Final Study Guide Terms Flashcards
Abraham
Abraham, originally Abram, is the common patriarch of the three Abrahamic religions. In Judaism, he is the founding father of the Covenant, the special relationship between the Jewish people and God
-Smashed father idols (gods) because he believed in a monotheistic religion
Acts
The book of Acts tells of the spread of Christianity and the adventures of the first Christians. Luke’s main purpose is to record cases of conversion to provide a model or pattern of how people became Christians wherever the gospel went. The book falls into six sections each of which ends with a progress report.
Aggadah
refers to non-legalistic texts in the classical rabbinic literature of Judaism, particularly as recorded in the Talmud and Midrash
Al-Hallaj
Mansur al-Hallaj was a Persian mystic, poet and teacher of Sufism. He is best known for his saying: “I am the Truth”, which many saw as a claim to divinity
Ali
Ali was the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, the last prophet of Islam. He ruled as the fourth caliph from 656 to 661, but is regarded as the rightful immediate successor to Muhammad as an Imam by Shia Muslims
Allah/God
God of Islam
Anglicans
Anglicans and Catholics have diverged to become two separate forms of Christianity, can get an annulment in marriage!!!!
Anti-semitism
hostility to or prejudice against Jews.
Antinomianism
Antinomianism is any view which rejects laws or legalism and is against moral, religious or social norms, or is at least considered to do so.
-the belief that since Jesus will save us all we dont have to be good people
Apocalypticism
Apocalypticism is the religious belief that there will be an apocalypse, a term which originally referred to a revelation, but now usually refers to the belief that the end of the world is imminent, even within one’s own lifetime.
Apostle
each of the twelve chief disciples of Jesus Christ
Argumentative Imperative
The argument for the existence of God
Should be arguing
- you should argue with god, don’t accept god
-noah could have saved his people if he argued
Arius
- Christian priest of Alexandria, Egypt, whose teachings gave rise to a theological doctrine known as Arianism, which, in affirming the created, finite nature of Christ, was denounced by the early church as a major heresy.
- “stated the belief that Jesus was more than man, but less than God.”
Ascenticism
severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons.
Ashkenazi
all Jews who had adopted the “German rite” synagogue ritual were referred to as Ashkenazim to distinguish them from Sephardic (Spanish rite) Jews. Ashkenazim differ from Sephardim in their pronunciation of Hebrew, in cultural traditions, in synagogue cantillation (chanting), in their widespread use of Yiddish (until the 20th century), and especially in synagogue liturgy.
Augustine
- In Roman Catholicism he is formally recognized as a doctor of the church.
- His numerous written works, the most important of which are Confessions (c. 400) and The City of God (c. 413–426), shaped the practice of biblical exegesis and helped lay the foundation for much of medieval and modern Christian thought.
Avignon Papacy
Roman Catholic papacy during the period 1309–77, when the popes took up residence at Avignon, France, instead of at Rome, primarily because of the current political conditions.
Babylonian Exile
also called Babylonian Captivity, the forced detention of Jews in Babylonia following the latter’s conquest of the kingdom of Judah in 598/7 and 587/6 BCE. The exile formally ended in 538 BCE, when the Persian conqueror of Babylonia, Cyrus the Great, gave the Jews permission to return to Palestine.
Baptism
the religious rite of sprinkling water onto a person’s forehead or of immersion in water, symbolizing purification or regeneration and admission to the Christian Church.
Bible
the Christian scriptures, consisting of the 66 books of the Old and New Testaments.
Binding of Isaac
The binding of isaac is a bible story about devotion to go in which a father has to kill his son to prove he loves god over all, before he is about to kill his son a lamb is stuck in bramble, as a sign to say stop.
Bishop
a senior member of the Christian clergy, typically in charge of a diocese and empowered to confer holy orders.
Caliph
a successor of Muhammad as temporal and spiritual head of Islam —used as a title
Calvin
John Calvin was a famous French theologian and a major leader of the Protestant Reformation. He helped popularize the belief in the sovereignty of God in all areas of life, as well as the doctrine of predestination. The theological approach advanced by Calvin has come to be known as ‘Calvinism.’
Canon
-A biblical canon or canon of scripture is a set of texts (or “books”) which a particular religious community regards as authoritative scripture.
Cantor/ Hazzan
In Jewish tradition, a cantor or hazzan is a musician trained in the vocal arts who helps lead the synagogue in songful prayer.
Catholicism
the faith, practice, and church order of the Roman Catholic Church.
-largest christian church/main and earliest form of christianity
Charism
Charism is the inspirational purpose that starts communities and keeps them going. It is community mission and spirit. It gives communities distinctive personalities and imbues their daily practice with meaning.
Christ
Christ (Greek: Χριστός, Christós, meaning “the anointed one”) is a title for the saviour and redeemer who would bring salvation to the whole House of Israel. Christians believe Jesus is the Israelite messiah foretold in both the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament.
Christology
the branch of Christian theology relating to the person, nature, and role of Christ.
Church
a building used for public Christian worship.
Circumcision
Circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin, the tissue covering the head(glans) of the penis. It is an ancient practice that has its origin in religious rites. Today, many parents have their sons circumcised for religious or other reasons.
-JUDAISM
Commandments
a divine rule, especially one of the Ten Commandments.
Conservative Judaism
-a form of Judaism, particularly prevalent in North America, that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism
Consubstantiation
he doctrine, especially in Lutheran belief, that the substance of the bread and wine coexists with the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist.
Covenant
a covenant is a formal alliance or agreement made by God with a religious community or with humanity in general. It is central to the Abrahamic religions and derived from the biblical covenants, notably the Abrahamic covenant.
Convivencia
focuses on the inter-relationship of religion and culture in the time
period of medieval Spain known as the convivencia.
Creation
the action or process of bringing something into existence.
Creed
A creed (also known as a confession, symbol, or statement of faith) is a statement of the shared beliefs of a religious community in the form of a fixed formula summarizing core tenets. One of the most widely used creeds in Christianity is the Nicene Creed, first formulated in AD 325 at the First Council of Nicaea.
Crusade
The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups. In all, eight major Crusade expeditions occurred between 1096 and 1291.
David
David was the second and greatest of the kings of Israel, ruling in the 10th century BC. Several stories about him are told in the Old Testament, including his defeat of Goliath, a giant Philistine.
Decalogue
The Ten Commandments also known as the Decalogue, are a set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship, which play a fundamental role in Judaism and Christianity. … The Ten Commandments appear twice in the Hebrew Bible, in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy.
Dervish
- A dervish is a Muslim monk who is part of an order known for their wild ritualistic movements.
- sufism
Dhikr
is the name of devotional acts in Islam in which short phrases or prayers are repeatedly recited silently within the mind or aloud.
-sufism
Dhimmis
refers to specific individuals living in Muslim lands, who were granted special status and safety in Islamic law in return for paying the capital tax.
Disciple
one who accepts and assists in spreading the doctrines of another: such as. a Christianity : one of the twelve in the inner circle of Christ’s followers according to the Gospel accounts
Docetism
Christian heresy and one of the earliest Christian sectarian doctrines, affirming that Christ did not have a real or natural body during his life on earth but only an apparent or phantom one.
-hologram jesus
Documentary Hypothesis
the documentary hypothesis proposes that the Pentateuch (also called the Torah, or first five books of the Hebrew Bible) was not literally revealed by God to Moses, but represents a composite account from several later documents. Four basic sources are identified in the theory, designated as “J” (Yahwist), “E” (Elohist), “P” (Priestly), and “D”
Ecclesiology
In Christian theology, ecclesiology is the study of the Christian Church, the origins of Christianity, its relationship to Jesus, its role in salvation, its polity, its discipline, its destiny, and its leadership.
Eid al’Adha
Feast of Sacrifice, is celebrated by Muslims all over the world as a major holiday for a period of three to fours days. … Eid al-Adha enjoys special significance because the Day of Sacrifice marks the climax of Hajj or Pilgrimage, the fifth pillar of Islam.
Epistles
one of the letters adopted as books of the New Testament
Episcopalians
- “Protestant, Yet Catholic”
- They generally have Open Communion which allows anyone to take part in their Eucharist. They allow priests/ministers/bishops to marry, be gay, and be a women.
- many Pre-Reformation practices and rituals like Roman Catholics, Orthadox, and some Lutherans and also maintain Apostolic Succession
Essenes
- abandoned Jerusalem, it seems, in protest… against the way the Temple was being run.
- Essenes denied the resurrection of the body and refused to immerse themselves in public life.
- Tanach
- apocalyptic/ ascetic
Eucharist
the Christian ceremony commemorating the Last Supper, in which bread and wine are consecrated and consumed.
Evangelicalism
a worldwide, transdenominational movement within Protestant Christianity which maintains the belief that the essence of the Gospel consists of the doctrine of salvation by grace through faith in Jesus Christ
-Evangelical Christians believe in the Bible as God’s inspired Word to humankind, perfect in truth in the original text.
Fana
Fana means “to die before one dies”, a concept highlighted by famous notable Muslim saints such as Rumi
Fatwa
a ruling on a point of Islamic law given by a recognized authority.
Fiqh
Fiqh is the study ensure your acts of worship, social interactions and worldly affairs remain in accordance to Islam.
Free Will
the power of acting without the constraint of necessity or fate; the ability to act at one’s own discretion.
Gemara
the section of the Talmud consisting essentially of commentary on the Mishnah
Gentile
not Jewish
Gospel
the teaching or revelation of Christ
Grace
- only way to be saved
- gift from god
Great Western Schism
a split within the Roman Catholic Church that lasted from 1378 to 1417. During that time, three men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. Driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance (1414–1418)
Hadith
In Islamic terminology, according to Juan Campo, the term hadith refers to reports of statements or actions of Muhammad, or of his tacit approval or criticism of something said or done in his presence.
Hagar
Abraham’s concubine and the mother of his son Ishmael. Purchased in Egypt, she served as a maid to Abraham’s childless wife, Sarah, who gave her to Abraham to conceive an heir.
Haggadah
the text recited at the Seder on the first two nights of the Jewish Passover, including a narrative of the Exodus.
Hajj
he Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca that takes place in the last month of the year, and that all Muslims are expected to make at least once during their lifetime.
Halakha
Jewish law and jurisprudence, based on the Talmud.
Halal
Halal refers to practices/food that are prepared following Islamic dietary laws and regulations that determine what is permissible, lawful and clean. The word halal literally means “permissible.”
Passover/Pesach
A celebration of the Jews’ liberation from slavery in Egypt (The Exodus). It usually lasts for a week.
Paul of Tarsus
An Apostle. He taught the gospel of Christ to the first-century world, and is considered to be influential, as 14 of 27 of the New Testament books are traditionally attributed to him
Pelagianism
The belief that original sin did not taint human nature. This belief reinforced the idea that humans can achieve salvation by their own good works, without assistance from God. Considered a heresy.
Pentecostalism
A movement consisting of Protestants that places emphasis on a direct personal experience with God through Baptism with the Holy Spirit.
Pharisees
A school of thought of Judaism. After the destruction of the second temple, their beliefs became the foundation for Rabbinic Judaism.
Phenomenology
The approach that we use in our class to understand religion. We look at phenomena and analyze them.
Phylacteries
Ropes attached to boxes filled with prayers, placed in strategic points on the body. This Jewish practice is typically done by only men, although recent movements have started to change that.
Pietism
A Christian movement focused on the personal piety and living a Christian life over focusing on the law.
Pneumatic Presence
The presence of the holy spirit in the Eucharist. How and in what form this holy spirit comes (or does not) is differs among factions.
Pope
The Head of the Catholic Church. also known as the Bishop of Rome.
Priest
A religious leader authorized to perform religious rituals as part of their respective church. They exist as part of the clergy.
Prophet Muhammad
A prophet who started the religion known of Islam. The Holy Book of Islam, the Quran, came through him. He acted as the religious leader of the Muslim community.
