True

Which one of the following is NOT an assumption made in classical resource economics? A. Resources needed for unabated economic growth will continue to exist in abundance B. The natural environment will be able to absorb the wastes by - products of economic growth without significantly diminishing regenerative capacity C. When sporadic resource scarcities occur, technology is capable of providing resource substitutes indefinitely D. The costs associated with diminishing natural capital are adequately accounted for in traditional cost accounting systems

D. The costs associated with diminishing natural capital are adequately accounted for in traditional cost accounting systems

A "weak" sustainability theorist contends that a lack of fish can be dealt with by building more fishing boats and implementing more efficient fishing methods; a "strong" sustainability theorist contends that more fishing boats and improved technology are useless if there are too few fish and that catches must be limited to ensure adequate fish populations for tomorrow's fishermen and consumers." Is this how the difference between "weak" and "strong" sustainability is characterized in the text?

Yes

Which economic theorists wrote "Our technological prowess feeds the common belief that humans and their economies have become increasingly independent of nature; in actuality, however, modern high income economies are becoming increasingly indebted to nature and are running massive unsustainable ecological deficits with the rest of the world... Technology and trade have merely obscured this relational truth by displacing the negative consequences of growth to distant ecosystems and the future"?

William Rees (C)

Which writer argued that growth becomes uneconomic and eventually impossible when rates of consumption of renewable resources exceed renewal rates, rates of consumption of nonrenewable resources exceed the rate of development of resource substitutes, and/or rates of waste generation exceed the capacity of ecosystems to absorb and recycle those wastes"?

Herman Daly (B)

In regard to the debate over responsibilities owed to future generations, which one of the following best represents the libertarian position? A. Future generations have the basic moral right not to be deprived of what is needed for their well-being B. We are morally bound to future generations by virtue of moral our cultural links with them C. We should think of future generations in the same way the heads of families think about family members yet to be born D. Privatization of resources represents the best prospect that the needs of future generations will be met; private owners, not governmental agencies, are the best surrogates of the interests of yet-to-be-born humans

D. Privatization of resources represents the best prospect that the needs of future generations will be met; private owners, not governmental agencies, are the best surrogates of the interests of yet-to-be-born humans

Which author wrote the following "Clean air is not something we choose, as we might choose a necktie or a cigarette, but reflects what we value and who we are as a people. Our environmental goals are not to be construed simply as interests to be priced by markets"?

Mark Sagoff (C)

Which writer is the author of the following "While there is much that we cannot know about the well-being of future people....., there are fundamental facts that we do know: that the will be humans with well-known biotic requirements to sustain their health; that they will be sentient and have a capacity to reason and choose among alternative futures; that, if they are to live and flourish, they must be sustained by functioning ecosystems, and that they will require stable social institutions and the knowledge and skills that will enable them to meet and overcome problems that may occur during their lifetimes"?

Ernest Partridge (E)

Which author wrote "My economic research has convinced me that Americans can have all the wilderness, timber, wildlife, fish, and other forest resources they want. Apparent shortages of any of these resources are due solely to the Forest Service's failure to sell them at market prices"?

Peter O'Toole (C)

Which writer coined the term "ecological footprint"?

William Rees (B)

Which one of the following historically important documents provided this definition of sustainability: "Sustainable development is development that needs the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs"? A. The Declaration of Independence (1776) B. Report of the Office of Technology Assessment to the 100th Congress (1987) C. Report of the Brundtland Commission to the United Nations (1987) D. Report of the Cheney Commission to President George H. Bush (2006)

C. Report of the Brundtland Commission to the United Nations (1987)

``` Which one of the following is NOT one of the life-centered ethical principles presented in Chapter 6? A. Principle of Care B. Principle of Moral Permissibility C. Principle of Distributive Justice D. Principle of Moral Consieration E. Principle of Restitution ```

C. Principle of Distributive Justice

``` Which one of the following is NOT one of the harm types distinguished in Chapter 6 to characterize the respect(s) in which a predicted impact may be harmful? A. Emotional distress B. Resource deprivation C. Proliferation D. Functional impairment E. Physical injury ```

C. Proliferation

``` Which one of the following is NOT on of the harm parameters employed in Chapter 6 to specify how harmful a predicted impact may be? A. Extent B. Onset C. Distressibility D. Remediability ```

C. Distressibility

The Principle of Restitution states that shares of human-caused resource scarcity ought to be allocated equally among all affected morally considerable entities. True or False?

False

Which writer contends that the time has come for courts to appoint guardian-attorneys to represent recognized non-human rights?

Christopher Stone (B)

The author of the text urges continuing discussion of expanded right protection for non-human forms of lie and argues that the primary focus of this discussion should be on positive rights protections. True or false?

False

``` What environmental legislation in the US provides legal rights protection for non-human biological entities? A. The Environmental Protection Act B. The Clean Water Act C. The Clean Air Act D. The Endangered Species Act ```

D. The Endangered Species Act

Per the principle of restitution, which of the following would most likely be judged to be morally justified? A. Providing medical aid to a wild animal that has been illegally trapped on public lands B. Feeding a wild animal C. Protecting a wild animal from a natural predator D. Separating a dominant bull elk from a herd to prevent injuries to younger less mature bulls

A. Providing medical aid to a wild animal that has been illegally trapped on public lands

Which one of the following is NOT associated with the principle of precaution: the principle that decision makers should postpone risky projects until there is conclusive evidence that they are acceptably safe and not use uncertainty about the risks involved as an excuse for "going ahead"? A. The "Rio Declaration" of the 1992 Earth Summit B. The "Wingspread Statement" issued at the 1998 meeting of the Science and Environment Network C. The European Union 2000 Commission on the Precautionary Principle D. The Kyoto Protocol formulated in conjunction with the UN Convention on Climate Change and ratified by the US Congress in 2005

D. The Kyoto Protocol formulated in conjunction with the UN Convention on Climate Change and ratified by the US Congress in 2005

If value weighting is used in connection with the evaluation model presented in Chapter 6, it is the author's contention that weights should be assigned to predicted impacts (those judged to be most harmful), not to aggregate entity types and not to aggregate harm types. True or false?

True

Which one of the following is the best characterization of virtue ethics? A Virtue ethics focuses on the formulation of action-guiding moral principles B. Virtue ethics focuses on the meaning of moral terms C. Virtue ethics focuses on the conditions under which it makes sense to hold people morally responsible for their actions D. Virtue ethics focuses on the conditions of a morally good person - on the elements of good character - and on how those qualities can and should be cultivated

D. Virtue ethics focuses on the conditions of a morally good person - on the elements of good character - and on how those qualities can and should be cultivated

``` Which one of the following is NOT emphasized by the author of the text as a primary environmental virtue? A. Humility B. Respect C. Gratefulness D. Prudence E. Responsibilty ```

D. Prudence

``` Which one of the following is NOT emphasized by the author of the text as a primary environmental virtue? A. Humility B. Respect C. Gratefulness D. Prudence E. Responsibilty ```

D. Prudence

Which one of the following best captures the point of the aphorism "Principles without dispositions are impotent; dispositions without principles are blind"? A. Dispositions to act in certain ways are more fundamental than action-guiding principles B. Action-guiding principles are more basic in ethics than virtuous dispositions C. Principles require dispositions to think and act in the ways that principles prescribe, but value-based principles are needed to discern what dispositions are indeed virtues D. Statements about how one should go about deciding what one ought to do presuppose that there are basic moral truths

C. Principles require dispositions to think and act in the ways that principles prescribe, but value-based principles are needed to discern what dispositions are indeed virtues

Per Ronald Sandler in Environmental Virtue Ethics, which one of the following is NOT a potential strategy for identifying environmental virtues? A. The extenstionist strategy B. The priority of principles over virtues strategy C. The human benefits strategy D. The consideration of human excellence strategy E. The study of the role models strategy

B. The priority of principles over virtues strategy

Which one of the following best characterizes the extensionist strategy? A. Extending the range of traditional interpersonal virtues to include human-nonhuman relationships B. Arguing that certain ways of treating non-human lives and life systems are advantageous to humans C. Arguing that human excellence comprehends not only ideals of how humans treat other humans but how humans treat non-human life D. Singling out the life and works of the certain individuals as inspiring exemplars of environmental virtue

A. Extending the range of traditional interpersonal virtues to include human-nonhuman relationships

Which one of the following is NOT a reason given by Louke van Wensveen in her book Dirty Virtues why virtue ethics is appealing to many contemporary environmentalists? A. Because virtue ethics provides a terminology for expressing concern about the environmental and ecological devastation that we see all around us B. Because virtue discourse allows and encourages the integration of emotion, thought, and action C. Because of the emphasis in ethics from the time of Plato and Aristotle until the Enlightenment was on the identification and cultivation of virtue, not on decision principles and rights D. Because virtue ethics emphasizes narratives and the power of example

C. Because of the emphasis in ethics from the time of Plato and Aristotle until the Enlightenment was on the identification and cultivation of virtue, not on decision principles and rights

``` Per Rosaline Hurtshouse in Ethics, Humans, and Other Animals, which of the following is a worthy candidate as a NEW environmental virtue, i.e., an important, but hithero underemphasized way that humans ought to be oriented toward the natural order? A. Being charitable B. Being fair C. Being courageous D. Being respectful E. Being generous ```

D. Being respectful

Hursthouse's analysis of what constitutes respect for nature is very close to the analysis provided by Paul Taylor. True or false?

False

Hursthouse's analysis of what constitutes respect for nature is very close to the analysis provided by Paul Taylor. True or false?

False

``` Which one of the following institutions was NOT singled out by the author of the text as playing a central role in the cultivation of environmental virtue? A. Religion B. Education C.. The news media D. Democratic governance ```

D. Democratic governance

The author of the text argued that attitudinal orientation is determined primarily by one's genetic inheritance. True or False?

False

The author of the text argued that attitudinal orientation is determined primarily by one's genetic inheritance. True or False?

False