Final Study Guide Lecture Questions

Question 1

What city was the Western world’s center of learning in the Middle Ages?

Answer 1

Baghdad

Question 2

What was the Theme System?

Answer 2

Byzantine system for provincial defense, land for soldiers in exchange for military service

Question 3

What did Iconoclast emperors attempt to stop?

Answer 3

Veneration of icons

Question 4

Who converted Russia to Christianity?

Answer 4

Vladimir of Kiev

Question 5

What gave Viking raiders the advantage over their opponents? (2 answers)

Answer 5

Mobility - Viking longship
Unpredictability

Question 6

What did Viking conquerors use to build centralized kingdoms in Scandinavia?

Answer 6

Christianity

Question 7

Medieval feudalism involved trading land for what?

Answer 7

Trade lands for oath of fealty

Question 8

What were the three social classes of medieval Europe? (3 answers)

Answer 8

Clergy - “those who pray”
Nobility - “those who fight”
Peasantry - “those who work”

Question 9

Who founded the first French dynasty in England?

Answer 9

William the Conqueror

Question 10

What rights were granted to the nobles by Magna Carta? (3 answers)

Answer 10

Protection of Property
Fair and speedy trial
Consent for new taxes

Question 11

Which French king broke up the Angevin Empire?

Answer 11

Phillip II Augustus

Question 12

How did early Holy Roman Emperors maintain power over the nobles?

Answer 12

Lay investiture - laymen (like emperors) appoint clergymen

Question 13

What was the primary objective of the Cluny Reformers?

Answer 13

Give church power over the state

Question 14

The Lombard League was an alliance that fought for what?

Answer 14

Italian states that fought for independence from Germany

Question 15

What were the primary benefits gained by crusaders? (2 answers)

Answer 15

New lands
Forgiveness of sins

Question 16

What was the mission of military monastic orders?

Answer 16

Protect pilgrims traveling to sacred lands

Question 17

Which city was conquered by the Fourth Crusade?

Answer 17

Christian city of Constantinople

Question 18

What kept the Mongols from conquering Eastern Europe?

Answer 18

Succession dispute (Batu Khan)

Question 19

What Muslim general stopped Mongol conquests in the Middle East?

Answer 19

Baibars

Question 20

Which pope gained dominion over Europe’s kings?

Answer 20

Pope Innocent III

Question 21

How did the Teutonic Order transform Prussia?

Answer 21

Conquered and colonized, made it politically and culturally German

Question 22

What events caused the decline of the Church in the late Middle Ages? (4 answers)

Answer 22

Avignon Papacy - French dominion in papal court
Papal Schism - contest for Europe’s loyalty between Rome Pope and Avignon Pope
Intellectual Attacks - theologians vs papal leaders/church authority
Conciliar movement - supreme spiritual authority from Popes to church councils

Question 23

What factors undermined the medieval social order in the 14th century? (4 answers)

Answer 23

New social classes - merchants, yeomans
Church decline - clergy had less influence on faith
Black Death
Peasant Revolts

Question 24

What edict made the electors of the Holy Roman Empire hereditary positions?

Answer 24

Golden Bull of 1356

Question 25

What city did Mehmed II make the capital of the Ottoman Empire in 1453?

Answer 25

Constantinople

Question 26

Ivan III (the Great) attempted to turn Moscow into what?

Answer 26

Successor of Rome

Question 27

What did English armies use to repeatedly defeat the French in the 100 Years War?

Answer 27

Longbows

Question 28

What did Renaissance humanism attempt to revive?

Answer 28

Classical civilization

Question 29

How did the Renaissance Papacy try to restore the Church’s power?

Answer 29

Conquest of neighbors in Italy

Question 30

How did the Treaty of Lodi use to maintain peace in Italy?

Answer 30

Balance of power between the 5 - Naples, Milan, Venice, Rome, Florence

Question 31

What nation was born out of the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella?

Answer 31

Spain

Question 32

What factors helped the Protestant Reformation succeed? (4 answers)

Answer 32

Humanist scholarship
Printing press
Availability of the Bible
Political opportunities for kings & nobles

Question 33

Which form of Protestantism became the most widespread?

Answer 33

Calvinism by John Calvin

Question 34

What did the Council of Trent do for the Catholic Church?

Answer 34

Abolished corruption, including sale of indulgences

Question 35

What lengthy conflict weakened and bankrupted Spain?

Answer 35

Dutch Revolt

Question 36

Queen Elizabeth’s Anglican Church is a mix of what?

Answer 36

Catholic liturgy and hierarchy
Protestant doctrine

Question 37

What right did the Edict of Nantes grant French Protestants?

Answer 37

Freedom of conscience
Right to open worship in Huguenot lands
Mixed tribunals
Huguenots - right to fortify and defend their lands

Question 38

What did the Ottoman army use to conquer Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Hungary?

Answer 38

Cannons and firearms

Question 39

Other than religion, what new freedom was granted to the German princes by the Peace of Westphalia?

Answer 39

Independence in foreign policy; German states could form alliances and legally fight wars against Holy Roman Empire

Question 40

The English Civil Wars replaced the monarchy with what?

Answer 40

Military dictatorship

Question 41

What nation established dominion over the Indian Ocean in the 16th century?

Answer 41

Portugal through naval power

Question 42

What was the primary cause of the destruction of the native population of the Americas?

Answer 42

Disease