Final (study with midterm)

Question 1

different data types (2)

Answer 1

stocks and flows

Question 2

4 different scales of measurement

Answer 2

nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio

Question 3

what is a nominal measurement?

Answer 3

set of categories (land use)

Question 4

what is an ordinal measurement?

Answer 4

order elements based on the degree to which they possess some characteristics (classes of roads)

Question 5

what is an interval measurement?

Answer 5

exact magnitudes, but no absolute zero (spot heights, temperature)

Question 6

what is a ratio measurement?

Answer 6

measures relative to an absolute zero point

Question 7

3 different types of surface geometry

Answer 7

discrete (0 elevation except at data points), stepped (change in value at neighborhood boundary), and continuous (no sharp breaks in surface, but can have steep slopes)

Question 8

advantages of dot maps (3)

Answer 8

simple to compile, clearly shows location details and spatial distribution of the values, and easy to understand

Question 9

disadvantages of dot maps (5)

Answer 9

do not show exact quantities, difficult to estimate absolute densities, limited to showing overall spatial patterns, usually limited to showing one variable unless use different symbols or colors, and not effective unless there are significant variations in density

Question 10

what is a nomograph

Answer 10

developed by J Ross MacKay, can be used to determine dot size by choosing three sample areas having low, average, and high density, and calculate the number of dots per sq cm required for low and high density areas

Question 11

two different types of isarithms

Answer 11

isometric lines based on data collected at specific points and isoplethic lines based on arbitrary points

Question 12

different characteristics of isolines (3)

Answer 12

closed loops, isolines never cross, and constant interval

Question 13

what is a topographic map?

Answer 13

maps that portray the shape or form of the land surface

Question 14

different types of contour inaccuracies

Answer 14

choice of contour interval (depends on terrain), and how do you depict overhanging cliffs, rock arches, and stepped surfaces

Question 15

what do optimal contour maps require? (4)

Answer 15

accurate ground survey, accurate photogrammetry (no clouds, forest), optimum choice of scale and contour interval, and accuracy standards

Question 16

what is jungraugruppe und aletschgletscher by E. Imhof a good example of?

Answer 16

a terrain map effectively using contours and colour

Question 17

challenges associated with terrain visualization (4)

Answer 17

accuracy dependent on measurement interval, technique is difficult, multiple techniques can be used in combination, and its hard to balance simplification and accuracy

Question 18

4 different types of cartographic abstraction

Answer 18

selection, generalization, classification, and symbolization

Question 19

different design considerations (5)

Answer 19

map purpose (determines emphasis), audience (skill of intended audience), topic (map projection), format and scale (constraints on design), and production/reproduction methods

Question 20

what is the importance of map design? (3)

Answer 20

maps are a form of communication, good design ensures correct interpretation, and good design reflects the needs of the user

Question 21

what are the five goals of map design?

Answer 21

clarity, visual contrast, figure-ground relationship, hierarchy, and balance

Question 22

what are the two different types of errors in map making?

Answer 22

inherent (positional, attribute, logical errors, and completeness) and operational errors (associated with the data)

Question 23

what is the US invasion of Grenada in 1983 an example of?

Answer 23

error, they relied on outdated british maps and accidentally bombed a hospital

Question 24

what is scale factor?

Answer 24

scale factor is ratio of actual map scale to principal map scale

Question 25

4 different types of maps (internet GIS)

Answer 25

simple static maps, basic interactive maps, interactive maps with visualization/analysis, and participatory - Web 2.0