Final study sheet Flashcards
A drug that can alter a person’s consciousness or experience.
Psychoactive drug
What is considered the psychoactive drug ?
7 points
- CNS Stimulant
- CNS Depressant
- Opioid
- Hallucinogens
- Cannabis
- Inhalants
- New psychoactive drugs
Name the Benzodiazepines
A.Valium
B.Xanax
C.Rohypol
Name all the CNS stimulants:
6 Points
1.Amphetamine
2.Methamphetamine
3.Cocaine
4.Crack
5.Ritalin
6. Coffee
Name all the CNS depressants
5 points
1.Barbiturates
2.Benzodiazepines
3. Methaqualone
4. GHB (Gamma Hydroxy Butyrate)
5. Alcohol
Name all the hallucinogens:
6 Points
- LSD
- Ketamine
- PCP
- Mescaline
- Psilocybin
6.MDMA
Name the inhalants:
4 Points
- Solvents
- Anesthetics
- Aerosois
- Nitrites
Name the Cannabinoids:
1.Marijuana
2. Hashish
Name the Opioids:
6 Points
- Heroin
- Opium
- Morphine
- Oxycodone
- Codine
- Hydrocodone
New psychoactive drugs:
3 Points
- Synthetic Opioids
- Synthetic Cathinones (Bath salts)
- Synthetic Cannabinoids
Any of several natural or synthetic drugs that relieve pain and cause drowsiness and/or euphoria.
Opioids
_________ reduce anxiety and cause mood changes, impaired muscular coordination, slurring of speech, and drowsiness or sleep. Mental functioning is also affected, but the degree varies from person to person and also depends on the kind of task the person is trying to do. Most people become drowsy with small doses, although a few become more active.
CNS Depressants
Primary Effects of central nervous system depressants
9 Points
- Sedation and Relaxation: CNS depressants slow down brain and spinal cord activity, producing calming effects.
- Drowsiness or Sleep: Small doses often cause sleepiness or even induce sleep.
- Reduced Anxiety: These drugs are commonly used to alleviate anxiety.
- Mood Changes: They can cause alterations in mood, ranging from mild euphoria to irritability.
- Motor Coordination: Impaired muscular coordination and slurred speech.
- Mental Functioning: Reduced cognitive abilities, including judgment, reasoning, and decision-making.
- Memory Loss: Some, like Rohypnol, can cause anterograde amnesia, leading to a loss of memory for events that occur under the drug’s influence.
- Confusion: Users may feel disoriented and have difficulty thinking clearly.
- Irritability or Abusiveness: In some cases, users may exhibit obstinate or aggressive behavior.
Frequent or consistent use of a drug or behavior that makes it difficult for the person to get along without it; the result of physiological and/or psychological adaptation that occurs in response to the substance or behavior; typically associated with tolerance and withdrawal but can also be based solely on behavioral factors such as compulsive use.
Dependence
Lower sensitivity to a drug or substance so that a given dose no longer exerts the usual effect and larger doses are needed.
Tolerance
The use of any substance in a manner inconsistent with legal or medical guidelines; may be associated with adverse social, psychological, or medical consequences; the use may be intermittent and with or without tolerance and physical dependence.
Substance misuse or Abuse
A cluster of symptoms involving cognitive, bodily, and social impairment related to the continued use of a substance; a single disorder measured on a continuum from mild to severe.
Substance use disorder
Physical and psychological symptoms that follow the interrupted use of a drug that a person has become dependent on; symptoms may be mild or life threatening.
Withdrawal
Who are the young people most likely to try drugs?
7 Points
- Male. Males are more likely than females to use almost all types of illicit drugs. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, fewer women use marijuana. Women tend to use smaller amounts of heroin and for less time, and they are less likely than men to inject it. National overdose deaths from prescription drugs, cocaine, and heroin are consistently higher in males than in females. However, females are just as likely as males to develop a substance use disorder.
2.Troubled childhood. Teens are more likely to try drugs if they have had behavioral issues in childhood, such as aggression, have suffered sexual or physical abuse, used tobacco at a young age, or suffer from certain mental or emotional problems.
- Thrill-seeker. Impulsivity and a sense of invincibility is a factor in drug experimentation.
- Dysfunctional family. A chaotic home life with poor supervision, constant tension or arguments, or parental abuse increases the risk of teen drug use. Having parents who misuse drugs or alcohol increases the risk for teen drug and alcohol use.
5.Trouble at school. Young people who are uninterested in school, or have problems at school, or have difficulty fitting in, are more likely to find a peer group that accepts drug use.
- Poor. Young people who live in disadvantaged areas are more likely to be around drugs at a young age.
- Adolescents engaged in risky sexual behavior. There is a relationship between drug use and risky sexual behavior, such as with adolescent girls who date boys two or more years older than themselves; they are more likely to use drugs.
Factors Associated with Not Using Drugs
4 Points
- Perception of Risk & Disapproval
People who see drug use as risky and disapprove of it are less likely to use drugs. - Positive Personal Traits
High self-esteem, strong self-concept, independence, and the ability to resist peer pressure make drug use less likely. - Resilient Skills
People with self-control, social competence, optimism, academic success, and religious involvement (beliefs and attendance) are less likely to use drugs. - Supportive Home Environment
Open communication and support from parents reduce the likelihood of drug use among young people.
How can perception of risk and disapproval prevent someone from using drugs ?
- Perception of Risk & Disapproval
People who see drug use as risky and disapprove of it are less likely to use drugs.
How can positive personal traits prevent someone from using drugs ?
- Positive Personal Traits
High self-esteem, strong self-concept, independence, and the ability to resist peer pressure make drug use less likely.
How can resilience skills prevent someone from using drugs ?
- Resilient Skills
People with self-control, social competence, optimism.academic success, and religious involvement (beliefs and attendance) are less likely to use drugs.
How can a supportive home environment prevent someone from using drugs ?
Supportive Home Environment
Open communication and support from parents reduce the likelihood of drug use among young people.
DSM V Criteria for substance abuse
4 categories
- Impaired Control
- Social Problems
- Risky Use
- Drug Effects
Explain Impaired control:
1.Taking the substance in larger amounts or over a longer period than was originally intended.
- Expressing a persistent desire to cut down on or regulate substance use, but being unable to do so.
- Spending a great deal of time getting the substance, using the substance, or recovering from its effects.
- Craving or experiencing an intense desire or urge to use the substance.
Explain Social problem ?
- Failing to fulfill major obligations at work, school, or home.
- Continuing to use the substance despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or worsened by the effects of its use.
- Giving up or reducing important social, school, work, or recreational activities because of substance use.
Explain Risky Use:
8.Using the substance in situations in which it is physically hazardous to do so.
- Continuing to use the substance despite the knowledge of having persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problems caused or worsened by substance use.
Explain Drug effects:
- Developing tolerance to the substance. When a person requires increased amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effect or notices a markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount, they have developed tolerance to the substance.
- Experiencing withdrawal. In someone who has maintained prolonged, heavy use of a substance, a drop in its concentration within the body can result in unpleasant physical and cognitive withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms vary for different drugs. For example, nausea, vomiting, and tremors are common withdrawal symptoms in people dependent on alcohol, opioids, or sedatives.
What is the severity scale for the DSMV ?
Mild:
Moderate:
Severe:
Severity:
Mild = 2–3 criteria
Moderate = 4–5 criteria
Severe = 6+ criteria
Characteristics of addictive behavior
- Compulsion and Loss of Control
Compulsive Use: An inability to resist the urge to engage in a behavior or use a substance, even when it causes harm.
Preoccupation: A fixation or obsession with the substance or activity.
Loss of Control: Difficulty in regulating the frequency, intensity, or duration of the behavior or substance use.
- Physical and Psychological Dependence
Tolerance: The need to consume larger amounts of a substance or engage in a behavior more intensely to achieve the desired effect.
Withdrawal: Unpleasant physical or emotional symptoms that occur when the substance or behavior is stopped.
- Negative Consequences
Impaired Daily Functioning: Addiction disrupts personal, professional, or academic responsibilities.
Social Impact: Strained or damaged relationships due to the addictive behavior.
Emotional and Mental Health Issues: Addiction is often linked with anxiety, depression, or other psychiatric disorders.
- Persistent Use Despite Harm
Risky Use: Continuing the behavior or substance use even in hazardous situations or knowing it worsens physical or psychological health.
Awareness Without Change: Recognizing the harm but being unable to stop or reduce the behavior.
- Behavioral Patterns
Reinforcement: Behaviors or substance use is repeated due to its rewarding effects (pleasure or relief from pain).
Habit Formation: Over time, the addictive activity becomes central to the person’s routine, often to the exclusion of other interests.
Cycle of Relapse and Remission: Periods of stopping and restarting the addictive behavior, indicative of its chronic nature.
- Cognitive Distortions
Cravings: Intense urges or desires to use the substance or engage in the behavior.
Distorted Thinking: Rationalizing or minimizing the risks and consequences of the addiction.
- Interpersonal and Social Problems
Conflict: Increased friction with family, friends, or coworkers due to the behavior or substance use.
Isolation: Withdrawal from social activities and relationships in favor of the addiction.
A response to an inert or innocuous substance given in place of an active drug.
Placebo effect
Effects of CNS Stimulants
- Increased Nervous System Activity:
- Accelerates heart rate.
- Raises blood pressure.
- Constricts blood vessels.
- Dilates pupils and bronchial tubes.
- Increases gastric and adrenal secretions.
- Enhances muscular tension and sometimes motor activity.
- Small doses make users feel awake, alert, and less fatigued or bored.
The intoxicating ingredient in fermented or distilled beverages; a colorless, pungent liquid.
Alcohol
Chemical properties of alcohol:
1.Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
2. Methanol (wood alcohol)
3. Isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol)
Two times the percentage of alcohol, by volume, in an alcoholic beverage; a “100-proof” beverage is 50% alcohol by volume.
Proof value
Amount of alcohol in standard drink
The amount of a beverage that typically contains about 0.6 ounces of alcohol; also called a standard drink.
What affects absorption of alcohol?
- Drinking Behavior
Speed of Drinking: Drinking quickly increases the rate of absorption, leading to a faster rise in blood alcohol concentration (BAC).
2.Type of Beverage:
Carbonated drinks (e.g., champagne) speed up absorption.
Drinks with artificial sweeteners (commonly in mixers) also increase the rate of absorption.
Highly concentrated beverages (e.g., hard liquor) slow absorption.
- Stomach Contents: Food slows down alcohol absorption by delaying its movement from the stomach to the small intestine, where most absorption occurs.The type of food and the amount consumed also play a role.
- Gastric Emptying
Rate of Stomach Emptying:
The faster the stomach empties its contents into the small intestine, the faster alcohol is absorbed. - Individual Differences
Biological Sex: Men and women absorb alcohol differently, often due to differences in body composition, enzyme activity (e.g., alcohol dehydrogenase), and hormonal variations.
Race and Ethnicity: Variations in genetic factors affecting alcohol metabolism can influence absorption and effects. - Alcohol Distribution in the Body
Absorption Sites:
Oral Mucosa: A small amount is absorbed through the lining of the mouth.
Stomach: About 20% of alcohol is absorbed here.
Small Intestine: The majority—approximately 75%—is absorbed in the upper part of the small intestine.
Further Along the GI Tract: Any remaining alcohol is absorbed in later stages of digestion. - Interactions with Other Substances
Drugs and Medications: The presence of other substances in the system can influence absorption rates.
The chemical transformation of food and other substances in the body into energy and wastes, first through breaking apart the components and then using them in other forms.
Metabolism
How is alcohol broken down in the metabolism ?
The liver is the primary organ responsible, using enzymes like alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) to process alcohol.
Small amounts of alcohol are metabolized in the stomach or excreted unchanged via the lungs, kidneys, and sweat glands. Genetic, physiological, and lifestyle factors influence how efficiently an individual metabolizes alcohol.
Gender differences in metabolism:
- Enzyme Activity
Lower Stomach Enzyme Activity in Women:
Women have less active alcohol dehydrogenase (the enzyme that breaks down alcohol) in the stomach compared to men.
Men’s stomach alcohol dehydrogenase is approximately four times more active than women’s, meaning women metabolize less alcohol before it enters the bloodstream. - Hormonal Influences
Impact of Hormonal Fluctuations in Women:
Hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle can influence alcohol metabolism, making women more susceptible to higher blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) at certain times. - Body Composition Differences
Higher Percentage of Body Fat in Women:
Women typically have a higher percentage of body fat compared to men.
Alcohol does not distribute as effectively into fatty tissue, which means women retain higher concentrations of alcohol in their bloodstream compared to men of the same weight. - Women generally reach a higher BAC than men after consuming the same amount of alcohol.
What do you do if your friend is very drunk?
Immediate Actions
- Stay Calm and Firm:
Speak calmly and avoid arguing or discussing their drinking behavior while they are intoxicated. - Remove from Harm’s Way:
Prevent them from driving, wandering outside, or consuming more alcohol.
Move them to a quiet, safe place with reduced stimuli.
3.Assess the Situation:
Without distressing the person, try to gather information:
What and how much alcohol was consumed.
When they drank.
If they took any drugs or medications, and when.
If the Person is Unconscious
4.Do Not Assume They Are Sleeping:
Place them on their side with their knees up to prevent choking if they vomit.
- Monitor Vital Signs:
Check their airway, breathing, and circulation (pulse). - Stay with Them:
Remain close to help if they vomit or stop breathing.
What NOT to Do
- Do not give them anything to eat or drink, including coffee.
- Do not try to make them walk around or take a cold shower. These actions are ineffective and could be dangerous.
When to Call 911
9.Call emergency services if any of the following occur:
10.You cannot wake the person, even by shouting or shaking them.
- They are breathing fewer than eight times per minute or their breathing is shallow or irregular.
- You suspect they took other drugs with alcohol.
- They have suffered an injury, especially a head injury.
- They drank a large quantity of alcohol quickly and became unconscious.
You are unsure about what to do.
Alcohol and Aggression
- Connection Between Alcohol and Violent Behavior
Alcohol use is linked to 40% of all murders, assaults, and rapes.
Intoxication impairs judgment and self-control, making some individuals more likely to act aggressively.
Both victims and perpetrators of violent crimes often have alcohol in their bloodstream.
- Social Influences on Aggression
Group Dynamics:
Alcohol can act as a catalyst for violence in settings where social cohesion is strong (e.g., fraternities, street gangs, military units).
Binge drinking combined with sociosexual attitudes in groups (like fraternities) increases the likelihood of sexually aggressive behavior.
In the military, alcohol contributes to approximately 35,000 arrests annually.
- Alcohol and Risk Factors for Aggression
Predisposition to Aggression:
People predisposed to impulsive or aggressive behavior are at higher risk of alcohol-induced violence.
Those with antisocial personality disorder are more prone to alcohol-related aggression.
Underlying Psychiatric Conditions:
Many individuals with alcohol use disorder have co-occurring psychiatric issues, exacerbating aggressive tendencies.
- Domestic and Family Violence
Marital and Family Discord:
Heavy alcohol use is often present in cases of domestic violence and marital conflicts.
Child Abuse:
Parental alcohol misuse is associated with emotional or psychological abuse of children.
Links between parental drinking and physical or sexual abuse are inconsistent, but the impact, when present, is severe and long-lasting.
Alcohol misuse in parents often leads to similar patterns of misuse in their children.
- Alcoholic Energy Drinks and Aggression
Mixing alcohol with energy drinks can increase aggressive behavior by:
Misleading Perceptions: Drinkers feel more alert but remain impaired, increasing risky behavior.
Prolonged Drinking: Energy drinks slow the perceived onset of intoxication, leading to higher BAC levels.
Impaired Decision-Making: The combination exacerbates impaired judgment, which can lead to aggression.
- Criminal Behaviors Associated with Alcohol
Alcohol is frequently linked to:
Domestic violence.
Public drunkenness.
Driving under the influence (DUI).
Property offenses.
What promotes cigarette smoking and tobacco use?
- Nicotine Addiction
Highly Addictive Drug:
Nicotine is one of the most addictive psychoactive substances, acting similarly to cocaine and heroin in the brain.
Rapid absorption (seconds after inhalation or absorption) triggers the release of chemical messengers (e.g., dopamine), reinforcing use.
Mood Regulation:
Nicotine modulates everyday emotions, acting as a stimulant at low doses and a sedative at higher doses, appealing to both physical and psychological needs.
Tolerance and Withdrawal:
Users develop tolerance, requiring higher doses for the same effect.
Withdrawal symptoms (e.g., cravings, irritability, insomnia, depression) reinforce dependency. - Social and Psychological Factors
Social Norms and Peer Influence:
Smoking is often associated with social activities (e.g., talking, drinking) and peer acceptance.
Tobacco use is prevalent in certain social settings, such as homelessness support locations or family traditions.
Secondary Reinforcers:
Activities like studying, drinking coffee, or watching emotional movies become associated with tobacco use, creating triggers for smoking or vaping.
Media Influence:
Widespread tobacco depictions in movies, TV shows, music videos, and video games normalize smoking and vaping, especially among youth.
Tobacco imagery often portrays smokers as attractive, successful, and educated, despite the reality that most smokers have lower socioeconomic status and education.
Stigma:
Smokers may face criticism or judgment, leading them to continue smoking in private, reinforcing habits. - Genetic and Biological Factors
Genetic Influences:
Genes like CYP2A6 and DRD2 affect nicotine metabolism and the brain’s dopamine response, influencing initiation and dependence.
People with slower nicotine metabolism (due to genetic factors) are less likely to continue smoking or become dependent. - Youth Vulnerability
Early Initiation:
Nearly 90% of adult smokers began smoking before age 18, with an average starting age of 15 for cigarettes and 17 for e-cigarettes.
Adolescents are more vulnerable to nicotine, becoming dependent after fewer cigarettes compared to adults.
Peer Pressure:
Young people often start smoking to fit in with peers or emulate influential figures like athletes or media personalities.
Perceived Benefits:
Young women may start smoking to control weight, while young men often begin using spit tobacco to emulate professional athletes.
Misjudging Risks:
Many teens believe they can quit anytime but often develop long-term dependence. - Tobacco Industry Tactics
Advertising and Marketing:
Despite restrictions on cigarette ads, e-cigarette companies have leveraged social media, television, and flavored products to target youth.
Flavored Tobacco Products: Over 80% of high school and middle school e-cigarette users prefer flavored products.
Media Portrayals:
Films and TV often glamorize smoking, with lead characters depicted as successful and attractive smokers. This representation is three to four times higher than actual smoking rates in comparable populations. - Accessibility and Affordability
Availability:
Widespread accessibility of tobacco products, even with the federal age limit raised to 21.
Lower prices for certain tobacco products encourage use, especially among youth and low-income individuals. - Rationalization and Denial
Downplaying Risks:
Smokers often minimize or deny the dangers of tobacco, believing they are invincible or can quit anytime.
Media campaigns sometimes highlight these beliefs, perpetuating use.
Major cause of death
Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD):
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD): Smoking increases the risk of CHD by promoting atherosclerosis (the buildup of fatty deposits in arteries) and thrombosis (blood clots). Smokers have a significantly higher risk of heart attacks compared to non-smokers.
Stroke: The chemicals in tobacco smoke can damage blood vessels and lead to stroke. Smokers are at a higher risk of ischemic stroke (caused by blood clots) and hemorrhagic stroke (caused by bleeding in the brain).
2. Cancer:
Lung Cancer: Smoking is the primary cause of lung cancer, responsible for approximately 85% of cases. The carcinogens in tobacco smoke damage the DNA in lung cells, leading to cancerous mutations.
Other Cancers: Tobacco use is also linked to cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, pancreas, bladder, kidney, cervix, and stomach. The harmful substances in tobacco can affect various organs, increasing cancer risk.
3. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD):
Emphysema: Smoking damages the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, leading to emphysema, a condition characterized by breathlessness and reduced oxygen exchange.
Chronic Bronchitis: Tobacco smoke irritates the lining of the bronchial tubes, causing chronic bronchitis, which results in persistent cough and mucus production.
4. Other Health Issues:
Reduced Immune Function: Smoking impairs the immune system, making the body more susceptible to infections.
Reproductive Health Problems: In women, smoking can lead to complications in pregnancy, including miscarriage, premature birth, and low birth weight. In men, it can cause erectile dysfunction.
Osteoporosis: Smoking is associated with decreased bone density, increasing the risk of fractures.
How drugs affect the body (Drug-Related Factors):
Onset and Duration of Effects:
The faster a drug reaches the brain, the more likely it leads to dependence.
Effects range from minutes (e.g., crack cocaine) to hours (e.g., LSD).
Metabolism and Excretion:
Drugs are metabolized by the liver and excreted through the kidneys, sweat, breast milk, or lungs.
Interactions:
Some drugs amplify the effects of others (e.g., alcohol and sedatives), while others block effects (e.g., tranquilizers reducing cocaine-induced anxiety).
Interactions can be unpredictable and dangerous.
