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KINE 2050 > Final Study Notes > Flashcards

Final Study Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What research contexts is the Chi-Square test commonly used?

A

Epidemiology, sociology, market research, etc.

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2
Q

How are significant differences determined in post hoc tests?

A

By comparing adjusted p-values or confidence intervals.

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3
Q

What is the purpose of regression analysis?

A

To make predictions based on the relationship between variables.

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4
Q

What assumptions are made in ANOVA?

A

The main assumptions are normality, homogeneity of variances, and independence of observations.

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5
Q

In what situations is the Chi-Square test commonly used?

A

It is used for analyzing categorical data to determine associations or goodness-of-fit.

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6
Q

What are degrees of freedom?

A

They represent the number of independent pieces of information available for estimation.

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7
Q

How is the standard error of the mean interpreted?

A

It indicates the variability of sample means around the population mean.

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8
Q

How are regression results interpreted?

A

By examining the significance of coefficients, coefficient of determination, and residuals.

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9
Q

What are post hoc tests in ANOVA?

A

They are used to determine which specific group means differ significantly from each other after obtaining a significant ANOVA result.

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10
Q

How is the Chi-Square test statistic calculated?

A

It involves summing the squared differences between observed and expected frequencies divided by the expected frequencies.

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11
Q

What does the Chi-Square test for goodness-of-fit compare?

A

It compares observed frequencies to expected frequencies based on a known distribution.

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12
Q

What are the components of the Chi-Square test?

A

observed frequencies, expected frequencies, and the Chi-Square test statistic.

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13
Q

What does the Chi-Square test of independence determine?

A

if there is a relationship between two categorical variables.

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14
Q

What does the coefficient of determination indicate in regression analysis?

A

It represents the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable explained by the independent variable.

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15
Q

What is the decision rule in hypothesis testing?

A

If the p-value is less than the significance level, reject the null hypothesis; otherwise, fail to reject it.

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16
Q

How is a confidence interval interpreted?

A

a range within which the population parameter is estimated to lie with a certain level of confidence.

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17
Q

How is the standard error of the mean calculated?

A

Population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size.

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18
Q

What assumptions are made in the Chi-Square test?

A

Independence of observations and expected frequencies.

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19
Q

How many degrees of freedom are involved in ANOVA?

A

one for between-groups and one for within-groups.

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20
Q

How is the regression equation interpreted?

A

It predicts the value of the dependent variable based on the value of the independent variable.

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21
Q

What is the range of correlation coefficients?

A

-1 to 1.

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22
Q

How is the strength of correlation interpreted?

A

Close to 1 for strong positive/negative correlation, close to 0 for weak correlation.

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23
Q

How is the F-statistic interpreted in ANOVA?

A

It compares between-group variance to within-group variance.

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24
Q

What are the steps involved in conducting a Chi-Square test?

A

Data collection, expected frequency calculation, test statistic calculation, and interpretation.

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25
Q

In what fields is regression analysis commonly used?

A

Psychology, economics, public health, and many others.

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26
Q

What is Type II error in hypothesis testing?

A

Accepting the null hypothesis when it’s false.

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27
Q

What are the limitations of the Chi-Square test?

A

It assumes independence of observations and may not handle small expected frequencies well.

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28
Q

What are the components of the regression equation?

A

Intercept, slope, predictor variable, and predicted variable.

29
Q

What does the null hypothesis state in ANOVA?

A

All group means are equal.

30
Q

How is the strength of correlation interpreted?

A

Close to 1 for strong positive/negative correlation, close to 0 for weak correlation.

31
Q

How is the F-statistic interpreted in ANOVA?

A

It compares between-group variance to within-group variance.

32
Q

What are the advantages of ANOVA over multiple t-tests?

A

It reduces the likelihood of Type I Error and can handle multiple factors.

33
Q

Who equated statistical literacy with basic citizenship skills?

A

H.G. Wells.

34
Q

What is the primary goal of statistics?

A

Drawing conclusions about populations based on sample data.

35
Q

What dietary habit was linked to early death in a study by Virtanen et al.?

A

Diet rich in animal protein.

36
Q

What does statistics involve?

A

Collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data.

37
Q

Why is it important to study statistics?

A

To evaluate scientific evidence responsibly.

38
Q

What type of graph is used for displaying grouped data?

A

Histograms.

39
Q

What does the term “mode” represent in statistics?

A

The most frequently occurring value in a dataset.

40
Q

What is the measure of central tendency that’s resistant to extreme values?

A

Median

41
Q

What Excel function calculates the median of a dataset?

A

=MEDIAN(data_set).

42
Q

What Excel add-in provides tools for statistical analysis?

A

Analysis ToolPak.

43
Q

What measures the total spread of data from highest to lowest?

A

Range

44
Q

What is the sum of squared deviations from the mean?

A

Variance

45
Q

What divides a dataset into four equal parts?

A

Inter-Quartile Range (IQR).

46
Q

What measures the uncertainty of the sample mean as an estimate of the population mean?

A

Standard Error of the Mean (SEM).

47
Q

What provides a range within which the population parameter is estimated to lie?

A

Confidence Intervals (CIs).

48
Q

What are the two main categories of variables?

A

Quantitative (numerical) and qualitative (categorical).

49
Q

What Excel function calculates the mean of a dataset?

A

=AVERAGE(data_set).

50
Q

What is the ultimate goal of collecting data?

A

To obtain necessary information and knowledge.

51
Q

What type of distribution is symmetrical with a single peak?

A

Normal Distribution.

52
Q

What Excel function finds the mode of a dataset, if available?

A

=MODE(data_set)

53
Q

What is the primary goal of drawing conclusions about populations based on sample data?

A

To make informed decisions in uncertain situations.

54
Q

What does the term “median” represent in statistics?

A

The middle value when data is arranged in ascending or descending order.

55
Q

What organizes data into a table format showing frequencies of each value?

A

Frequency Distributions.

56
Q

What does statistics help in besides data description?

A

Making inferences and studying causal relationships.

57
Q

What type of variable is manipulated in an experiment?

A

Independent variable.

58
Q

What measures the average distance of data points from the mean?

A

Standard Deviation.

59
Q

What is the main goal of using Excel in statistical analysis?

A

To facilitate data entry and analysis.

60
Q

What type of graph is used for displaying nominal data?

A

Bar graphs.

61
Q

What is the term for the most frequently occurring value in a dataset?

A

Mode

62
Q

What is the measure of central tendency that’s affected by outliers?

A

Mean

63
Q

What does regression analysis calculate?

A

Predicts one variable based on another.

64
Q

Common measures of variability?

A

Range, SD, variance.

65
Q

Main types of frequency distributions?

A

Ungrouped and grouped.

66
Q

Purpose of data collection?

A

Obtain knowledge and information.

67
Q

What is the importance of studying statistics?

A

Evaluating evidence responsibly.

68
Q

What are the consequences of mathematical innumeracy?

A

Less apparent than illiteracy.

KINE 2050 (2 decks)

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