Final study info Flashcards
encode
the conversion of sounds to written words
(listen + write)
decode
the conversion of written words to sound.
(to read)
Pre-alphabetic stage
No working knowledge of the alphabetic system
Reading based on recognition and memorization
For example, students may say “Target” when they see the recognizable logo as they pass the store.
Partial Alphabetic stage
Some working knowledge of the alphabetic system
Use limited alphabetic knowledge and context or picture clues when reading
For example, a student may see an illustration and the letter ‘d’ at the beginning of a word in a book about farm animals and say “duck.”
Full alphabetic stage
Full working knowledge of the alphabetic system
Use letter-sound correspondence to decode words letter-by-letter
For example, a student may come across “plan” when reading and sound it out “p-l-a-n.”
Consolidated alphabetic stage
Read by using memorized letter chunks, affixes, and syllables
For example, a student in this stage would not need to sound out each letter in a word like “reminder” but would decode it by breaking it into recognizable chunks, “re-mind-er.”
Automatic stage
No longer consciously decoding most words
Can still use decoding and context clues to read and understand unfamiliar words
Phoneme
A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a word
grapheme
the way we write a phoneme (letters/symbols)
final consonant
a consonant that appears at the end of a word
consonant change
the modifications that certain consonant sounds undergo during the formation of different grammatical forms or in specific linguistic contexts
ex: have -> having; sit -> sitting; die -> dying
vowel digraphs
Two vowels that make a single vowel sound when together in a word, also known as “vowel teams”
two letters that make one sound
consonant blends
Two or more consonants that blend together when decoded, but with each retaining its own sound
consonant digraphs
Two consonants that make a single consonant sound when together in a word
two letters that make one sound
vowel diphthong
One vowel sound made by the combination of two vowel sounds; words with diphthongs require a glide between the two sounds
unique vowel sounds
R-Controlled Vowels
A vowel followed by the letter r when the r dictates how the vowel is pronounced; the vowel will not make its normal short or long sound
Inflectional Endings
A suffix added to a word that changes its grammatical function, but does not change its meaning
Long vowel sounds
sounds like you are saying the letter itself.
Short vowel sounds
occur when the letter is not pronounced the way it sounds
prosody
the reader’s ability to convey expression
morphemes
a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided
roots, affixes (prefixes, suffixes)
ex: come, in, -ing
print concepts
the rules that help people read
Phonological awareness
the ability to hear and use individual units of sounds
syllable segmentation
breaking apart syllables
