Final Study Guide Lecture Questions Flashcards
What city was the Western world’s center of learning in the Middle Ages?
Baghdad
What was the Theme System?
Byzantine system for provincial defense, land for soldiers in exchange for military service
What did Iconoclast emperors attempt to stop?
Veneration of icons
Who converted Russia to Christianity?
Vladimir of Kiev
What gave Viking raiders the advantage over their opponents? (2 answers)
Mobility - Viking longship
Unpredictability
What did Viking conquerors use to build centralized kingdoms in Scandinavia?
Christianity
Medieval feudalism involved trading land for what?
Trade lands for oath of fealty
What were the three social classes of medieval Europe? (3 answers)
Clergy - “those who pray”
Nobility - “those who fight”
Peasantry - “those who work”
Who founded the first French dynasty in England?
William the Conqueror
What rights were granted to the nobles by Magna Carta? (3 answers)
Protection of Property
Fair and speedy trial
Consent for new taxes
Which French king broke up the Angevin Empire?
Phillip II Augustus
How did early Holy Roman Emperors maintain power over the nobles?
Lay investiture - laymen (like emperors) appoint clergymen
What was the primary objective of the Cluny Reformers?
Give church power over the state
The Lombard League was an alliance that fought for what?
Italian states that fought for independence from Germany
What were the primary benefits gained by crusaders? (2 answers)
New lands
Forgiveness of sins
What was the mission of military monastic orders?
Protect pilgrims traveling to sacred lands
Which city was conquered by the Fourth Crusade?
Christian city of Constantinople
What kept the Mongols from conquering Eastern Europe?
Succession dispute (Batu Khan)
What Muslim general stopped Mongol conquests in the Middle East?
Baibars
Which pope gained dominion over Europe’s kings?
Pope Innocent III
How did the Teutonic Order transform Prussia?
Conquered and colonized, made it politically and culturally German
What events caused the decline of the Church in the late Middle Ages? (4 answers)
Avignon Papacy - French dominion in papal court
Papal Schism - contest for Europe’s loyalty between Rome Pope and Avignon Pope
Intellectual Attacks - theologians vs papal leaders/church authority
Conciliar movement - supreme spiritual authority from Popes to church councils
What factors undermined the medieval social order in the 14th century? (4 answers)
New social classes - merchants, yeomans
Church decline - clergy had less influence on faith
Black Death
Peasant Revolts
What edict made the electors of the Holy Roman Empire hereditary positions?
Golden Bull of 1356