Final Study Guide Lecture Questions Flashcards
What city was the Western world’s center of learning in the Middle Ages?
Baghdad
What was the Theme System?
Byzantine system for provincial defense, land for soldiers in exchange for military service
What did Iconoclast emperors attempt to stop?
Veneration of icons
Who converted Russia to Christianity?
Vladimir of Kiev
What gave Viking raiders the advantage over their opponents? (2 answers)
Mobility - Viking longship
Unpredictability
What did Viking conquerors use to build centralized kingdoms in Scandinavia?
Christianity
Medieval feudalism involved trading land for what?
Trade lands for oath of fealty
What were the three social classes of medieval Europe? (3 answers)
Clergy - “those who pray”
Nobility - “those who fight”
Peasantry - “those who work”
Who founded the first French dynasty in England?
William the Conqueror
What rights were granted to the nobles by Magna Carta? (3 answers)
Protection of Property
Fair and speedy trial
Consent for new taxes
Which French king broke up the Angevin Empire?
Phillip II Augustus
How did early Holy Roman Emperors maintain power over the nobles?
Lay investiture - laymen (like emperors) appoint clergymen
What was the primary objective of the Cluny Reformers?
Give church power over the state
The Lombard League was an alliance that fought for what?
Italian states that fought for independence from Germany
What were the primary benefits gained by crusaders? (2 answers)
New lands
Forgiveness of sins
What was the mission of military monastic orders?
Protect pilgrims traveling to sacred lands
Which city was conquered by the Fourth Crusade?
Christian city of Constantinople
What kept the Mongols from conquering Eastern Europe?
Succession dispute (Batu Khan)
What Muslim general stopped Mongol conquests in the Middle East?
Baibars
Which pope gained dominion over Europe’s kings?
Pope Innocent III
How did the Teutonic Order transform Prussia?
Conquered and colonized, made it politically and culturally German
What events caused the decline of the Church in the late Middle Ages? (4 answers)
Avignon Papacy - French dominion in papal court
Papal Schism - contest for Europe’s loyalty between Rome Pope and Avignon Pope
Intellectual Attacks - theologians vs papal leaders/church authority
Conciliar movement - supreme spiritual authority from Popes to church councils
What factors undermined the medieval social order in the 14th century? (4 answers)
New social classes - merchants, yeomans
Church decline - clergy had less influence on faith
Black Death
Peasant Revolts
What edict made the electors of the Holy Roman Empire hereditary positions?
Golden Bull of 1356
What city did Mehmed II make the capital of the Ottoman Empire in 1453?
Constantinople
Ivan III (the Great) attempted to turn Moscow into what?
Successor of Rome
What did English armies use to repeatedly defeat the French in the 100 Years War?
Longbows
What did Renaissance humanism attempt to revive?
Classical civilization
How did the Renaissance Papacy try to restore the Church’s power?
Conquest of neighbors in Italy
How did the Treaty of Lodi use to maintain peace in Italy?
Balance of power between the 5 - Naples, Milan, Venice, Rome, Florence
What nation was born out of the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella?
Spain
What factors helped the Protestant Reformation succeed? (4 answers)
Humanist scholarship
Printing press
Availability of the Bible
Political opportunities for kings & nobles
Which form of Protestantism became the most widespread?
Calvinism by John Calvin
What did the Council of Trent do for the Catholic Church?
Abolished corruption, including sale of indulgences
What lengthy conflict weakened and bankrupted Spain?
Dutch Revolt
Queen Elizabeth’s Anglican Church is a mix of what?
Catholic liturgy and hierarchy
Protestant doctrine
What right did the Edict of Nantes grant French Protestants?
Freedom of conscience
Right to open worship in Huguenot lands
Mixed tribunals
Huguenots - right to fortify and defend their lands
What did the Ottoman army use to conquer Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Hungary?
Cannons and firearms
Other than religion, what new freedom was granted to the German princes by the Peace of Westphalia?
Independence in foreign policy; German states could form alliances and legally fight wars against Holy Roman Empire
The English Civil Wars replaced the monarchy with what?
Military dictatorship
What nation established dominion over the Indian Ocean in the 16th century?
Portugal through naval power
What was the primary cause of the destruction of the native population of the Americas?
Disease
