Final Study Guide Terms Flashcards
1
Q
Abraham
A
Abraham, originally Abram, is the common patriarch of the three Abrahamic religions. In Judaism, he is the founding father of the Covenant, the special relationship between the Jewish people and God
-Smashed father idols (gods) because he believed in a monotheistic religion
2
Q
Acts
A
The book of Acts tells of the spread of Christianity and the adventures of the first Christians. Luke’s main purpose is to record cases of conversion to provide a model or pattern of how people became Christians wherever the gospel went. The book falls into six sections each of which ends with a progress report.
3
Q
Aggadah
A
refers to non-legalistic texts in the classical rabbinic literature of Judaism, particularly as recorded in the Talmud and Midrash
4
Q
Al-Hallaj
A
Mansur al-Hallaj was a Persian mystic, poet and teacher of Sufism. He is best known for his saying: “I am the Truth”, which many saw as a claim to divinity
5
Q
Ali
A
Ali was the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, the last prophet of Islam. He ruled as the fourth caliph from 656 to 661, but is regarded as the rightful immediate successor to Muhammad as an Imam by Shia Muslims
6
Q
Allah/God
A
God of Islam
7
Q
Anglicans
A
Anglicans and Catholics have diverged to become two separate forms of Christianity, can get an annulment in marriage!!!!
8
Q
Anti-semitism
A
hostility to or prejudice against Jews.
9
Q
Antinomianism
A
Antinomianism is any view which rejects laws or legalism and is against moral, religious or social norms, or is at least considered to do so.
-the belief that since Jesus will save us all we dont have to be good people
10
Q
Apocalypticism
A
Apocalypticism is the religious belief that there will be an apocalypse, a term which originally referred to a revelation, but now usually refers to the belief that the end of the world is imminent, even within one’s own lifetime.
11
Q
Apostle
A
each of the twelve chief disciples of Jesus Christ
12
Q
Argumentative Imperative
A
The argument for the existence of God
Should be arguing
- you should argue with god, don’t accept god
-noah could have saved his people if he argued
13
Q
Arius
A
- Christian priest of Alexandria, Egypt, whose teachings gave rise to a theological doctrine known as Arianism, which, in affirming the created, finite nature of Christ, was denounced by the early church as a major heresy.
- “stated the belief that Jesus was more than man, but less than God.”
14
Q
Ascenticism
A
severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons.
15
Q
Ashkenazi
A
all Jews who had adopted the “German rite” synagogue ritual were referred to as Ashkenazim to distinguish them from Sephardic (Spanish rite) Jews. Ashkenazim differ from Sephardim in their pronunciation of Hebrew, in cultural traditions, in synagogue cantillation (chanting), in their widespread use of Yiddish (until the 20th century), and especially in synagogue liturgy.
16
Q
Augustine
A
- In Roman Catholicism he is formally recognized as a doctor of the church.
- His numerous written works, the most important of which are Confessions (c. 400) and The City of God (c. 413–426), shaped the practice of biblical exegesis and helped lay the foundation for much of medieval and modern Christian thought.
17
Q
Avignon Papacy
A
Roman Catholic papacy during the period 1309–77, when the popes took up residence at Avignon, France, instead of at Rome, primarily because of the current political conditions.
18
Q
Babylonian Exile
A
also called Babylonian Captivity, the forced detention of Jews in Babylonia following the latter’s conquest of the kingdom of Judah in 598/7 and 587/6 BCE. The exile formally ended in 538 BCE, when the Persian conqueror of Babylonia, Cyrus the Great, gave the Jews permission to return to Palestine.
19
Q
Baptism
A
the religious rite of sprinkling water onto a person’s forehead or of immersion in water, symbolizing purification or regeneration and admission to the Christian Church.
20
Q
Bible
A
the Christian scriptures, consisting of the 66 books of the Old and New Testaments.
21
Q
Binding of Isaac
A
The binding of isaac is a bible story about devotion to go in which a father has to kill his son to prove he loves god over all, before he is about to kill his son a lamb is stuck in bramble, as a sign to say stop.
22
Q
Bishop
A
a senior member of the Christian clergy, typically in charge of a diocese and empowered to confer holy orders.
23
Q
Caliph
A
a successor of Muhammad as temporal and spiritual head of Islam —used as a title
24
Q
Calvin
A
John Calvin was a famous French theologian and a major leader of the Protestant Reformation. He helped popularize the belief in the sovereignty of God in all areas of life, as well as the doctrine of predestination. The theological approach advanced by Calvin has come to be known as ‘Calvinism.’
25
Canon
-A biblical canon or canon of scripture is a set of texts (or "books") which a particular religious community regards as authoritative scripture.
26
Cantor/ Hazzan
In Jewish tradition, a cantor or hazzan is a musician trained in the vocal arts who helps lead the synagogue in songful prayer.
27
Catholicism
the faith, practice, and church order of the Roman Catholic Church.
-largest christian church/main and earliest form of christianity
28
Charism
Charism is the inspirational purpose that starts communities and keeps them going. It is community mission and spirit. It gives communities distinctive personalities and imbues their daily practice with meaning.
29
Christ
Christ (Greek: Χριστός, Christós, meaning "the anointed one") is a title for the saviour and redeemer who would bring salvation to the whole House of Israel. Christians believe Jesus is the Israelite messiah foretold in both the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament.
30
Christology
the branch of Christian theology relating to the person, nature, and role of Christ.
31
Church
a building used for public Christian worship.
32
Circumcision
Circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin, the tissue covering the head(glans) of the penis. It is an ancient practice that has its origin in religious rites. Today, many parents have their sons circumcised for religious or other reasons.
-JUDAISM
33
Commandments
a divine rule, especially one of the Ten Commandments.
34
Conservative Judaism
-a form of Judaism, particularly prevalent in North America, that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism
35
Consubstantiation
he doctrine, especially in Lutheran belief, that the substance of the bread and wine coexists with the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist.
36
Covenant
a covenant is a formal alliance or agreement made by God with a religious community or with humanity in general. It is central to the Abrahamic religions and derived from the biblical covenants, notably the Abrahamic covenant.
37
Convivencia
focuses on the inter-relationship of religion and culture in the time
period of medieval Spain known as the convivencia.
38
Creation
the action or process of bringing something into existence.
39
Creed
A creed (also known as a confession, symbol, or statement of faith) is a statement of the shared beliefs of a religious community in the form of a fixed formula summarizing core tenets. One of the most widely used creeds in Christianity is the Nicene Creed, first formulated in AD 325 at the First Council of Nicaea.
40
Crusade
The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups. In all, eight major Crusade expeditions occurred between 1096 and 1291.
41
David
David was the second and greatest of the kings of Israel, ruling in the 10th century BC. Several stories about him are told in the Old Testament, including his defeat of Goliath, a giant Philistine.
42
Decalogue
The Ten Commandments also known as the Decalogue, are a set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship, which play a fundamental role in Judaism and Christianity. ... The Ten Commandments appear twice in the Hebrew Bible, in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy.
43
Dervish
- A dervish is a Muslim monk who is part of an order known for their wild ritualistic movements.
- sufism
44
Dhikr
is the name of devotional acts in Islam in which short phrases or prayers are repeatedly recited silently within the mind or aloud.
-sufism
45
Dhimmis
refers to specific individuals living in Muslim lands, who were granted special status and safety in Islamic law in return for paying the capital tax.
46
Disciple
one who accepts and assists in spreading the doctrines of another: such as. a Christianity : one of the twelve in the inner circle of Christ's followers according to the Gospel accounts
47
Docetism
Christian heresy and one of the earliest Christian sectarian doctrines, affirming that Christ did not have a real or natural body during his life on earth but only an apparent or phantom one.
-hologram jesus
48
Documentary Hypothesis
the documentary hypothesis proposes that the Pentateuch (also called the Torah, or first five books of the Hebrew Bible) was not literally revealed by God to Moses, but represents a composite account from several later documents. Four basic sources are identified in the theory, designated as "J" (Yahwist), "E" (Elohist), "P" (Priestly), and "D"
49
Ecclesiology
In Christian theology, ecclesiology is the study of the Christian Church, the origins of Christianity, its relationship to Jesus, its role in salvation, its polity, its discipline, its destiny, and its leadership.
50
Eid al'Adha
Feast of Sacrifice, is celebrated by Muslims all over the world as a major holiday for a period of three to fours days. ... Eid al-Adha enjoys special significance because the Day of Sacrifice marks the climax of Hajj or Pilgrimage, the fifth pillar of Islam.
51
Epistles
one of the letters adopted as books of the New Testament
52
Episcopalians
- "Protestant, Yet Catholic"
- They generally have Open Communion which allows anyone to take part in their Eucharist. They allow priests/ministers/bishops to marry, be gay, and be a women.
- many Pre-Reformation practices and rituals like Roman Catholics, Orthadox, and some Lutherans and also maintain Apostolic Succession
53
Essenes
- abandoned Jerusalem, it seems, in protest... against the way the Temple was being run.
- Essenes denied the resurrection of the body and refused to immerse themselves in public life.
- Tanach
- apocalyptic/ ascetic
54
Eucharist
the Christian ceremony commemorating the Last Supper, in which bread and wine are consecrated and consumed.
55
Evangelicalism
a worldwide, transdenominational movement within Protestant Christianity which maintains the belief that the essence of the Gospel consists of the doctrine of salvation by grace through faith in Jesus Christ
-Evangelical Christians believe in the Bible as God's inspired Word to humankind, perfect in truth in the original text.
56
Fana
Fana means "to die before one dies", a concept highlighted by famous notable Muslim saints such as Rumi
57
Fatwa
a ruling on a point of Islamic law given by a recognized authority.
58
Fiqh
Fiqh is the study ensure your acts of worship, social interactions and worldly affairs remain in accordance to Islam.
59
Free Will
the power of acting without the constraint of necessity or fate; the ability to act at one's own discretion.
60
Gemara
the section of the Talmud consisting essentially of commentary on the Mishnah
61
Gentile
not Jewish
62
Gospel
the teaching or revelation of Christ
63
Grace
- only way to be saved
| - gift from god
64
Great Western Schism
a split within the Roman Catholic Church that lasted from 1378 to 1417. During that time, three men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. Driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance (1414–1418)
65
Hadith
In Islamic terminology, according to Juan Campo, the term hadith refers to reports of statements or actions of Muhammad, or of his tacit approval or criticism of something said or done in his presence.
66
Hagar
Abraham's concubine and the mother of his son Ishmael. Purchased in Egypt, she served as a maid to Abraham's childless wife, Sarah, who gave her to Abraham to conceive an heir.
67
Haggadah
the text recited at the Seder on the first two nights of the Jewish Passover, including a narrative of the Exodus.
68
Hajj
he Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca that takes place in the last month of the year, and that all Muslims are expected to make at least once during their lifetime.
69
Halakha
Jewish law and jurisprudence, based on the Talmud.
70
Halal
Halal refers to practices/food that are prepared following Islamic dietary laws and regulations that determine what is permissible, lawful and clean. The word halal literally means “permissible.”
71
Passover/Pesach
A celebration of the Jews' liberation from slavery in Egypt (The Exodus). It usually lasts for a week.
72
Paul of Tarsus
An Apostle. He taught the gospel of Christ to the first-century world, and is considered to be influential, as 14 of 27 of the New Testament books are traditionally attributed to him
73
Pelagianism
The belief that original sin did not taint human nature. This belief reinforced the idea that humans can achieve salvation by their own good works, without assistance from God. Considered a heresy.
74
Pentecostalism
A movement consisting of Protestants that places emphasis on a direct personal experience with God through Baptism with the Holy Spirit.
75
Pharisees
A school of thought of Judaism. After the destruction of the second temple, their beliefs became the foundation for Rabbinic Judaism.
76
Phenomenology
The approach that we use in our class to understand religion. We look at phenomena and analyze them.
77
Phylacteries
Ropes attached to boxes filled with prayers, placed in strategic points on the body. This Jewish practice is typically done by only men, although recent movements have started to change that.
78
Pietism
A Christian movement focused on the personal piety and living a Christian life over focusing on the law.
79
Pneumatic Presence
The presence of the holy spirit in the Eucharist. How and in what form this holy spirit comes (or does not) is differs among factions.
80
Pope
The Head of the Catholic Church. also known as the Bishop of Rome.
81
Priest
A religious leader authorized to perform religious rituals as part of their respective church. They exist as part of the clergy.
82
Prophet Muhammad
A prophet who started the religion known of Islam. The Holy Book of Islam, the Quran, came through him. He acted as the religious leader of the Muslim community.
83
Protestantism
The second largest sect of Christianity. It originated with the Reformation, which saw flaws with Catholic Christianity.
84
Psalms
The first section of the Ketuvim, the last section of the Tanakh. It is comprised mostly of poems.
85
Pseudepigraphy
falsely attributed works, texts whose claimed author isn't actually the real author. Determining this takes physical, historical, and contextual evidence.
86
Purgatory
A Catholic concept, where souls need to be purified before going to heaven. This happens through pain. Nobody stays here forever, though.
87
Purim
A Jewish holiday that celebrates the saving of the Jews from Haman, who was planning to kill them all. This was recorded in the book of Esther.
88
Qiblah
The direction of prayer that Muslims must face towards when performing prayer. At first, this faced towards Jersualem, but today it faces towards Mecca.
89
Qiyas
Literally means analogy. In Islamic jurisprudence, this is the tactic of using analogies to help the decide the legality of certain issues.
90
Qur'an
The Holy Book of Islam as revealed by the Prophet Muhammad from the angel Jibreel (Gabriel). It is said to the complete word of God.
91
Rabbi
In Judaism, a Rabbi is a religious scholar or teacher. Usually, they focus on teaching and applying the Torah.
92
Rab'ia
A famous ascetic sufi mystic. She was most famous for her intense devotion to God, noting that she wanted to forget her fear of hell and hope for heaven as possible distractions for loving God. (bucket of fire/bucket of water)
93
Ramadan
A holy month in Islam where Muslims are required to fast from sunrise to sunset. It is concluded by a celebration day known as Eid-ul-Fitr.
94
Reconstructionist Judaism
a sect of Judaism that believes Judaism is an evolving religion, and as such, should adapt to contemporary western morality. It originated from Conservative Judaism.
95
Reductionism
the act of trying to rationalize religion using nonreligious reasons. For example, people turn to religion in order to explain natural phenomena.
96
Reform Judaism
a major Jewish denomination that emphasizes ethics over laws. It recognizes progressive values and was started by Abraham Geiger.
97
Reformation
known more fully as the Protestant Reformation, this was a schism started by Martin Luther in the 16th century. The aftermath of this schism resulted in two distinct greater denominations: Catholicism and Protestantism.
98
Resurrection
Used to refer to the ressurrection of Jesus Christ. This happened (traditionally) 3 days after he was crucified.
99
Rosh Hashanah
A holiday that takes place at the beginning of the Jewish New Year. This culminates in a celebration day known as Yom Kippur.
100
Rumi
A famous sufi mystic and poet. His poems have been translated in many languages, and is known as the "best-selling poet" in the United States.
101
Sabbath
In Judaism, a day set aside for rest and worship. According to the book of Exodus, this is done just as God rested on the 7th day after finishing creation.
102
Sacraments
a Christian religious rite of significance. Some examples include: Baptism, the Eucharist, and marriage.
103
Sacred vs. Profane
The Sacred is everything related to divinity or divine somehow, like angels or God himself. The profane is everything else: humans, earth, tomatoes, you get the idea.
104
Sadaqah
Literally translates to charity. In Islam, it is the voluntary giving of alms to the poor in the name of God. (not to be confused with Zakat, which is obligatory)
105
Sadduccees
A sect of Judaism. Noted as being the upper class of Judean society. They went extinct later on.
106
Saint
someone who is close to God through their actions or beliefs, and in Christianity, becomes canonized to become recognized as a Saint (as a title).
107
Salat
Literally translates to prayer. In Islam, it is a ritual of varying length that must be completed at 5 specific times each day.
108
Sarah
The wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac in the Bible. In class, we noted her example as the "other's other".
109
Schism
Defined as split. This often refers to the split caused by the Reformation that lead to the creation of the Protestant branch of Christianity.
110
Seder
A Jewish ritual meal occurring during the first two nights of Passover. It's filled with iconic images about the Exodus, like the lamb shank bone and salted water.
111
Sephardim
A Jew of Spanish or Portuguese descent. They speak Ladino, a combination of Hebrew and Spanish/Portuguese
112
Shafi'i
An Islamic School of thought started by Imam Shafi. It focuses on ijma (consensus) for rulings, after the Quran and Hadith.
113
Shahadah
Literally means testimony. This is an affirmation of faith that makes one a Muslim.
114
Shari'ah
Islamic Law. In most sects of Islam, this is primarily derived from the Quran and Sunnah.
115
Shiite Islam
A major sect of Islam that believes that only Ali, the cousin of the Prophet Muhammad, could have been Caliph. They are in the minority compared to Sunni Muslims.
116
Sin
Sin is defined as evil committed by man. Different religions see sin different ways: Christianity views humans as being originally sinful, while Islam and Judaism see sin as a choice.
117
Soteriology
It is defined as the study of salvation. The system is concerned with how to achieve salvation, and its nature.
118
Sufi Islam
Also called Islamic mysticism, this sect of Islam focuses more on the emotional aspects of loving god over the legal aspects of the religion. They are often characterized by asceticism.
119
Sukkot
A Jewish holiday. It is characterized by participants sitting under palm or other plant fronds in order to commemorate the harvest and Exodus.
120
Sunnah
The example of the Prophet Muhammad. One of the main backbones of Islamic law.
121
Sunni Islam
The largest sect of Islam. It's comprised of the Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, and Shafi'i schools of thought.
122
Surah
Literally means chapter. It is one of 114 chapters, or surahs, that comprise the Quran.
123
Synagogue
A Jewish religious and community center. It can be considered synonomous with the church is Christianity and the mosque in Islam.
124
Tafsir
literally means interpretation. Usually of the Quran, this interpretation works towards building Islamic Law.
125
Takfir
a term denoting excommunication in Islam, i.e., to say that one is a non-believer. It was something the Khawarij were famous for.
126
Talmud
The main body of legal text in Judaism. It's made of the Mishnah (the written oral torah) and the Gemara (an explanation of that stuff + other stuff)
127
Tanakh
The Hebrew Bible.
128
Tawhid
The Islamic belief in the oneness of God. One of the core tenets of Islam.
129
Tikkun Olam
A Jewish concept meaning "world repair". It emphasizes that all humans must be helped, not just Jews.
130
Torah
The law of God as it was revealed to Moses. Don't confuse this with the Oral Torah, which were laws dicussed by rabbis.
131
Tradition
An established form of thought, behavior, or action. In the case of religion, we use the term "tradition" to categorize what counts as a religion.
132
Transubstantiation
Used to refer to the Eucharist and presence of the Holy Ghost. In this case, the bread is literally turning into Jesus's body. It only looks like bread.
133
Trinity
The Christian concept of God, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. How they are related in terms of hierarchy and their power levels are hotly debated issues.
134
Umma
Literally means group. Used to refer to the Muslim Umma, or the greater Muslim community.
135
Yarmulke / Kippah
A skullcap worn by Jewish men. This is done out of respect for God, as showing the top of your head would not be respectful.
136
YHWH / Adonai
The name of God in Judaism. Saying the name itself is too sacred, so certain sounds are used instead.
137
Yom Kippur
The celebration at the end of passover and the holiest day in the year.
138
Zealots
A sect of early Jews. Noted for their violence and resistance against romans.
139
Zionism
A Jewish movement for the creation of a Jewish-only land. This movement picked up steam in response to the horrors of world war 2.
140
Hanafi
One of the four Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence. This school orders the importance of authoritative texts as: Quran, Hadith/Sunna, Ijma, then Qiyas. Ijtihad is also important (particularly rational preference); local practice relevant.
141
Hanbali
One of the four Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence. This school plays a large emphasis on Quran and Hadith and they believe those authoritative texts must be taken literally.
142
Hanukkah
This is known to Jews as the festival of lights which commemorates the return of the Temple to the Jews by Judah the Macabee and his brothers. There was a miracle in which the oil lamp of the High Priest, once the Temple was first purified, lasted for 8 days instead of the expected 1 day, which is why Jews celebrate by lighting a candle on a special menorah.
143
Haram
In islamic jurisprudence, this term refers to anything forbidden by Allah/God.
144
Hasidism
Also called pietism, this term refers to a group of Jews that were dismissed as uneducated amidst a highly influential movement in the mid-eighteenth century that exaggerated the necessity of scholarship as a means of knowing God. These Jews are encouraged to worship God with joy and delight, from the heart rather than the head. They're easily identifiable with their long black coats, black hats, and large beards and sidelocks.
145
Haskalah
This is known as the Jewish Enlightenment. Once the Enlightenment swept through Europe and the restrictions upon Jews were lifted (walls of ghettos fell, Jews were free to choose where to live, some countries gave them citizenship, etc). They were encouraged to integrate, rather than assimilate or segregate.
146
Hebrew Bible
Also known to the Jews as the Tanakh and to the Christians as the Old Testament. This is an anthology of 24 books and assembled in a canonical collection separated into 3 sections: Torah (Law), Nevi'im (Prophets), and Ketuvim (Writings).
147
Hellenism
This refers to the time when Alexander the Great introduced and implemented Greek culture in the lands he'd conquered. This spread divided the Jews because some embraced and loved the culture (some even abandoning their ancestral traditions) while others rejected it, believing it to be contrary to the Jewish way of life.
148
Heresy vs. Heterodoxy
A heresy is any belief/theory that's strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs. Heterodoxy differs from the established beliefs but not enough to be considered heresy.
149
Hermeneutic
The theory and methodology of text interpretation (esp interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts). It was initially applied to the interpretation of scripture, yet emerged as a theory of understanding.
150
High Holy Days
Also called the High Holidays and the Days of Awe. This Jewish celebration encompasses the 10 days from Rosh Hashanah to Yom Kippur. This time is meant for contemplative reflection on one's own words and behavior.
151
Hijab
In Islamic traditions, the hijab (or veil/head covering) is worn as a way for Muslim women to affirm their identity and as a way for them to dress modestly for the sake of Allah.
152
Hijrah
This refers to the Prophet Muhammad's migration from Mecca to establish a community in Medina. This marked the beginning of community life under Islam, and thus of Islamic history.
153
Holocaust/Shoah
The most shattering adversity that the Jewish people experienced in which 6 million Jews were tortured and killed. This Nazi program of genocide, enabled by widespread anti-semitism, is referred to in Hebrew as the Shoah or catastrophe.
154
Humanistic Judaism
A branch of Judaism in which no God is believed to be necessary, Jewish identity is about community and social justice.
155
Husayn
Husayn is one of the Prophet's grandsons (son of Fatimah). This particular grandson had been leading an uprising against the Umayyad Caliph Yazid when he was killed in battle. The Shi'i community in particular mourn his death as they place a huge importance on the lineage of the Prophet.
156
Ibn Arabi
He is a Spanish mystical philosopher and poet
who's considered the most important Sufi master of the thirteenth century. He expressed mysticism through poetry and philosophical treatises, with his books having a central theme of “Unity of Being”.
157
iconoclasm
This is the belief that it's important to destroy icons and other images or monuments.
158
Ijma
Known in Islam as the consensus of religion-legal scholars; one of the 2 secondary principles used in jurisprudence; some legal schools give it more weight than others.
159
Ijtihad
In Islam, this term is the personal reasoning applied to the development of legal opinions.
160
Indulgences
In Christian traditions, indulgences are seen to release time from purgatory. The selling of such indulgences by the Church, however, was one of the abuses that led to the Protestant Reformation.
161
Inquisition
This was a practice of Christians in the Middle Ages for the Church to undertake the task of discovering and punishing those whose views differed from Church teaching. It was thought that those who died in the Inquisition (in the plight of God while forcibly converting and killing others) would attain heaven.
162
Isaac
He is known as one of the patriarchs of Jews. He was also the "miracle child" of Abraham because Sarah (Abraham's wife) was always considered to be barren and was past the child-bearing age once she became impregnated with Isaac. God asks Abraham to sacrifice this son as an offering to God and just as Abraham is about to do so, he is stopped and instead given a ram to sacrifice.
163
Ishmael
He built the Ka'ba with his father, Abraham. For Muslims, this is the son that was supposed to be sacrificed to God by Abraham instead of Isaac according to Jewish traditions.
164
Islamophobia
This is known as the irrational fear of Islam and Muslims. The popular media spreading the idea that Muslims are terrorists.
165
Isnad
In Islam, this is the pedigree or chain of transmission of a hadith, with which the individual unit begins.
166
Israelites
Known as the biblical people of Israel.
167
Jacob/Israel
He is known as one of the patriarchs of Jews, the son of Isaac.
168
Jesus of Nazareth
In Christian traditions he is professed by most to be the Son of God, both human and divine (a highly debated topic within Christianity), the lord and savior of the world. In Islamic traditions, he is known to be one of the prophets of God.
169
Jihad
Literally translates to "the struggle" in Arabic. In Islamic traditions, this term refers to any struggle of the Muslim that's for the sake of Allah in order to be a better Muslim.
170
Kaaba (Ka'ba)
In Islamic traditions, it's considered the house of Allah. All Muslims, until today, pray in the direction of the Ka'ba. This house was built by Abraham and his son Ishmael.
171
Kabbalah
A tradition within Judaism that focuses on mysticism. They refer to God as the Ayn Sof ("Without End" or "Infinite") for God is considered to be beyond thought, form, and gender...the unknowable creator.
172
Kaddish
In Jewish traditions, it's a prayer part of every synagogue service, yet also used as a mourner's prayer. It does not mention death or loss but praises the of God.
173
Karaites
Judaism: "scripturalists", an eighth century anti-rabbinic movement that rejected the Talmud, taking only the Hebrew Bible as authoritative.
174
Karbala
In Islamic traditions, particularly Shiites, this is the city in Iraq in which Husayn, the son of Fatimah, was killed in battle.
175
Kashruth (Kosher)
This term for food thats ritually acceptable, indicating that all rabbinic regulations regarding animal slaughter and the like have been observed in its preparation. This term also refers to anything that is considered clean or pure in Jewish traditions. This can also apply to proper practices.
176
Khadijah
In Islamic traditions, Khadijah was a rich widow who'd been the prophet Muhammad's first wife. She stood by him and helped first spread the word of Allah using her high social status.
177
Kharijite (Khawarij)
This was early Muslim diversity, the first sect of Islam that appeared after the death of Muhammad. Their identity emerged as followers of Muhammad attempted to determine the extent to which one could deviate from ideal norms of behavior and still be called Muslim.
KILLED HELLA PEOPLE
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Kosher
Same as Kashruth: This term for food thats ritually acceptable, indicating that all rabbinic regulations regarding animal slaughter and the like have been observed in its preparation. This term also refers to anything that is considered clean or pure in Jewish traditions. This can also apply to proper practices.
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Luther
Martin Luther was understood to be the father of the Protestant Reformation. He believed that humans were justified (set right with God) only by faith, which itself is a gift of God's grace; there are no works we can do to earn that justification.
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Maimonides
A medieval Sephardic Jewish philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential Torah scholars of the Middle Ages.
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Maliki
One of the four major madhhab of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. It was founded by Malik ibn Anas in the 8th century. The Maliki school of jurisprudence relies on the Quran and hadiths as primary sources.
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Martyrdom
Someone who suffers persecution and/or death for advocating, renouncing, refusing to renounce, or refusing to advocate a belief or cause as demanded by an external party.
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Masjid/Mosque
The place of worship and prayer for Muslims. Masjid is the Arabic word for Mosque.
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Mawlid
In Islamic traditions, this is the day in which Muslims observe the celebration of the Prophet's birthday.
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Mecca
In a desert valley in western Saudi Arabia, is Islam’s holiest city, as it’s the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad and the faith itself. Millions make the annual Hajj (pilgrimage).
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Medina
The city in which Muhammad migrated to in order for him and his followers to practice Islam in peace. This is where the religion grew and began to spread from.
187
Menorah
A special lamp in Jewish traditions that's used during Hanukkah and each branch is lit on each night of Hanukkah (8 nights).
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Messiah
A saviour or liberator of a group of people. The concepts of Messiah and of a Messianic Age originated in Judaism, and in the Hebrew Bible.
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Methodism
A group of Christianity that affirms the real presence of Christ in Holy Communion, but does not hold to transubstantiation. The church believes that the bread is an effectual sign of His body crucified on the cross and the cup is an effectual sign of His blood shed for humanity.
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Midrash
An ancient commentary on part of the Hebrew scriptures, attached to the biblical text.
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Mir'aj
The second part of the journey of the Prophet's ascent to heaven is commonly referred to as the Miraj, an Arabic word meaning “ladder".
192
Mishnah
An authoritative collection of exegetical material embodying the oral tradition of Jewish law and forming the first part of the Talmud.
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Mizrahim
These are the descendants of local Jewish communities in the Middle East from biblical times into the modern era. Oriental Jews knew the languages of Arabic and Persian.
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Monolatry
The belief in the existence of many gods but with the consistent worship of only one deity. (Jewish traditions actually are more in line with monolatry rather than monotheism)
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Monotheism
The belief in the existence of exactly one God and no other.
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Moses
Over a thousand years after Abraham, the Jews were living as slaves in Egypt. Their leader was a prophet called Moses. Moses led the Jews out of slavery in Egypt and led them to the Holy Land that God had promised them.
197
Mosque
Repeated
198
Murji'ites
An early Muslim sect emphasizing a suspension of judgment against erring believers and the unfailing efficacy of faith over works.
199
Muslim
A follower of the religion of Islam
200
Mysticism
Belief that union with or absorption into the Deity or the absolute, or the spiritual apprehension of knowledge inaccessible to the intellect, may be attained through contemplation and self-surrender.
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New Testament
The second part of the Christian biblical canon, the first part being the Old Testament, based on the Hebrew Bible. The New Testament discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christianity.
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Occasional Letter
The occasional letters written by Paul in response to inquires in regards to Christian belief and practice.
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Original Sin
A Christian belief of the state of sin in which humanity exists since the fall of man, stemming from Adam and Eve's rebellion in Eden, namely the sin of disobedience in consuming the forbidden fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
- humans born evil
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Orthodox Christianity
The belief that God revealed himself in Jesus Christ, and a belief in the incarnation of Christ, his crucifixion and resurrection.
205
Orthodox Judaism
jnjn
206
Orthodoxy, orthopraxy
what one believes v what one practice
